Mummies
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
内容简介。
4 What Are Mummies?
4 什么是妈妈?
5 Mummification.
5 母亲化。
6 The Afterlife.
6"来生".
12 The Burial.
12"墓葬记".
15 The Tomb of Tutankhamun.
15 图坦卡蒙墓.
17 Animal Mummies.
17 动物木马.
19 Conclusion.
19 结论。
20 Try This.
20 试试这个
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Introduction In modern countries around the world, including Egypt, people are often buried in coffins after they die.
23 导言 在世界包括埃及在内的现代国家,人们死后常常被活埋在棺材中.
Sometimes the body is cremated, and the ashes are either kept by loved ones or spread over an area that the person enjoyed, such as the ocean.
有时尸体会被火化,骨灰要么被亲人所保存,要么被散布到一个人所享受的某个地区,如海洋.
But this is not the way it has always been.
但情况并非如此。
The ancient Egyptians turned their dead into mummies.
古埃及人把活活化为木乃伊.
The ancient Egyptians are famous for making mummies.
古埃及人以制作木乃伊而出名.
They mummified everyone from kings to pets by drying the bodies, rubbing them with spices, and wrapping them in strips of cloth.
他们将每个人从国王到宠物都用木乃伊化为灰烬,将尸体干燥,用香料来摩擦,并用布条包裹.
However, the Egyptians are not the only people that mummified their dead.
然而,埃及人并不是唯一一个将死者木乃伊化的人.
There is evidence of mummification in many places around the world.
世界各地许多地方都有木乃伊化的证据。
Mummification The first Egyptian mummies were buried in the hot desert sand.
母亲化 第一批埃及木乃伊被埋入热沙漠沙地.
It was so dry that the bodies dried out almost immediately, preserving them from decay.
尸体几乎立即干涸 避免腐烂
These dried mummies looked a lot like beef jerky.
这些干木乃伊看起来很像牛肉干.
Their flesh became tough and hard.
他们的肉体变得坚韧而坚韧.
Unfortunately, unprotected bodies buried in the desert were often eaten by jackals, which love the taste of “human jerky.”
不幸的是,埋在沙漠中的无保护尸体常常被狼人吃掉,他们喜欢“人类的牛肉干”的口味。 “
Egyptians tried to protect their buried ancestors by covering the burial site with rocks.
埃及人试图用石头来覆盖埋葬地来保护被埋葬的祖先.
Wealthier Egyptians buried family members in painted coffins.
更富有的埃及人用被漆成的棺材埋葬了家庭成员.
But the coffins, which kept out the jackals, also kept out the hot sand, and the bodies inside decayed.
但棺材能挡住胡狼,也挡住热沙,里面的尸体也腐烂了.
An unprotected corpse soon decays and falls apart.
一具无保护的尸体很快会腐烂并分崩离析.
What Are Mummies?
妈咪是什么?
A mummy is a preserved corpse.
木乃伊是被保存下来的尸体
Normally, a dead body decays very quickly.
通常,一具尸体会很快地腐烂.
Bacteria in the air start decomposing body cells immediately after death.
空气中的细菌在死亡后立即开始分解身体细胞.
If the body is left alone, scavengers and pests, like vultures and flies, devour the corpse.
若尸被放出,取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出取出
In a mummy, the decay process is arrested, and the dead body is preserved for thousands of years.
在木乃伊中,腐烂过程被扣押,而尸体被保存了上千年.
The first mummifications occurred naturally, in areas that were too dry or cold for bacteria to grow.
第一次木乃伊化是自然发生的,发生在过于干燥或寒冷而细菌无法生长的地区.
Bodies were preserved without human interference.
尸体是在不受人类干涉的情况下保存的。
Later on, people developed ways to preserve mummies artificially.
后来,人们开发出人工保存木乃伊的方法.
The frozen, 500-year-old mummy of a young Inca girl was found near the summit of a 20,700-foot mountain in Peru.
一名年轻的印加女孩被冻住的500多岁的木乃伊被发现于秘鲁一座20700英尺高的山峰附近.
The chief embalmer cut an incision in the left side of the stomach.
头部防腐剂在胃左侧切出一刀.
From this hole, the embalming team pulled out all the internal organs except the heart and placed them to the side.
从这个洞中,防腐队拔出除心脏外的所有内脏并放入侧面.
The stomach, liver, lungs, and intestines were preserved individually in special jars called canopic jars.
胃,肝,肺,和肠被单独保存在被称作"独木罐"的特殊罐子中.
These organs accompanied the body during burial but were not as important as the heart.
这些器官在埋葬时随身携带了尸体,但并不如心脏重要.
The heart was preserved inside the body.
心脏被保存在体内.
Embalmers washed the body, inside and out, with palm wine.
绣花用棕榈酒洗去身体,内外相接.
The alcohol in the wine killed bacteria.
酒中的酒精杀死了细菌.
By this time, the body had probably begun to stink, a sign of decay.
这时候,尸体可能已经开始发臭了,这是腐烂的迹象.
So the embalmers filled the body with bags of sweet-smelling spices mixed with natron, a special salt.
于是防腐剂将口袋中甜味的香料与纳特龙相混合,一种特殊的盐.
Then they covered up the body and internal organs with more natron and left them alone for 40 days.
后来他们用更多的拿破仑来掩盖身体和内脏,并留下了40天的孤独.
Canopic jars had decorative lids that represented minor gods who protected the contents of the jars.
卡诺皮克罐子有装饰性的盖子,代表了保护罐子内装物的小神.
Resourceful Egyptians developed ways to preserve the bodies before burial.
资源丰富的埃及人研究了在埋葬前保存尸体的方法.
When someone died, the body was given to a team of embalmers.
有人死后,尸体被交给一队防腐工.
First, the embalmers laid the body face up on a six-foot-wide embalming table.
首先,防腐剂将尸体放入一个6英尺宽的防腐台上.
Their first job was to remove all the soft organs that encouraged the growth of bacteria.
他们的第一个工作是去除所有鼓励细菌生长的软器官.
They carefully pulled the brain out through the nose with an embalming hook, making sure not to deform the person’s face.
他们仔细地用防腐钩从鼻子上拉出大脑,确保不会使人的脸变形。
The brain was not very important to the ancient Egyptians.
大脑对古埃及人来说并不重要.
They believed that the heart was the most important organ and that it was the center of thought and feeling.
他们认为心是最重要的器官,是思想和感觉的中心.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The Egyptians believed that the first mummy was the god Osiris.
埃及人认为第一个木乃伊是神奥西里斯.
He was murdered by his brother Set and cut into pieces.
他被他弟弟赛特谋杀并被割成碎片.
His wife, Isis, put him together with magic, and his jackal-headed nephew, Anubis, embalmed him.
他的妻子伊西斯将他与魔法相接而来,他的狼头外甥阿努比斯将他防腐.
Osiris then became the god of the dead and the underworld.
奥西里斯后来成为了亡灵和冥界之神.
The whole mummification process took seventy days.
整个木乃伊化过程用了70天.
Once the drying process had been completed, the embalmers removed the salt.
干燥过程完成后,防腐剂取出盐.
The mummy became very light, since all the water—which made up over 65 percent of the body’s weight—had been removed.
木乃伊变得非常轻快,因为占身体重量65%以上的水已被取出。
The embalmers filled the inside of the corpse with linen stuffing, producing a body that appeared strong and healthy instead of shriveled.
防腐剂将活活塞入尸体的内脏,产生出一个看起来坚固而健康的躯体,而不是挤压.
Then they rubbed the corpse with more spices, mixed with wax and oil, to make it smell sweet.
然后用更多的香料将尸体擦去,并用蜡和油混合,使尸体有甜味.
Next, a sticky resin made of tree sap was poured over the body.
接下来,一棵由树浆制成的粘稠树脂被倒入体内.
When the resin hardened, it formed a thin, protective shell around the body.
树脂被硬化后会形成一粒薄而有保护的外壳,围绕身体.
This shell protected the mummy from bacteria and caused it to become darker in color.
这颗外壳保护了木乃伊免受细菌的感染并导致其颜色变暗.
The body is stuffed and then rubbed with spices and oils.
身体被塞入后再用香料和油来擦.
Embalmers often applied makeup to the mummy’s face to make it look more alive.
让木乃伊更活泼。
They also placed jewelry on a rich person’s corpse before wrapping it up.
他们把珠宝放在富人的尸体上,
The resin-soaked wrap consisted of linen bandages the length of a football field.
被树脂浸泡的包裹由足球场长度的亚麻绷带组成.
The wrap helped to preserve the shape of the body.
包裹有助于保存身体的外形.
The best linen was saved for the outermost layer of bandages.
最好的亚麻被保存在最外层的绷带上.
Cheap linen was used on the inside, where it couldn’t be seen.
廉价亚麻被用在内部,
Magical charms and talismans meant to ensure the mummy’s safety in the realm of the dead were put between the layers of bandages.
用来保证木乃伊在死者所处地盘安全的魔法符和护身符被放在绷带的两层之间。
These talismans were carved out of precious stones.
这些护身符由宝石雕出.
A priest reads spells as the mummy is wrapped.
一个牧师读咒语 当妈妈被包裹。
A papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is put between the hands.
取出"活人之书"中咒语的活人卷轴被放入双手之间.
The Afterlife The ancient Egyptians believed that immortality depended on having a well- preserved body.
来生 古埃及人认为长生不老取决于保存完好的身体.
They believed that a dead person split up at the moment of death into several parts: the ba, the ka, and the physical body.
他们认为,一个死人在死亡的时刻分裂成几个部分:巴,卡和身体.
The ka was a person’s ghostly identical twin.
KA是一个人幽灵般的双胞胎。
It lived inside the mummified heart and could not move from the tomb.
它生活在被木乃伊化的心脏内,无法从坟墓中移动.
The ba, which represented the personality and spirit of a person, was a human- headed bird that could fly around freely by day.
代表一个人的个性和精神的"巴"是一头人头鸟,白天可以自由飞来飞去.
The ba and the ka joined to form the akh, a person’s soul.
ba和ka一起组成了akh,一个人的灵魂。
Scenes of Egyptian life and rituals of death are depicted on the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
埃及生平的场景和死亡的仪式被描绘在"埃及亡灵之书"上.
The STEPS OF MUMMIFICATION 1 Place the body on a large table, facing up.
多边化步骤 1个 将尸体放在一个大桌子上,面向上.
2 Remove internal organs through a cut in the abdomen.
2个 通过腹部切除内脏.
3 Wash the body with palm wine.
3个 以棕榈酒洗去身体.
4 Dry the body by covering it with piles of salt.
4个 以堆放出盐来将身体干燥.
5 Remove the salt, and rub the body with sweet herbs.
页:1 取出取出取出盐来,再用甜草来摩擦身体.
6 Stuff the body with linen and bags of spices.
页:1 用亚麻和口袋香料把尸体塞上
7 Cover the body with resin.
页:1 用树脂来覆盖身体.
8 Apply makeup and jewelry.
第8条 化妆和珠宝
9 Wrap the body in bandages.
页:1 用绷带包住尸体
After the body is wrapped in linen bandages, a cloth is wrapped around the entire body.
在将身体用被子绷带包裹后,一通布被包裹在整个身体上.
On the cloth is painted a picture of the god Osiris.
在布上画有神奥西里斯相像.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In the Middle Ages, doctors in Europe prescribed mummy powder, made from ground-up mummies.
在中世纪,欧洲的医生给木乃伊配了由地上木乃伊制成的木乃伊粉.
They thought that mummy dust would cure sick people, but it usually only made them sicker.
他们认为木乃伊的尘埃能治愈病人,但通常只会使他们更恶心.
According to ancient Egyptian belief, a dead person’s soul traveled through the dangerous realm of the dead to a special palace of judgment, called Osiris’s palace.
根据古埃及人的信念,一个被活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活
Along the way, the soul dodged monstrous snakes and crocodiles while crossing huge rivers of fire.
一路走来,灵魂在穿越巨大的火河时躲避了可怕的蛇和鳄鱼.
Osiris, the god of the dead, judged everyone by weighing their hearts on a scale.
死者之神奥西里斯通过秤取心来评判每个人.
If a person’s heart was heavy with sin, it was thrown to the hungry monster beneath the scales.
如果一个人的心怀罪恶,它就会被扔到天平下饥饿的怪物身上。
That person would die permanently.
那个人会永远死去
But if the heart was lighter than a feather, then the dead person would live forever—or be immortal—in the world of Osiris.
但是如果心脏比羽毛轻,那么死去的人将会在奥西里斯的世界活到永远——或者永生.
When the Egyptians first began to make mummies, only very rich or important people were mummified.
当埃及人开始做木乃伊时,只有非常富有或重要的人被木乃伊化.
They believed that only pharaohs and nobles deserved an afterlife.
他们认为只有法老和贵族才值得来生.
A painting of a soul being judged as worthy by Osiris However, as the embalming process became easier and the Egyptians became richer, more people were mummified.
然而,随着防腐过程变得更加容易,埃及人更加富有,更多的人被木乃伊化了。
The Egyptians eventually believed that everyone deserved to have a chance at immortality.
埃及人最终认为每个人都应该有机会永生.
Since the Egyptians believed that the afterlife was exactly like life, they buried mummies with their favorite objects and tools.
由于埃及人相信来世与生俱来,他们用自己最喜爱的物件和工具来埋葬木乃伊.
Wealthy nobles were buried with gold and gems.
富有的贵族被用黄金和宝石埋葬.
Children were buried with their favorite toys.
孩子们带着他们最喜欢的玩具被埋葬.
Everyone was buried with clay representations of food and drink, and with clay figurines called shabtis — servants who would work for them in the afterlife.
每个人都被用粘土来表示食物和饮料,并用被称作shabtis的粘土浮雕来掩埋,这些仆人将在来生为他们工作。
Depending on a person’s rank, shabtis could be made of clay, stone, wood, or even gold.
根据个人的等级,Shabtis可以由粘土、石头、木材甚至黄金来制成。
The Burial Mummies were laid to rest in decorated coffins usually made of papier-mâché and beaten gold.
埋葬的木乃伊被安放在通常由帕皮埃-马歇所制作并被打出金子来装饰的棺材中.
Richer people were buried in a sarcophagus made of stone or a coffin of imported wood.
更富有的人被埋入由石头所制的石棺或进口木材的棺材.
Pharaohs were buried in up to four gold-covered coffins nested inside each other.
法老们被埋入了多达4个被金封住的棺材中,彼此筑巢.
The coffins were painted with a representation of the person’s face so that the ba could find the right tomb when it returned at night.
棺材被涂上人物的相貌,以便巴能于晚上返回后找到合适的坟墓.
Hieroglyphs, painted or chiseled onto the coffin, told the story of the person’s life.
在棺材上被涂上或被打磨的平面文字讲述了这个人的生平。
These inscriptions also held spells to keep the dead person safe in the underworld.
这些铭文还用咒语来保护死者在冥界的安全.
The painted wooden sarcophagus of Lady Isis, wife of Kabekehent, shows a delicate, lifelike image.
卡贝克亨特之妻伊西斯夫人所绘的木制石棺上,呈现出一种微妙而活泼的形象.
Superstitions were common in Egypt.
迷信在埃及很常见.
Most people believed that mummies would curse anyone who disturbed their tomb and stole from the dead.
大多数人相信木乃伊会诅咒任何扰乱了自己坟墓并偷走死者尸体的人.
But tempted by the treasures buried with the mummies, thieves broke into even the best-guarded tombs.
但被木乃伊所埋藏的宝藏所诱惑 盗贼闯入了最有保护的坟墓
They often tore the mummies apart, looking for the gold and gems under the bandages.
他们经常把木乃伊撕开,去寻找绷带下方的金和宝石.
They were willing to risk death and punishment for riches.
他们愿意冒着死亡和因财富而受到惩罚的风险。
Most tombs were robbed within a few years of their mummies’ burials.
大多数墓穴在木乃伊被埋葬后几年内被抢走.
This mummy of Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut is more than 3,000 years old.
法老皇后哈特谢普苏特的这个木乃伊有三千多岁.
Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for over twenty years.
哈特谢普苏特统治 埃及二十余年.
DNA from a tooth helped to identify the mummy as hers.
牙齿上的DNA有助于确认木乃伊是她的
THE TOMB OF Tut ankham Un The Pharaoh Tutankhamun, also called the Boy King, died when he was only a teenager.
一、导 言 Tut ankham Un 法老图坦卡蒙也称"男孩王",他才十几岁就去世了.
We know very little about his life or his rule in Egypt, but he is the most famous mummy in the world.
我们对他在埃及的生活或统治知之甚少,但他是世界上最出名的木乃伊.
Tutankhamun’s tomb was opened in 1923.
图坦卡蒙墓于1923年开通.
Even though it had been robbed twice in ancient times, King Tut’s tomb still held great treasures.
虽然在古代被抢了两次,国王 Tut的墓还保存着许多珍宝。
The thieves had entered the second room, which was filled with Tut’s gold chariots and statues.
贼已入二室,取出图特所取出之金车及相像.
They stole about a sixth of the tomb’s gold but were probably interrupted before they could finish.
他们盗取了大约六分之一的坟墓黄金,
King Tut’s mummy had not been touched.
国王 Tut的母亲没有被触动。
Archaeologist Howard Carter (left) examines the coffin of King Tutankhamun, which he discovered in 1922.
考古学家霍华德·卡特(左)检查了图坦卡蒙国王的棺材,他于1922年发现了这个棺材.
King Tut was buried in a series of three coffins, one inside the other.
国王 图特被一连串地埋入了三个棺材中,一个被埋入了内部.
The first two coffins were made of wood covered in bands of gold.
前两具棺材由被金带所覆盖的木头所制.
But the innermost coffin was made of solid gold and covered with gems.
但最内侧的棺材由坚固的金子所制出并被宝石所覆盖.
Tut’s beautiful burial mask was also made of pure gold.
Tut的美丽埋葬口罩也由纯金制成.
Heavy jeweled bracelets encircled his wrists, and golden amulets and necklaces were draped around his neck.
重珠宝手镯将他的手腕围住,而金色的手镯和项链被画在脖子上.
Gold Mask of teenage pharaoh Tutankhamun who ruled Egypt over 3,000 years ago Do You Know?
3000多年前统治埃及的 青少年法老图坦卡蒙的黄金面具 你知道吗?
The Egyptians stopped making mummies around ad 400.
埃及人停止了在广告400左右制作木乃伊.
By this time, most Egyptians had converted to Christianity.
此时,大多数埃及人已经皈依了基督教.
They no longer believed that the dead person needed to be mummified in order to experience eternal life.
他们不再认为死者需要被木乃伊化来体验永恒的生命.
Animal Mummies The ancient Egyptians mummified animals as well as people.
动物妈妈 古埃及人木乃伊化的动物和人
Cats were especially sacred to the Egyptians.
猫对埃及人来说特别神圣.
They represented Bast, the cat-headed goddess of happiness.
他们代表了Bast,猫头鹰的幸福女神.
Cats were kept as pets, and when one died, the whole family shaved their heads and eyebrows in mourning.
猫被保存为宠物,一人死亡后,全家在哀悼中剃了头和眉毛.
Cat mummies were buried with their owners or at the temples of Bast.
猫木乃伊被和主人一起埋葬,或者被葬于巴斯特神庙.
Ancient Egyptians also mummified other animals sacred to the gods, such as crocodiles, ibises, and falcons.
古埃及人还木乃伊化了其他对神灵神圣的动物,如鳄鱼,双鱼和猎鹰等.
These animals were sent to the afterlife as offerings to the gods.
这些动物被送往来生,作为献给众神.
Mummy of a cat from Abydos, Upper Egypt, Roman Period, around first century ad Conclusion Natural mummies have been found around the world.
来自上埃及阿比多斯的猫咪妈妈,罗马时期,大约在一世纪的广告"结论"(Conference Natural mumamies)中,全世界都发现了.
They can be found in the cold, acidic water of a marsh in Denmark, in the frozen depths of an Alpine glacier, or in the hot sands of a desert.
它们可以存在于丹麦一沼泽地的冷酸性水中,高山冰川的冰冻深处,或者沙漠的热沙地上.
The dead have been preserved as mummies by many different cultures, from Buddhist monks in Japan to tribesmen in Papua New Guinea.
死者被从日本的佛教僧侣到巴布亚新几内亚的部落人等许多不同文化所保存为木乃伊.
The Incas in Peru, half a world away from the ancient Egyptians, mummified their ancestors in much the same way as the Egyptians.
秘鲁的印加人,与古埃及人相去半个世界相去甚远,木乃伊化了他们的祖先,与埃及人的方式大致相同.
While artificial and natural mummification vary in some ways, they are alike in one important way.
虽然人工木乃伊和自然木乃伊在某些方面有所不同,但它们在一种重要方面是相同的.
All mummification results in the arrest of cell decay, which preserves the body for hundreds, if not thousands, of years.
所有的木乃伊化都会导致细胞衰变被活活捉,这保存了数百年甚至上千年的身体.
The naturally-mummified Tollund Man of Denmark was found in a bog in 1950.
1950年在一个沼泽地发现了丹麦自然而成的托伦德人.
He lived during the iron age, 300–400 bc, and is the best-preserved prehistoric body in the world.
他活了300-400 bc的铁器时代,是世界上保存最完好的史前活体.
We can learn much about ancient civilizations by studying mummies and the contents of their tombs.
我们可以通过研究木乃伊及其墓葬内容来了解很多古代文明.
Scientists around the world study mummies in order to know more about how ancient people lived and died.
世界各地的科学家研究木乃伊是为了更了解古代人的生与死.
Where Mummies Have Been Found AFRICA Egypt Nubia SOUTH PACIFIC Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea ASIA Japan (Honshu) China Siberia Indonesia NORTH AMERICA Northern Canada Southwestern U.
木乃伊在非洲的发现 埃及 努比亚 南太平洋 澳大利亚、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚、亚洲、日本、中国、印度尼西亚西伯利亚 北美 加拿大北部 西南部 U.
S.
师曰.
Mexico SOUTH AMERICA Peru EUROPE Alps (Italy/Austria) Denmark Southern Italy Greenland This mummy of a young man was found in Peru and is over seven hundred years old.
南意大利 这个年轻男子的妈妈是在秘鲁发现的,有700多岁。
Make your own mummies!
做你自己的木乃伊!
1 Cut an apple into twelve wedges.
1个 把苹果切成十二个楔形
a baking sheet.
一个烘焙板。
a warm, dry place in the sun for several days.
温暖干燥地在阳光下数天。
dried out.
干干净了
have not been dried.
尚未干燥。
temperature.
温度。