Otzi: The Iceman
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents About 5,300 Years Ago.
内容列表 约5300年 Ago.
4 Finding the Iceman.
4 寻找冰人。
9 The Man Himself.
9个人。
10 Theory 1: An Accident.
10理论一:出事.
14 Theory 2: Murder for Food.
14理论2:为食物而谋杀.
17 Theory 3: Murder for Power.
17理论3:为权力而谋杀.
19 A Secret Kept.
19 A 秘密卧底。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 About 5,300 Years Ago The man gently pushed aside the small brown dog yapping at his feet, tipping the basket of grain he was carrying just enough to spill.
23岁左右,5300岁 他轻轻地推倒了一只小棕色狗 在他脚下大叫 将他携带的一篮子的谷物倾斜到足以溢出
“Now see what a mess you’ve made.”
“现在看看你弄得一团糟。 “
He smiled at the puppy through his irritation.
他通过刺激对小狗微笑.
The man knew he had a lot to do to get ready for the hunt.
那人知道他有很多事要做 准备去打猎
He had no time to waste, as winter was closing in.
他没有时间浪费,因为冬天即将到来。
A tall, dark-haired boy walked over to the area of spilled grain and began scooping it up.
一个高个子又黑又有头发的男孩走过被洒出地里的谷子 开始把它挖出来
The man looked upon his son with pride.
此人以自负相视其子.
“You must take care of things while I’m gone.”
“在我离开的时候, “
“Yes, Father.
“是的,父亲。
I know.”
我知道,我记得 “
Together, father and son placed the grain back in the basket while the dog played at their heels.
父亲和儿子一起把谷物放回了篮子里,而狗则在他们的后跟下打球.
The boy took the grain to an underground pit where it would be protected during the upcoming winter.
这名男孩把谷物带到一个地下坑里,在即将到来的冬天里,它将受到保护。
The man and his son walked slowly back to their home.
这名男子和他的儿子慢慢地走回了他们的家.
The man paused to stop and rub his legs.
那人停了下来 擦了腿
He knew the weather would soon turn colder, which would make food scarcer.
他知道天气会很快变冷,这会使食物更稀少.
Tension would be high in the community as men who weren’t able to kill enough on the hunt fought over food for their families.
在狩猎中无法杀死足够多的人,
It was important for him to leave the village soon and hunt for red deer, ibex, and wild boar.
对于他来说,重要的是尽快出村并去猎取红鹿,ibex和野猪.
His family would need to live off the meat during the winter.
他的家人在冬天需要靠肉为生
When the man returned home, he gathered his belongings together.
男子出家后,将财物收起.
He knew he needed to be prepared to face almost anything.
他知道,他需要准备好面对几乎任何东西。
Then he left his family and began his journey.
后出家并起行.
Traveling only a short distance from his home, the man killed an ibex and was carrying the meat.
这名男子离家只有很短的路程,杀死了一只伊巴克斯并携带了肉.
All of a sudden, an arrow whizzed by the man’s ear.
突然,那人的耳朵被一箭打出。
Then several more flew through the air, and one landed sharply in the back of the man’s right shoulder.
之后又有几架飞机从空中飞来,其中一架飞机突然落在男子右肩后部。
The man clutched his arm in pain.
那人把手臂紧紧握住
Moaning, he reached behind with his left hand to withdraw the arrow but could not remove it entirely.
呻吟,他用左手伸到后方取出箭来,但无法完全取出.
He managed to walk slowly up a hill as he heard the men behind him taking the bundle of meat he’d dropped.
他听到背后的人拿走他扔下的一捆肉后,
Making it to the hilltop, he lay down and closed his eyes for the last time.
到了山顶 他躺下闭上了眼睛 最后一次
Little did the man know that his body would become frozen in ice and frozen in time, and that thousands of years later he would become known as Otzi, the Iceman.
他不知道他的身体会在冰中被冰冻并及时被冻住,而数千年后他就会被称作"冰人""奥齐".
Of course, this is just one possible way that Otzi, the Iceman, died.
当然,这只是冰人奥齐死亡的一个可能方式.
We really don’t know for sure how it happened.
我们真的不知道事情是怎么发生的。
All we can do is theorize, or make guesses based on the facts.
我们所能做的只是理论,或者根据事实作出猜测.
Scientists collect facts—clues—before they make a theory.
科学家收集事实,在他们提出理论之前。
You can make a theory about how Otzi died, too.
你可以做一个理论 关于奥齐是怎么死的,太。
As you read the things we do know, think like a scientist and come up with your own theories.
当你读到我们所知道的东西时, 像科学家一样思考, 提出自己的理论。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The Iceman was nicknamed Otzi by local people as a tribute to the area, Otztal, a valley near where the Iceman died.
冰人被当地人取名"奥齐"来作为对该地区的纪念,奥兹塔尔是冰人死地附近的山谷.
Finding the Iceman In September 1991, two German hikers, Erika and Helmut Simon, made an amazing discovery.
1991年9月发现"冰人"号,两名德国出行者埃里卡和赫尔穆特·西蒙(英语:Helmut Simon)做出了惊人的发现.
High in the Tyrolean Alps, at more than 10,000 feet, near the border between Austria and Italy, they found a hairless, frozen body.
在蒂罗林阿尔卑斯高地,一万多英尺处,靠近奥地利和意大利的边境,他们发现了一具无毛被冰冻的尸体.
Only the head and part of the shoulders could be seen above the ice.
只有头部和部分肩部才能在冰面上看到.
They originally thought it was the frozen corpse of a modern climber.
他们最初以为是现代登山者被冻死的尸体.
However, a few days later, Austrian scientist Rainer Henn came up with a different theory.
然而,几天后,奥地利科学家赖纳·亨提出了不同的理论.
The corpse was yellowed and dried, so he determined that it must have been frozen for a long time.
尸被取出黄而干,于是认定被取出后被长期冻死.
He was right.
他说得对
The Iceman turned out to be about 5,000 years old.
冰人出道后年约5000岁.
The Man Himself Scientists used carbon dating, microscopic analysis, and X-rays on the Iceman’s well- preserved body to gather clues about his appearance and physical condition.
人类自己 科学家在冰人保存完好的身体上使用碳约会、微缩分析、X射线来搜集关于他外表和身体状况的线索。
They determined that Otzi was short—only about five feet tall—weighed about 110 pounds, had wavy brown hair, and probably wore a beard.
他们断定,Otzi矮小 -- -- 仅高约5英尺 -- -- 体重约110磅,有花发棕发,可能还长了胡子。
They also figured out that he lived to be about 46 years old (an elder for that time) and was bothered by several medical conditions: a bad back, arthritis, worn joints, and a bad stomach.
他们还发现,他活了大约46岁(当时是年长者),并受到一些医疗条件的困扰:背部不好、关节炎、关节穿戴和胃部不好。
A scientist examines the 5,300-year-old mummy of Otzi.
一位科学家检查了5300岁的奥齐木乃伊.
From Otzi’s teeth, scientists were able to theorize about his diet.
从奥齐的牙齿上,科学家们能够推测他的饮食.
He probably ate mostly bread because his teeth were ground down, as they could only be from eating grains for many years, but he probably also consumed crab apples, berries, acorns, hazelnuts, and the meat of whatever animals he could hunt and kill.
他可能主要吃面包,因为他的牙齿被打倒了,因为他们只能吃很多年的谷物,但他可能还吃过螃蟹苹果,浆果,橡子,薄荷花果,以及他能猎杀的动物的肉.
Using these clues and others, scientists began to theorize how Otzi may have died.
科学家们利用这些线索和其他线索,开始推测出奥特齐可能是怎么死的.
At first, investigators thought the Iceman got caught in a storm, fell asleep, and died from the cold.
起初,调查人员认为"冰人"被暴风雨所困,入睡后从寒冷中死亡.
But later theories seem to support the idea that the Iceman was killed.
但后来的理论似乎支持冰人被杀死的想法.
Blood was found on Otzi’s clothes, and wounds were discovered on his body.
在Otzi的衣服上发现了血迹,在他的身上发现了伤口。
A number of scientists believe that the evidence supports the theory that the Iceman died from an arrow wound to his back and knife wounds to his hands.
一些科学家认为,证据支持了冰人背部被箭伤而手被刀伤而死亡的理论.
But why?
为什么?
Why would someone want to kill Otzi?
为什么有人要杀奥兹?
There are several theories.
有几种理论.
Theory 1: An Accident While Otzi was hunting, he was accidentally shot by other hunters and then buried.
理论一:在奥齐打猎时出事,被其他猎人意外地射杀后被埋葬.
Scientists think that Otzi was hunting because of the clothing he was wearing and the equipment he was carrying when they found him frozen in the glacier.
科学家认为奥特齐之所以在打猎,是因为他们发现他在冰川中被冻住时所穿的衣服和所携带的设备.
From the many scraps of material they found (leather, fur, grass, bearskin, cowhide, tree bark) on his body, scientists think that the Iceman wore leather pants and a long-sleeved jacket or vest made of deer, goat, and ibex hide, with the fur side turned out, and possibly a long, woven grass cloak.
从他们在他身上发现的多片材料(叶,毛,草,熊皮,牛皮,树皮)中,科学家认为冰人穿了皮裤并穿了由鹿,山羊所制成的长袖夹克或背心,并有出毛侧出土了,可能还有长长的被编织的草衣.
They guess from the clues that his shoes were waterproof and wide—seemingly designed for walking across the snow—constructed by using bearskin for the soles, cowhide or deer for the top panels, and netting made of tree bark.
他们从线索中猜想他的鞋子是防水的和宽的——似乎是为走过雪而设计的——用熊皮来做底皮,用牛皮或鹿来做顶板,用树皮制成网.
They think soft grass was wound around his feet to function like warm socks.
他们认为柔软的草被打到 他的脚周围,像温暖的袜子一样
Grass laces, kept dry by a leather flap, were strung through eyeholes to keep Otzi’s size-six feet snug.
草丝被皮革花纹所干燥,
Scientists also theorize that the Iceman wore a hat that was made of individual cut pieces of fur, probably bearskin, sewn together.
科学家们还提出冰人戴着一顶由被切成的皮毛片所制成的帽子,可能是熊皮被缝合而成.
Attached to the hat were two leather straps that might have been used as a chinstrap.
帽子上绑有两条皮带,可能被用作下巴套.
These articles of clothing, scientists think, would be what one would wear going on a long trek, like a hunting expedition.
科学家们认为,这些衣物 将是一个穿长途旅行, 像狩猎探险。
This belief was reinforced by the type of equipment Otzi had with him.
这种信念因Otzi的装备类型而得到加强。
Here’s what scientists found: a copper ax, a bow, arrows, a quiver, and a tiny knife.
科学家们发现了一个铜斧、一把弓、一把箭、一把小刀。
Scientists think that Otzi used the bow and arrows to hunt deer and ibex, the knife to clean the animals, the ax to chop firewood, and the quiver to hold the arrows.
科学家认为,奥齐用弓箭来猎取鹿和伊贝克斯,用刀来清洁动物,用斧来砍柴,用 qui来牵取箭.
Otzi also carried two strips of felt and a small container made of birch bark.
奥特齐还搭载了两条有感觉的条纹和由birch树皮制成的小容器.
Scientists think he may have used the felt as tinder for starting fires and the birch-bark container to carry the felt.
科学家们认为,他可能利用这种感觉作为起火用锡条,而用烧烤箱来携带这种感觉。
Next to the container was a soft leather pouch with two pieces of flint, which were probably used for making tools and for striking sparks to start fire.
集装箱旁边是装有两块火花的软皮袋,很可能是用来制造工具和起火的出击火花.
A four-inch wooden stick with a tip made of deer antler may have been used for sharpening the chunks of flint.
由鹿角制成的尖端有四英寸长的木棍可能被用于磨取花花板块.
Based on this evidence and knowledge of the time period, some scientists theorize that Otzi was hunting and may have accidentally been caught in a crossfire of arrows from other hunters.
基于这一证据和对时间段的了解,一些科学家认为奥齐正在打猎,可能无意中被其他猎人所射出一箭相接而来.
In this x-ray of Otzi’s chest, the arrowhead can be seen.
在Otzi胸口的X光片中可以看到箭头.
Theory 2: Murder for Food Otzi was not killed accidentally, but was killed on purpose in a fierce battle with other hunters.
理论2:为食物而谋杀奥齐并非意外被杀死,而是在与其他猎人激烈的战斗中故意被杀死.
Other scientists disagree with the accidental death theory.
其他科学家不同意意外死亡理论.
They think that while Otzi was hunting ibex, he encountered a group of starving hunters.
他们认为,当奥齐正在猎取ibex时,他遇到了一群饥饿的猎人.
The hunters desperately needed a kill and did not want Otzi taking the kill from them, so they attacked him, firing arrows.
猎人急需一发一发而不希望奥齐从他们手中取出一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一发一
Otzi fired back.
Otzi开枪还击。
Dr.
医生
Tom Loy, director of the Queensland National Institute of Molecular Bioscience, thinks that the Iceman fired two arrows into two of his enemies, pulling his precious weapons out of their bodies each time.
昆士兰州国家分子生物科学研究所所长汤姆·洛伊(Tom Loy)认为"冰人"将两把箭射入他的两个敌人中,每次都从他们身上取出他珍贵的武器.
His theory explains why traces of blood from other people were found on Otzi’s belongings: one from his knife, two from the same arrowhead, and a fourth from his coat.
他的理论解释了为什么在Otzi的物品上发现了其他人的血迹:1从他的刀上取出,2从同一支箭头取出,还有4从他的外衣取出.
In addition to his attackers shooting arrows at him, they may have attacked him with a knife.
除了他的攻击者向他开枪外,他们可能还用刀子攻击他。
Perhaps cuts on Otzi’s hands and wrist were from his attempts to defend himself.
也许割了Otzi的手和手腕,
Many scientists hold this theory to be true, but some wonder whether Otzi was killed for yet another reason.
许多科学家认为这个理论是真实的,但有人怀疑奥齐是否因为另一个原因被杀死.
Theory 3: Murder for Power Members of his community killed Otzi, a shaman, because he had become too powerful.
理论3:谋杀他所在社区的强权成员杀死了萨满人奥齐,因为他已经变得过于强大.
Walter Leitner of the Institute for Ancient and Early History at the University of Innsbruck in Austria thinks that the Iceman might have been a shaman.
奥地利因斯布鲁克大学古代和早期历史研究所的沃尔特·莱特纳(Walter Leitner)认为冰人可能是一位巫师.
A shaman is a physical and spiritual healer who is thought to have the capability of traveling to and from the spirit world for medicine.
萨满是身体和精神的治疗者,被认为有能力从精神世界来来去去去取药.
When scientists examined Otzi’s body, they found a large number of mysterious tattoos.
科学家在检查奥齐的尸体时发现了大量神秘纹身.
The tattoos included stripes, a cross, and small bars.
纹章包括条纹,十字架和小条.
These weren’t decorations meant for others to see, for they appeared only on parts of his body that would have been hidden by clothing.
这些装饰并非供他人观看,
Were these 57 crudely carved tattoos found on the Iceman’s ankles, knees, and calves an ancient form of acupuncture?
冰人脚踝上、膝盖上和小牛上是否发现了这57个被粗刻的纹身?
They were located on, or near, acupuncture points that would be used to treat ailments that Otzi likely suffered from—arthritis and back pain.
它们位于或靠近针灸点,用来治疗奥齐可能患有关节炎和背痛的疾病。
Some scientists think that Otzi may have worn jewelry, too.
一些科学家认为奥齐可能也曾佩戴过珠宝.
When his body was found, a leather string with a fringe, strung through the two-inch disk made of white stone lay nearby.
当他的尸体被发现时, 一条皮革绳子, 并有边缘, 被吊穿了两英寸 由白石制成的圆盘 躺在附近。
Could this mysterious object have been worn by a medicine man, like Otzi, as a necklace?
这个神秘的物件会不会被一个药师所佩戴,像奥齐一样,作为项链?
Near Otzi’s body, researchers also found two mushrooms on a piece of leather.
在奥齐的尸体附近,研究人员还发现了一片皮革上的两个蘑菇.
Scientists know that this kind of mushroom can be used to fight sickness.
科学家知道这种蘑菇可以用来对抗疾病.
Was Otzi carrying them as medicine— something the hunters needed?
猎人需要什么?
Was the Iceman really a shaman?
冰人真的是巫师吗?
A Secret Kept These are just a few of the scientific theories about the Iceman.
一个秘密 这些只是冰人的一些科学理论.
They change when the facts— the clues—change.
当事实——线索——改变时,它们就会改变。
But sometimes the clues remain the same and the scientists reinterpret the facts differently.
但有时线索不变,科学家对事实的重新解释也有所不同.
How do you interpret the facts?
你怎么解释事实?
What kinds of theories do you have now from the facts about how Otzi may have died?
你现在从奥特兹是怎么死的 事实中有什么理论?
The Iceman could have died in a vast number of possible ways.
冰人可能死于多种可能的方式.
For now, though, he is still keeping the true story a secret from us.
不过现在他仍然对我们隐瞒真相
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A small depression was found in Otzi’s right earlobe.
Otzi的右耳垂中发现了一股小抑郁症。
Did this mean that he wore an earring?
这是否意味着他戴了耳环?
Some scientists believe this might have been a necklce that Otzi wore.
一些科学家认为,这可能是奥齐所穿的项链.