The Plague!
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Plague Ships.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Cable of Course the Plague ships.
4 The Fleas of Disease.
4 疾病之花。
5 Death Stalks Europe.
5"死亡跟踪"欧洲.
8 Panic and a Prayer.
8个恐慌和祈祷
10 The Aftermath.
10"后汉书".
12 Rebirth.
12再生会.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 1347 CE 1348 CE 1349 CE 1350 CE 1351 CE Spread of the Black Plague by Year Mostly unaffected Lubeck Danzig Kiev Amsterdam London Paris Bordeaux Marseille Barcelona Valencia Naples Rome Genoa Nuremberg Venice Vienna Ragusa Constantinople BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN The Plague Ships The scene and smell must have been terrible.
16 1347 CE 1348 CE 1349 CE 1350 CE 1351 CE 黑花岗岩被主要未受影响的吕贝克·但泽克·基辅 阿姆斯特丹 伦敦 波尔多·马赛·巴塞罗那 巴伦西亚那不勒斯 罗马 热那亚 纽伦堡 威尼斯 维也纳 拉古萨 君士坦丁堡 BLACK SEA MEDITERRANANAEN SEA ATLANTICEAN 瘟疫船 场景和味道一定很糟
In October 1347, a dozen trading ships sailed into the port of Messina, Sicily—part of Italy today.
1347年10月,有十几艘贸易船驶入今天意大利西西里岛墨西拿港.
The vessels had made the long voyage across the Black Sea.
这些船只跨越黑海进行了长途航行。
The arrival of the ships likely caused excitement around the docks.
船只的到来很可能在码头周围引起轰动.
Such ships often carried news and goods from faraway lands.
这些船只经常从遥远的土地上携带新闻和货物。
Those who met them, though, got the shock of their lives and perhaps also the cause of their deaths.
然而,遇到他们的人却受到他们生活的震撼,或许也是他们死亡的原因。
Most of the crew on the ships were already dead.
船上的大部分船员已经死亡.
The sailors working the ropes and sails were dying.
操作绳子和帆水的水手都快死了
Their skin oozed with open sores.
他们的皮肤被开裂的疼痛所淋浴.
People in Europe had heard rumors of a terrible disease in Asia.
在欧洲,人们听说过亚洲可怕的疾病。
These ships and sailors now had brought the disease—the plague—to Europe.
这些舰只和水手已经把瘟疫带到了欧洲。
Later, it would be called the Black Death, the worst outbreak of disease Europe has ever experienced.
后来,它被称为"黑死病",是欧洲有史以来最严重的疾病爆发.
The Fleas of Disease In the 1300s, no one had yet made the connection between germs and illness.
疾病蔓延 1300年代,还没有人把细菌和疾病联系起来。
The idea that bacteria or viruses could cause a cold, the flu, or other sickness was unknown.
细菌或病毒可能造成感冒、流感或其他疾病的想法是未知的。
Many people at that time saw disease as a supernatural event.
当时许多人将疾病视为超自然事件.
Some people blamed the plague on how the planets lined up.
有人把瘟疫归咎于行星的排列方式.
One doctor described how it could spread if a healthy person looked into an infected person’s eyes.
一名医生描述了如果健康的人看一看被感染者的眼睛,它会如何传播。
People also hadn’t made the connection between the plague and the fleas that were actually spreading the disease.
人们也没有将瘟疫与真正传播疾病的跳蚤联系起来。
These fleas most certainly had stowed away on the ships that docked at Messina.
这些跳蚤肯定被丢在了墨西拿的船上
It was not until 1894— almost 550 years later—that scientists found the type of bacteria that caused the plague.
直到1894年——相隔近550年——科学家才发现引起瘟疫的细菌类型.
These bacteria get into the gut of a type of flea that normally feeds on the blood of rats.
这些细菌进入了一种通常以老鼠血液为食的跳蚤的肠道.
The bacteria killed off the groups of rats they normally lived with.
细菌杀死了他们通常生活在一起的老鼠群。
The fleas were then forced to go looking for other animals to feed on, including people.
跳蚤随后被强迫去寻找其他动物来取食,包括人.
Filthy people and cities did not help.
肮脏的人和城市没有帮助。
In the 1300s, human waste and garbage were often dumped in the streets of overcrowded cities.
在1300年代,人类垃圾和垃圾经常被倒入拥挤不堪的城市的街道.
Bugs were regular houseguests.
虫子是普通的客人们
Getting bitten by fleas and other pests was an unpleasant fact of life.
被跳蚤和其他害虫咬伤是生活中令人不快的事实.
Not all investigators are convinced that fleas were the only source of the Black Death.
并不是所有的调查人员都确信跳蚤是"黑死病"的唯一来源.
Other diseases could also cause deadly outbreaks.
其他疾病也可能造成致命的爆发。
However, the bacterium in the fleas remains the leading suspect, based on the kinds of illness that people reported.
然而,从人们报告的疾病种类来看,跳蚤中的细菌仍然是主要的嫌疑人.
What seems clear is that humans began passing this deadly disease to one another.
似乎很清楚的是,人类开始将这种致命疾病传染给对方。
A person’s pus, blood, or spit could infect others.
一个人的脓液、血液或口水会感染他人。
In other words, a simple cough could give the sickness to the next victim.
换句话说,简单的咳嗽会给下一个受害者带来疾病。
At that point, the plague became all but unstoppable.
此时,瘟疫已无所阻拦.
Death Stalks Europe By 1348 the Black Death was spreading across Europe.
死亡跟踪欧洲 到了1348年 黑死病在欧洲蔓延
Travelers and traders carried it to new areas.
旅行者和贸易商把它带到了新的地区.
It often took weeks before an infected area knew something was horribly wrong.
通常要几周后 感染地区才知道什么是可怕的错误
By then, it was too late to do anything about it.
到那时,已经太迟了,不能做任何事情.
At the time, there was no treatment for such a serious disease.
当时,这种严重疾病还没有治疗.
As the illness showed itself, victims experienced fever, vomiting, swelling, and strong pain.
正如疾病所显示的那样,受害者经历了发烧、呕吐、肿胀和强烈疼痛。
They might die quickly or live a few days.
他们可能死得很快 或者活几天
Historians think only one in five people who got the symptoms survived.
历史学家认为有症状的人只有五分之一活了下来.
Bubonic plague bacteria start by attacking the lymph nodes in the neck, groin, and underarms.
发作鼠疫细菌首先攻击颈部的淋巴结,腹股沟和下臂.
Lymph nodes are important organs of the immune system.
淋巴结是免疫系统的重要器官.
They help the body fight disease.
它们帮助身体对抗疾病.
With plague, lymph nodes swell and blacken with poisoned blood and pus.
与瘟疫相伴,淋巴结会肿胀并被被下毒的血液和脓毒所黑.
They become boils called buboes.
它们成为了被称作"泡泡"的锅炉.
Plague can also infect the lungs, causing them to bleed.
瘟疫还可能感染肺,导致出血.
The disease soon reached France and England, spreading in every direction.
该病很快被传到法国和英国,向每个方向扩散.
By 1351, there was hardly a spot in Europe it had not reached.
到1351年,欧洲几乎没有一个它没有到达的地方.
Bubonic Plague Symptoms The word bubonic comes from buboes, which are painful swellings of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin.
暴发性瘟疫症状 出自出自于出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自出自
In plague victims, buboes can blow up to the size of a chicken egg and can even burst through the skin.
在瘟疫患者中,buboes能被炸到鸡蛋的大小,甚至会从皮肤中被爆出.
Other forms of plague could attack the lungs, causing a bloody cough, or the blood, causing areas on the face, hands, and feet to turn black.
其他形式的瘟疫会攻击肺部,引起出血咳嗽,或出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出
General: fever and lack of energy Stomach: nausea and vomiting Head: headache Lymph nodes: swelling (buboes), oozing of pus, and bleeding Joints: aches and pains Panic and a Prayer Once people realized that plague had come to their community, many panicked.
一般:发烧和缺乏能量 胃痛:恶心和呕吐 头痛:头痛 淋巴节点:肿胀(buboes),脓出出血,出血的关节:疼痛和疼痛,恐慌和祈祷 一旦人们意识到瘟疫已经降临到他们的社区,许多人惊慌失措。
Frightened families abandoned sick loved ones.
恐惧的家庭抛弃了生病的亲人.
Doctors and priests fled the places and people they served.
医生和牧师逃离了他们所服务的地方和人民.
City folk left for the countryside, thinking it would be safer there.
城市民人们离开去农村,以为那里会更安全.
By fleeing, though, they often helped spread the disease.
不过,他们通过逃跑,常常帮助传播这种疾病。
Few people had good ideas about how to stop the disease.
很少有人有好想法 如何阻止疾病。
Desperate people tried useless cures.
绝望的人们尝试了无用疗法.
Many burned incense or wore flowers to cleanse the air.
许多人烧香或穿花来净化空气.
If nothing else, the smoke and flowers may have covered up the awful smells around them.
烟花可能掩盖了周围的恶臭
Many people turned to their faith in hope of rescue.
许多人为了救赎而转向信仰.
Bands of Christians walked from town to town, hitting their own backs with spiked whips.
一群基督徒从镇上走来走去,用尖刺的鞭子打自己的背.
They prayed that they would be forgiven for their sins and spared.
他们祈求宽恕他们的罪过,并饶恕他们。
In some areas, Christian groups wrongly blamed Jews for causing the plague.
在一些地区,基督教团体错误地指责犹太人造成了瘟疫.
Many Jewish communities were attacked and their people driven off or killed.
许多犹太社区遭到袭击,他们的人民被赶走或杀害。
A few cities instead used common sense to try to control the disease.
少数城市则使用常识来试图控制疾病.
Port cities soon realized that visiting ships were one of its sources.
港口城市很快意识到来访船只是其来源之一.
They began to block ships that came from plague-infected areas.
他们开始封锁来自瘟疫发作地的船只.
A forty-day waiting period was used to confirm that the ship’s crew were plague-free.
使用了40天的等待期来确认这艘船的船员没有瘟疫.
Only then could they come ashore.
只有这样他们才能上岸
Officials in some areas also figured out that stopping the movement of people slowed the spread of disease.
一些地区的官员也发现,阻止人员流动会减缓疾病的传播.
Infected families were blocked from leaving their houses.
受感染的家庭被禁止出门。
Officials set limits on travel and trade to and from their cities.
官员对往返城市的旅行和贸易规定了限制。
Work crews buried victims as soon as possible for fear that their bodies could infect others.
工人们因为担心尸体会感染他人而尽快埋葬受害者.
In some areas, though, public order had broken down.
但是,在一些地区,公共秩序已经崩溃。
This made it difficult to force people to follow such rules.
这使得人们很难遵循这样的规则.
The Aftermath Imagine half the people of your city gone.
想象一下你城里一半的人都不见了
The shops are empty of food and other goods.
商店里没有食物和其他物品。
That was the experience of many people who survived the worst period of the Black Death.
这是许多在"黑死病"最糟糕时期活了下来的人的经历.
Historians can only guess at the death count.
历史学家只能猜测死亡数.
There were about eighty million Europeans before the Black Death struck.
在"黑死病"来袭前,约有8000万欧洲人.
Experts think that 40 to 60 percent of those people died, though the death rate varied greatly by location.
专家认为,40%至60%的人死亡,尽管死亡率因地点而有很大差异。
Cities were usually the hardest hit.
城市通常受影响最重。
The disease spread easily in crowded, dirty neighborhoods.
疾病很容易在拥挤而肮脏的街区传播.
Nearly 60 percent of Londoners died, along with half the people of Paris.
将近60%的伦敦人和一半的巴黎人一起死亡.
After 1351, the plague slowed for reasons researchers are still trying to understand.
1351年后,瘟疫减缓了,原因是研究人员仍在试图理解.
Survivors may have built up resistance to the disease.
生还者可能已经建立了抗病能力.
The bacteria may also have changed to a less deadly form.
细菌也可能改变为较致命的形式.
Plague outbreaks happened again and again for the next five hundred years.
瘟疫的爆发在接下来的500年中一再发生.
None, though, ever matched the deadliness of the Black Death.
但是,从来没有一个符合黑死病的最后期限。
After the plague, Europe was left a very different place.
瘟疫发作后,欧洲被留下了截然不同的地方.
There was a huge shortage of workers.
当时工人严重短缺.
The lack of skilled craftspeople and laborers caused big problems.
缺乏熟练的工匠和工人造成了很大的问题.
Workers were able to demand better pay and treatment.
工人能够要求得到更好的工资和待遇。
Fields were left unplanted or unharvested without peasants to work them.
田地没有种植或没有收成,没有农民去耕作。
Farm animals died from a lack of tending.
农场的动物死于缺乏护理。
Because of this, Europeans suffered food shortages and starvation.
为此,欧洲人遭受了粮食短缺和饥饿.
Survivors’ views about society and the meaning of life changed, too.
幸存者对社会的看法和生活的意义也发生了变化。
Many began to question their belief in the church.
许多人开始质疑他们对教堂的信仰.
Some challenged their rulers.
有些人挑战他们的统治者.
The authority of these powerful individuals had proven useless in protecting the people they controlled.
事实证明,这些有权势的个人的权威在保护他们控制下的人方面毫无用处。
There were many examples of progress afterward.
之后有许多进展的例子。
Farmers tried new practices to grow more food with fewer hands.
农民尝试新做法,用更少的手来种植更多的食物.
Public health and medicine also saw changes for the better.
公共卫生和医学也出现了更好的变化。
More communities understood the importance of sanitation and cleanliness.
更多的社区了解卫生和清洁的重要性。
They also put in place better ways to handle disease outbreaks.
他们还制定了更好的方法来处理疾病爆发。
The invention of the heavy plow helped end food shortages following the plague years.
重犁的发明帮助了在瘟疫年代后结束粮食短缺.
It allowed farmers to till fields much faster by using horses rather than oxen to pull the plow.
它让农民通过用马而不是用牛来拉犁来更快地耕田.
Rebirth Modern medicine has made another outbreak of the Black Death all but impossible.
"再生""现代医学"使得"黑死病"再次爆发,几乎是不可能的.
Modern medicines can quickly cure most cases of plague.
现代药物可以迅速治愈大多数鼠疫病例.
Better public sanitation and health programs also help control the spread of most forms of disease.
更好的公共卫生和保健方案也有助于控制大多数形式的疾病的传播。
Antibiotics: The Miracle Drug Antibiotics are a recent development in human history.
抗生素: "奇迹"药物抗生素是人类历史上的最新发展.
Before the mid-1800s, some healers recognized that certain plant molds and other fungi attacked bacteria.
在18世纪中叶之前,一些治愈者认识到某些植物模具和其他真菌会攻击细菌.
In the 1800s, more research led to a better understanding of the link between microbes and disease.
在1800年代,更多的研究促使人们更好地理解了微生物与疾病之间的联系.
Then in the 1920s, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered a plant mold that destroyed a dangerous form of bacteria.
随后在20世纪20年代,苏格兰生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明意外地发现了一种植物模具来摧毁一种危险的细菌.
Out of his research came the wonder drug penicillin, which is capable of killing many forms of bacterial infection.
他的研究产生了奇异的药物青霉素,可以杀死多种形式的细菌感染.
Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 for his breakthrough work.
弗莱明因其突破性的工作于1945年被授予诺贝尔医学奖.
The Peasants Rise England went through a period of economic shock in the aftermath of the Black Plague.
农民崛起英格兰在"黑花岗"后经历了一段经济冲击时期.
Farmers and laborers were in such great demand that they saw their wages rise up to 40 percent from the 1340s to the 1380s.
农民和工人要求很高,他们的工资从1340年代增加到1380年代,高达40%。
This big social shift so alarmed the upper classes and nobility that royal officials passed a law attempting to fix wages for peasants at the levels they had been before the Black Death.
这一巨大的社会转变让上层阶级和贵族感到震惊,以至于皇家官员通过法律,试图将农民的工资固定在"黑死病"之前的水平.
They passed another law to prevent peasants from leaving their home villages in search of better jobs.
他们通过了另一项法律,防止农民离开家乡去寻找更好的工作。
These crackdowns led to a major uprising known as the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381.
这些镇压导致了一场被称为"农民"的大起义. 1381年废.
In the mid-1300s, the mystery and horror of the Black Death terrified Europe.
在1300年代中期,"黑死病"的神秘和恐怖吓到了欧洲.
Many people who lived through the Black Death believed it was the end of the world.
许多活过"黑死病"的人相信这是世界末日.
In terms of death rates, it remains the most destructive event in European history.
就死亡率而言,它仍然是欧洲历史上最具破坏性的事件。
At the same time, some historians link the disaster to helpful changes that followed.
与此同时,一些历史学家将这场灾难与之后的有益变化联系起来.
From the late 1300s until the 1600s, Europe underwent big changes.
从1300年代后期到1600年代,欧洲经历了巨大的变化.
This period, known as the Renaissance, was a time of great improvements in medicine, science, and art.
这一时期被誉为"文艺复兴",是医学,科学,艺术上大有进步的时期.
Renaissance means “rebirth” in French.
文艺复兴在法语中意为"再生".
After the Black Death, a period of rebirth was exactly what Europe needed.
黑死病后,一段再生时期正是欧洲需要的.
King Richard II faces the peasant army in 1381.
国王理查二世于1381年面对农民军队.