W-38Microbes Friend or Foe
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction Achoo!
介绍Achoo!
You sneeze and cough all night.
你打喷嚏和咳嗽一整晚。
You’re tired but can’t sleep.
你累了却睡不着。
You’re too hot—then you’re too cold.
你太性感了,
Your throat is sore.
喉咙痛.
These are all signs, or symptoms, of being sick.
这些都是生病的征兆或症状。
You have “caught a bug” and developed a disease.
你“抓了个虫子”并发展出一种疾病。
It was probably caused by an infection from a type of tiny microbe—a germ.
它可能是由某种微小微生物——一种细菌——所感染的。
Long ago, before scientists studied disease and health, people thought that being sick was a punishment.
早在科学家研究疾病和健康之前,人们就认为生病是一种惩罚.
What had they done wrong?
他们做错什么了?
Had a bad witch cursed them?
有个坏女巫诅咒他们?
No one knew what really caused us to become sick, so no one knew how to prevent or cure any disease.
没有人知道是什么使我们生病,所以没有人知道如何预防或治愈任何疾病。
Now we know that certain microbes, or germs, can cause diseases.
现在我们知道,某些微生物,或者细菌,可以引起疾病。
But what are microbes?
但什么是微生物?
Where are they?
他们在哪里?
Are they all bad?
他们都坏吗?
Can knowing about them help us prevent diseases?
了解他们能帮助我们预防疾病吗?
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
George Washington, first president of the United States, caught a throat infection in 1799.
美国首任总统乔治·华盛顿于1799年被喉咙感染.
His doctors did a common treatment at the time called bloodletting.
他的医生在当时做了一种叫做"放血"的常见治疗.
They took nine pints of blood from his body in one day.
他们一天内从他身上取出九品脱的血.
The human body holds only 12 pints of blood.
人体只持有12品脱出血.
Sadly, Washington died from the treatment, not the disease.
可悲的是,华盛顿死于治疗,而不是疾病。
Doctors used leeches in bloodletting.
医生们在放血时用过水蛭
Air coming out of the mouth from a sneeze may travel as fast as 120 kph (75 mph).
从喷嚏出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出
Louis Pasteur Modern medicine owes a lot to Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR).
路易斯·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur Modern Medicine)对路易斯·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR))欠下了很多钱.
He proved the Germ Theory of Disease, which states that contact with harmful microbes is the cause of disease.
他证明了"格姆病理"(Germ Theory of Disease),该理论指出接触有害微生物是疾病的原因.
Pasteur’s most important discovery was that heating a sealed canister filled with food to a specific temperature for a certain length of time would kill many organisms inside.
Pasteur最重要的发现是,将装满食物的密封罐子加热到特定温度一定时间会杀死里面的许多生物.
This heating process is called pasteurization.
这种取暖过程称为消毒.
Today it is used on fresh milk and canned food.
今天它被用于新鲜牛奶和罐头食品上.
Math Minute To pasteurize milk, the milk is heated to 145 degrees Fahrenheit (62.
数学分钟 为了将牛奶消毒,牛奶被加热到145华氏度(62.
8°C) for 30 minutes, or to 163 degrees Fahrenheit (72.
8°C)30分钟,或到华氏163度(72.
8°C) for 15 seconds.
8°C),持续15秒.
How much quicker in seconds is it to pasteurize milk at the higher temperature?
在高温下将牛奶消毒多久?
What Are Microbes?
微贝是什么?
Microbes are tiny organisms, or living creatures, that are almost invisible.
微生物是细小的生物,或活生生的生物,几乎是看不见的.
They can be seen only with a powerful microscope.
只有用强大的显微镜才能看到它们.
These tiny organisms exist all around us.
这些小生物存在于我们周围
They are in the air we breathe, on every surface we touch, on our skin and clothes, and inside our bodies.
它们在空气中,在空气中,在我们接触的每一个表面,在我们的皮肤和衣服上,在我们的身体里。
They are everywhere!
到处都是
There are many types of microbes, both good and bad.
微生物种类多有好有坏.
Some microbes cause disease, but others can help to prevent or cure illnesses.
有些微生物引起疾病,而另一些微生物可以帮助预防或治疗疾病。
The Immune System The human body makes a great home for microbes.
免疫系统 人体为微生物创造了一个伟大的家园.
It is warm, moist, and a good source of food.
它是温暖、湿润和良好的食物来源。
Many friendly microbes live in our bodies and help us—in exchange for a nice place to live.
许多友好的微生物生活在我们的身体里,帮助我们,以换取一个美好的住地。
But sometimes there are just too many of them.
但有时它们太多。
Or, harmful microbes enter our bodies and then multiply.
或者,有害的微生物进入我们的身体,然后繁殖。
Too many of either type of microbe can cause problems for our health.
这两种微生物中,太多会给我们的健康造成问题。
Math Minute Some microbes can double their population every 20 minutes.
数学分钟 一些微生物可以每20分钟将人口增加一倍.
If you start out with 1 microbe, how many microbes will you have after 4 hours?
如果你从1个微生物开始,4小时后,你会有多少个微生物?
Hint: Start with 1 microbe at 0 minutes.
提示:0分钟从1个微生物开始.
Harmful microbes can attack and damage our body’s cells.
有害的微生物会攻击和破坏我们的身体细胞。
Cells make up the parts of our body and form the immune system that protects our health.
细胞构成我们身体的部位,形成保护我们健康的免疫系统.
We have blood cells and bone cells, stomach cells, skin cells, and muscle cells, as well as other kinds of cells.
我们有血细胞和骨细胞,胃细胞,皮肤细胞,肌肉细胞,以及其他种类的细胞.
There are trillions of cells inside of us, all working together.
我们体内有数以万亿计的细胞 都一起工作
Cells all have important body-building and health-protecting jobs to do.
细胞都有重要的身体建设和健康保护工作可做.
To help, we have natural defenses to keep out the troublemaking microbes.
为了帮助,我们有自然防御 来阻止制造麻烦的微生物。
Our bodies have layers of skin that cover us completely.
我们的身体有层层的皮肤 完全覆盖着我们
Microbe- hunting white blood cells travel through our blood vessels—like security guards.
猎取白血球的微生物 穿过我们的血管 像警卫一样
They destroy millions of invading microbes every day.
他们每天摧毁数百万入侵的微生物.
Friendly microbes join in to help them.
友好的微生物加入来帮助他们.
These strong defenses are all part of a healthy immune system.
这些强大的防守都是健康免疫系统的一部分.
The immune system knows the difference between good and bad microbes.
免疫系统知道好与坏微生物的区别.
It recognizes the ones that cause problems and remembers what defenses worked against them in the past.
它承认那些造成问题的人,并记得过去对他们有效的辩护。
It fights them off if they try to come back.
如果他们想回来 就会被打败
If you have ever had mumps, your immune system remembers—and you will probably not get sick from mumps again.
如果你曾经患过腮腺炎,你的免疫系统会记得——你可能不会再从腮腺炎得病了。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
One drop of blood contains between 7,000 and 25,000 white blood cells.
一滴血含有7000到25000个白血球.
These cells attack invading microbes in different ways.
这些细胞以不同的方式攻击入侵微生物.
Some white blood cells produce antibodies that cancel out the microbe’s chemicals, while others surround the microbe and destroy it.
一些白血球产生抗体,去除微生物的化学物质,而另一些则会包围微生物并摧毁微生物。
Harmful bacteria cause infections like strep throat and food poisoning.
有害细菌会引发链球菌咽喉和食物中毒等感染.
Nasty strep throat bacteria can cause a painful, swollen throat, a fever, a headache, a stomachache, and swollen glands in the neck.
鼻塞喉道细菌可以引起疼痛,咽喉肿胀,发热,头痛,胃痛,颈部有腺肿.
White spots of pus appear on the back of the throat.
白斑脓出于喉后.
Some types of harmful bacteria live on, or in, many uncooked foods.
某些种类的有害细菌生活在或存在于许多未经烹饪的食物上.
They can cause food poisoning.
它们会导致食物中毒.
These bacteria invade when we aren’t careful about how we handle or cook food.
这些细菌入侵时,我们不注意如何处理或烹饪食物。
Remember to wash your hands before preparing food.
记得在准备食物前先洗手.
Foods need to be cooked to the correct temperature to kill bacteria.
食品需要被烹饪到正确的温度才能杀死细菌.
Food poisoning often causes an upset stomach, vomiting, and diarrhea.
食物中毒常常会引起胃部不适,呕吐,腹泻.
Salmonella is the bacteria responsible for many cases of food poisoning.
沙门氏菌是造成多起食物中毒的细菌.
Scientists sometimes grow bacteria on purpose so that they can study them.
科学家有时会故意地生长出细菌,以便研究.
Here, strep throat bacteria grow in a dish filled with a liquid that provides food and a safe environment.
在这里,链状咽喉细菌生长在一个充满了能提供食物和安全环境的液体的菜肴中.
Fun Food Fact Several types of bacteria help change milk into yogurt and sour cream.
趣味食品 Fact 有几种细菌帮助将牛奶转化为酸奶和酸奶.
These bacteria eat lactose, or milk sugars, and release lactic acid, which curdles the milk and makes it more solid.
这些细菌会吃乳糖,或取出乳糖,并放出乳酸,使乳汁卷起并更坚固.
The lactic acid gives yogurt and sour cream a tangy, sour flavor.
乳酸会给酸奶和酸奶 一种酸奶的味道
Four Groups of Microbes Bacteria Bacteria (back-TEER-ee-uh) are simple, single- celled organisms.
四组微生物细菌(后-TEER-ee-uh)为简单单细胞生物.
Like all microbes, they are too small to be seen without a powerful microscope.
和所有微生物一样,它们太小,没有强大的显微镜无法被看到.
There are both good and bad bacteria.
有好有坏的细菌
There are more types of bacteria than there are types of any other organisms on Earth.
细菌种类多于地球上其他生物种类.
One type of good bacteria lives in our intestines.
有一类好细菌生活在我们的肠中.
It helps us to break down and digest the food we eat.
它帮助我们分解 消化我们的食物。
Some good bacteria also help our white blood cells kill bad bacteria.
一些好细菌也帮助我们的白血球杀死了坏细菌.
Some bacteria cause food poisoning.
有些细菌会导致食物中毒.
Some good bacteria help create dairy products.
一些好细菌有助于创造出乳制品.
Viruses can make people sick.
病毒可以使人生病.
Some viruses can cause death.
有些病毒可以造成死亡.
And a virus doesn’t always play fair.
病毒并不总是公平。
A virus can easily mutate, or change its identity, to avoid being noticed.
一种病毒可以很容易地变异,或者改变其特性来避免被注意.
This ability to change makes it more difficult to find.
这种变化能力使得更难找到.
To kill a virus, the body must destroy the cell, or cells, in which the virus is living.
要杀死一个病毒,身体必须摧毁病毒所在的细胞,或细胞.
The flu, chicken pox, and the common cold are each caused by a virus.
流感,鸡瘟和常见的寒冷都是由病毒引起的.
Influenza virus at 295,000x magnification Viruses Viruses (VY-russ-es) are even smaller than bacteria.
295,000x放大的流感病毒(VY-russ-es)甚至比细菌还小.
Viruses live inside the cells of people and other animals.
病毒生活在人和其他动物的细胞内.
Viruses cannot live on their own outside another living creature.
病毒不能独自活在另一个活生物之外。
Once inside, they can multiply.
一旦进入,它们可以倍增.
They can spread from cell to cell, causing an infection.
它们可以从细胞传播到细胞,引起感染.
Symptoms Headaches Fever Muscle Aches & Tiredness Sore Throat Runny Nose Sneezing Coughing Chills Common Cold No None or Mild Sometimes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Flu Yes High Fever, 102–104˚F for days Yes Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes Yes Yes Do You Have a Common Cold or the Flu?
症状头痛发烧肌肉痛和疲倦 喉咙痛 鼻涕打喷嚏 咳嗽的寒冷 常见的冷 冷 冷 无 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的有的 有的有的 有的 有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的 有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有高的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的 有的时候有的时候有,有,有,有,有,有,有,有,有
Fungi In some ways, fungi (FUN-guy) are like plants, but they cannot make their own food.
真菌 在某些方面,真菌(FUN-guy)就像植物一样,但它们不能自己做食物.
There are two types of fungi: many-celled, which include both edible and poisonous mushrooms; and simple, single-celled fungi, which include the yeast that makes bread rise.
有两种真菌:多细胞,包括可食用和有毒的蘑菇;和简单而单细胞的真菌,包括使面包上升的酵母.
Many types of fungi are parasites.
许多种类的真菌是寄生虫.
A parasite lives by absorbing the energy it needs from other living things.
寄生虫通过吸收其他活物所需要的能量来活活.
Two common infections caused by harmful fungi are ringworm and athlete’s foot.
由有害真菌引起的两种常见感染是环虫和运动员脚.
Ringworm causes a wormlike, red ring to appear on the skin.
环虫会使一种类似蠕虫,红色的环会出现在皮肤上.
Athlete’s foot attacks the bottom of the feet and area between the toes, causing the skin to itch, crack, and peel.
运动员的脚攻击脚底和脚趾之间的区域,导致皮肤痒、裂缝和皮革。
Athlete’s foot is caused by a fungal infection of the skin.
运动员的脚由皮肤的真菌感染所引起.
Protozoa Protozoa (pro-toe-ZOE-uh) are tiny, single- celled organisms that often live in streams and ponds.
原生zo(学名:Pro-toe-ZOE-uh)为小 cell科单细胞属的生物,常生活于溪流和池塘.
They are food for some birds and fish.
它们是一些鸟类和鱼的食物。
Protozoa are often found in dirty, untreated water.
原生动物常被发现于脏而未经处理的水中.
If protozoa get into your body, they can cause stomachaches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
如果原生动物进入你的身体,它们会引起胃痛,恶心,呕吐等症状并发作.
One dangerous protozoa is spread by saliva from an infected mosquito.
一个危险的原生动物通过被感染的蚊子的唾液来传播.
It causes a disease called malaria.
造成一种叫做疟疾的疾病。
When an infected mosquito bites a person, the protozoa enter the person’s blood through the bite.
当被感染的蚊子咬人时,原生动物会从咬入人的血液.
Malaria is a serious illness that causes a high fever, delirium, and weakness.
疟疾是一种严重的疾病,导致高发热、精神失常和虚弱。
It occurs most often in hot, tropical areas.
它最常发生在炎热的热带地区.
Malaria kills a million people around the world every year.
疟疾每年在全世界造成一百万人死亡。
Mosquitoes can transfer diseases like malaria and West Nile virus from person to person.
蚊子可以将疟疾和西尼罗河病毒等疾病由人传染给人.
How Do Microbes Spread Infection?
微生物如何传染?
Germs spread easily.
基因很容易扩散
Many infection-causing microbes live in our body fluids.
许多导致感染的微生物生活在我们的体液中。
They hide in saliva, blood, and nasal mucus.
他们躲在唾液、血液和鼻黏液中
These fluids transfer germs easily.
这些液体容易转移细菌.
If a person sneezes or coughs on us, we can pick up germs.
如果有人对我们打喷嚏或咳嗽,我们可以捡起细菌.
You can also pick up germs if you handle something that has been touched and contaminated by an infected person.
如果你处理被感染者所触碰和污染的东西,也可以取出细菌.
Doorknobs are touched by dozens of people every day.
门人一日被数十人所触.
If a sick person touches a doorknob after he or she blows his or her nose, microbes stay behind.
如果病人在打出鼻子后触碰门把手,微生物就留在后面。
The microbes travel from the runny nose, to the hand, to the doorknob.
微生物从出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出
People who then touch the doorknob can pick up the germs.
然后触摸门把手的人可以捡起细菌.
If they then rub their eyes, or pick up and eat a sandwich, the germs can enter their body.
如果它们再去擦眼睛,或者捡起并吃个三明治,细菌就可以进入它们的身体.
If a sick person sneezes, coughs, or even talks, microbes can fly into the air and infect another person.
如果病人打喷嚏,咳嗽,甚至说话,微生物会飞入空气并感染他人.
There are many ways to get sick.
取病有多种道.
Some diseases can be spread through the air.
有些疾病可以通过空气传播.
We can catch germs from an unclean surface.
我们可以从不干净的地表捕到细菌
We can eat spoiled food or drink polluted water.
我们可以吃变质的食物或者喝被污染的水.
A few diseases can pass from an infected insect or other animal to a human.
少数疾病可以从被感染的昆虫或其他动物传入人类.
We can get rabies from infected mammals like dogs, raccoons, and skunks.
我们可以从被感染的哺乳动物身上得到狂犬病,比如狗,浣熊,和臭鼬.
Salmonella may be on chickens, birds, fish, and reptiles.
沙门氏菌可能分布于鸡,鸟,鱼,和爬行动物上.
We can contract malaria and West Nile virus from infected mosquitoes, avian flu from sick birds, and Lyme disease from tick bites.
我们可以从被感染的蚊子中感染疟疾和西尼罗河病毒,从生病的鸟类中感染禽流感,从滴滴叮咬中感染莱姆病.
Outbreaks and Epidemics Diseases can spread quickly.
疫情和传染病可以迅速蔓延.
When a small group of people in the same place gets the same disease, it is called an outbreak.
当同地一小群人得到同一种疾病时,就被称为"爆发".
When an outbreak of disease rapidly spreads to a large number of people, it’s called an epidemic.
当疾病爆发迅速蔓延到很多人时,
When an epidemic quickly spreads to infect groups of people worldwide, it is called a pandemic.
当流行病迅速蔓延到全世界感染人群时,它被称为流行病。
States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitor infections around the globe because a dangerous disease in one region can threaten people worldwide.
各国疾病控制和预防中心监测全球各地的感染情况,因为一个区域的危险疾病可能威胁全世界人民。
Fighting Microbes with Vaccines Vaccines are a way to plan ahead to prevent disease.
以疫苗打击微生物 疫苗是计划预防疾病的方法。
Vaccines are strong treatments that build up our immune system’s ability to recognize and fight off a disease-causing microbe.
疫苗是强大的治疗方法,可以增强免疫系统识别和消灭致病微生物的能力。
Some vaccines are chemicals that are designed to help people who have an already weakened immune system.
一些疫苗是旨在帮助免疫系统已经弱化的人的化学品.
Other vaccines are made from tiny bits of the virus or bacteria itself.
其他疫苗是用小块的病毒或细菌本身来制成.
The idea of using one virus to attack another virus in order to prevent a worse disease, was first thought of about two hundred years ago in England.
使用一种病毒来攻击另一种病毒以防止更糟糕的疾病的想法,最早被想到大约200年前的英国.
Dr.
医生
Edward Jenner noticed that people who had been sick with cowpox, a mild disease caught by farm workers, never got smallpox.
爱德华·詹纳(英语:Edward Jenner)注意到,曾经被农场工人感染的轻度疾病"牛瘟"所生病的人从未患上"天花".
Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases Vaccines can be given as shots or taken by mouth.
天花是最致命的疾病之一 疫苗可作注射或口服.
in the world—it killed thousands of people.
在世界上,它杀死了数千人。
Dr.
医生
Jenner realized that cowpox and smallpox must be related—like cousins from the same family.
Jenner意识到,牛瘟和天花必须是同一家的堂兄弟。
He was sure he could use the milder disease to prevent another, worse, disease.
他肯定能用更温和的疾病来预防另一种更严重的疾病.
In his test, he decided to give healthy people a mild case of cowpox.
在他的测试中,他决定给健康的人一个温和的牛痘病例.
Their immune systems could easily fight off the mild cowpox and learn about that type of virus.
他们的免疫系统可以轻松地战胜温和的牛瘟并了解这种病毒.
Later, if smallpox tried to invade their bodies, their immune systems would recognize the pox virus and remember how to defeat it.
后来,如果天花试图入侵他们的身体,他们的免疫系统会识别出痘病毒并记住如何打败它.
His idea was correct.
他的想法是正确的。
These people did not get the deadly smallpox virus.
这些人没有得到致命的天花病毒。
His idea saved many thousands of lives.
他的主意拯救了上千人的生命.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
When Europeans and Africans carried smallpox microbes to the Americas, none of the Native Americans had ever been exposed to the disease.
当欧洲人和非洲人将天花微生物带到美洲时,没有一个美洲原住民曾被感染过这种疾病.
They had no immunity to it.
他们对此没有豁免权。
As a result, smallpox killed millions.
因此,天花杀死了数百万人.
In South and Central America, nine out of ten people in the largest native cities died from smallpox.
在南美洲和中美洲,最大本土城市的10人中有9人死于天花.
Antibiotics: The Magic Bullet Scientists discovered that some microbes naturally fight other types of microbes and kill them.
抗生素: "魔法子弹"科学家发现,一些微生物自然会与其它类型的微生物进行战斗并杀死它们.
They can do this without harming healthy cells or helpful microbes.
它们可以在不伤害健康细胞或有帮助的微生物的情况下这样做.
These killer microbes produce medicines called antibiotics.
这些致命微生物生产药物,称为抗生素.
When scientists first discovered antibiotics, they considered these medicines to be “magic bullets” because they would directly attack the targeted infection and leave nearby healthy cells alone.
当科学家首次发现抗生素时,他们认为这些药物是"魔法子弹",因为它们会直接攻击目标感染并留下附近的健康细胞.
An antibiotic medicine kills most microbes that cause a disease.
抗生素药物杀死了大多数引起疾病的微生物.
But the strongest microbes sometimes survive.
但最强的微生物有时会活下来.
Often, these hard-to-kill microbes change themselves just enough to hide from the antibiotic.
这些难以杀灭的微生物 往往会改变自己 足以躲避抗生素
Other antibiotics have become overused, or misused, so microbes have developed a resistance to them.
其他抗生素被过度使用,或被滥用,因此微生物发展出抗生素.
Scientists keep trying to produce new antibiotics to fight stronger, deadlier microbes.
科学家们一直试图生产出新的抗生素来对抗更强更致命的微生物.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In 1928, Dr.
1928年,获博士.
Alexander Fleming discovered that a common bread mold would kill bacteria.
亚历山大·弗莱明发现普通的面包模具会杀死细菌.
This discovery led to the world’s first antibiotic, penicillin, which is still the world’s most widely used antibiotic.
这一发现导致了世界上第一种抗生素-青霉素,它仍然是世界上使用最广泛的抗生素.
Don’t Spread Disease You can help to reduce the chance of a harmful microbe getting into your body and making you sick.
不要传播疾病 你可以帮助减少一个有害的微生物进入你的身体并让你生病的机会.
Remember that when you are sick, it is important to stay home.
记住,当你生病了, 留在家里很重要。
Stay away from other people and rest.
远离他人而去休息.
This helps your body fight microbes, and it also keeps you from infecting other people.
这帮助你的身体与微生物抗争, 也防止你感染其他人。
When you have a cold or a cough, always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue.
感冒或咳嗽时,总是用组织来遮住口鼻.
Then throw away the tissue in a trash can.
然后把纸巾丢入垃圾桶
Don’t leave the used tissue lying around to pass those germs on to other people.
别让用过的组织躺在地上,
If you don’t have a tissue, cover your nose and mouth with your cupped hands and then wash your hands right away.
如果你没有组织,
If you are sick, do not share food, cups, or plates with other people.
如果你生病了,不要与其他人分享食物、杯子或盘子。
Germs, or harmful microbes, spread easily in crowded places.
基因或有害微生物在拥挤地段容易扩散。
See a doctor regularly • A healthy person should see a doctor once a year.
• 定期看医生; 健康人应当每年看医生一次.
Getting a regular checkup can prevent problems before they begin.
定期检查可在问题开始前预防出问题。
Make sure you get all of your shots.
确保你得到所有你的镜头。
Outdoor safety • When you go outside, do not touch wild animals.
• 室外安全 出去时,不要碰野生动物.
They may bite or scratch, or they may have disease- carrying bugs on them.
他们可能咬或抓, 或者他们可能有疾病 - 携带虫子在他们身上。
Wear insect repellent to keep mosquitoes and ticks away when camping or hiking.
穿戴驱虫剂以保持蚊子,在露营或徒步旅行时会虱子出走.
chlorinated.
氯化物。
Conclusion Microbes live in, on, and around almost everything.
结论 微生物生活在,在, 和周围几乎一切。
Most of them are harmless, but some microbes cause disease.
多数是无害的,但有些微生物会导致疾病.
There are many ways to prevent diseases from spreading.
有许多方法可以防止疾病蔓延.
Some are simple things, such as washing your hands before eating or handling food and after using the bathroom.
有些是简单的东西,比如在吃或处理食物之前和用上浴室之后先洗手.
Other efforts, such as treatments of vaccines and antibiotics, are the result of two hundred years of scientific discovery, research, and modern medicine.
其他努力,如疫苗和抗生素的治疗,是二百年来科学发现,研究和现代医学的结果.
Many countries, organizations, and individual doctors are coordinating their efforts to control and even eradicate many diseases.
许多国家、组织和个别医生正在协调努力,以控制甚至根除许多疾病。
Even with all of this effort, we will never be able to wipe out all of the world’s harmful microbes—but we can learn how to fight them and to be healthier.
即便如此努力,我们仍无法消灭世界上所有有害的微生物,但我们能够学会如何与这些微生物作斗争并更健康。
Staying Healthy Keep your immune system healthy • In order to stay healthy, you must keep your immune system strong.
保持健康 • 保持免疫系统的健康 为了保持健康,必须保持免疫系统坚固.
Eat a balanced diet of nutritious foods, including fruits and vegetables, and drink lots of water.
食用平衡的营养食品,包括水果和蔬菜,并喝入多水.
Get fresh air, exercise, and enough sleep each night.
呼吸新鲜空气,锻炼, 和足够的睡眠每晚。
Preparing food • Wash knives and cutting boards with water and soap after cutting raw meat, and never let raw meat touch cooked foods.
· 用水和肥皂清洗刀具和切割板,切出生肉后,绝不让生肉触碰烹饪出的食物。
• Do not eat food from dented or swollen cans.
• 支助 不要吃从凹陷或肿胀的罐子上取来的食物.
• Do not eat food that has fallen onto the floor.
• 支助 别吃倒地上的食物
Keeping clean • The most important microbe-fighting action is staying clean with soap and water.
保持清洁 最重要的微生物防治行动是用肥皂和水保持清洁。
Eighty percent of diseases are transmitted through touch because many people do not wash their hands.
80%的疾病是通过触摸传播的,因为许多人不洗手.
If everyone washed his or her hands, we could cut down the spread of disease.
如果每个人都洗了手,我们可以减少疾病的传播。
dry them on a clean towel.
用干净的毛巾擦干
Take care of your teeth • Brush and floss your teeth to remove bits of food.
注意取出牙齿 • 刷出牙来取出点吃.
Mouth bacteria cause cavities and feed on rotting food.
口腔细菌引起腔道并以腐烂的食物为食.
Infections can easily get into your bloodstream through your mouth.
感染很容易通过口腔进入血液。