Maps and Cartography
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Maps and What They Do.
目录 地图和它们做什么。
4 What is On a Map?
4个 什么是地图?
The Key.
钥匙
6 Scale.
6 规模。
8 Landmarks and Symbols.
8个地标和符号.
11 Types of Maps.
11 地图类型。
12 Physical Maps.
12个物理地图.
14 Political Maps.
14"政治地图".
17 Data Maps.
17 数据地图。
19 Bon Voyage!
19 Bon Voyage (英语).
21 Try This!
21号,试试这个!
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
24 Index.
24 指数。
24 Maps and What They Do This is a map I drew of the woods that are by my house.
24 张地图和他们做什么 这是我画的一张 我家旁边的树林地图
The map shows the trails, roads, and buildings near my house.
地图上显示我的房子附近的小径、道路和建筑物。
Be sure you have a copy of my map to follow along as you read this book.
你读这本书时一定要有我的地图
A map is a drawing of an area.
地图是绘制一个区域的图.
It shows where things are in relation to each other.
显示事事相接之处.
Most maps show an area from above, as though you were looking down from an airplane.
大部分地图显示一个区域 从上面,好像你在从飞机上俯视。
In fact, that’s how most maps are drawn today.
事实上,今天大多数地图都是这样绘制的。
Someone takes a photograph from an airplane or satellite, and then a mapmaker, or cartographer (car-TOG-ra-fer), uses that photograph to draw a map.
有人从飞机或卫星上取出相片,然后是地图制作人或制图师(car-TOG-ra-fer)用相片来绘制地图.
Before there were planes or spaceships, people drew maps by carefully remembering where things were, how far away they were from each other, and which direction they were from each other.
在飞机或宇宙飞船出现之前,人们通过仔细地回忆事物的位置,距离相去多远,以及彼此的方向来绘制地图.
Maps were also made by surveying, or taking mathematical measurements of how far and in which direction things were from each other.
地图也是通过勘测,或对事物彼此之间的距离和方向进行数学测量来制作的.
Many small maps are still made by surveying.
许多小地图仍然通过勘测制作.
Surveying creates an accurate map, though it takes a long time to survey a large area.
勘测造就了准确的地图,虽然对大面积地段进行勘测需要很长时间.
I drew my map by remembering and guessing where everything was—it was very hard to do.
我用记忆和猜想来绘制地图,
Some things still might be the wrong size.
有些东西可能还是错的
But if you were lost on the trails by my house, you could use this map to find your way out.
但如果你迷路了 我的房子, 你可以用这张地图 找到出路。
What Is on a Map?
什么是地图?
The Key Most maps aren’t an exact drawing of the way an area looks.
关键 大部分地图并不精确地描绘出一个地区的外观。
For instance, I didn’t draw the trees, grass, or buildings as they would look in a photo or painting.
例如,我没有画树、草地或建筑物,
Cartographers use symbols so that their maps are easy to draw and read.
制图师使用符号,使其地图易于绘制和阅读.
Most maps have a box in the corner, called the key, that tells you what each symbol means.
大部分地图在角落有一个盒子,叫做"钥匙",它告诉你每个符号的含义.
The key on my map tells you the symbols I used to draw the woods and my neighborhood.
我的地图上的钥匙 告诉你我画树林和邻居的符号
The double lines are roads where cars drive.
双线是汽车行驶的道路.
The single lines are walking trails.
单行道为行道.
The boxes are buildings, and the slanted lines show water areas.
箱子是建筑物,斜线显示有水区.
This surveyor is using his equipment to take measurements.
这个测量员正在用他的设备进行测量.
A four-pointed star called the compass rose inside the key tells you where north, south, east, and west are on the map.
一个叫"指南针"的四角星 在钥匙内部升起 告诉你地图上是北,南,东,西的位置
Most maps put north at the top, south at the bottom, east on the right, and west on the left.
大部分地图以北为地上,以南为地下,以东为地上,以西为地上.
As you can see from my compass rose, my map is drawn with northeast at the top.
从我的罗盘玫瑰上你可以看到 我的地图是东北的
I did this because my house faces northeast, so that is how I think of my neighborhood.
我这样做是因为我的房子 面对东北, 所以我是这样想我的邻居。
Most maps show the names of cities, roads, trails, and other geographical features such as rivers and oceans so that you can quickly tell where things are.
大多数地图显示城市,道路,小道等地名,以及河流和海洋等其它地貌,以便能快速地分辨出事物所在.
I put the name of each trail, road, and building on my map.
我把每一条小道的名称,道路, 和建设在我的地图上。
Look at my map and see if you can find the Hunter’s Ravine Trail and the high school.
看看我的地图,看看能不能找到猎人拉维尼道和高中。
Scale The scale of a map tells you how big the map is compared to the actual area.
缩放 地图的尺度可以告诉你地图与实际区域相比有多大.
Most maps show the scale by comparing two units.
大多数地图通过比较两个单位来显示比例.
On this map of the United States, the scale units are shown on a bar with marks and numbers on it.
在美国的这张地图上,比例尺单位显示在一个有标记和数字的栏上.
The top scale tells you the distance in the actual area.
上面的尺度告诉你实际区域的距离.
The bottom scale shows the distance on the map; this map is measured in centimeters.
底部尺度显示地图上相距;此地图以厘米为单位测量.
For example, on this map one centimeter is equal to almost 500 kilometers of actual distance.
例如,在这个地图上,一厘米等于实际相距近500公里.
Some planes have GPS tracking devices in them so you can see where you are during the flight.
有些飞机里面有GPS跟踪装置 这样你就可以看到你在飞行中的位置了
Can you imagine if a map of the entire United States were drawn in the scale of my map of the woods?
你能想象,如果我的森林地图上画出全美国的地图吗?
The map would have to show every single building in the United States, plus all of the spaces in between.
地图必须显示美国的每一栋建筑, 外加中间的所有空间。
It would be hundreds of kilometers wide—certainly too big to fold up and put in your pocket.
它会是几百公里宽的 - 肯定太大了,不能折叠起来放进你的口袋里。
If a cartographer draws a big area, he or she makes the map in a smaller scale.
如果制图师画出大面积,则由他(她)以更小的尺度来制作地图.
This map of the United States is in a very small scale.
这幅美国地图的规模很小.
If a map zooms in on a smaller area, the scale gets bigger and bigger.
如果地图放大到一个更小的区域,比例就会越来越大。
This map shows the northeastern part of the United States, where my woods are.
这幅地图显示美国东北部,我的树林所在.
The area is about four times smaller than the United States, so the scale is four times bigger.
面积比美国小了大约4倍,因此规模是4倍.
This is the state of Vermont.
这是佛蒙特州。
And here is a map of the county, or part of the state, where I live.
这里有一张县地地图,或部分地州,我住的地方.
Notice how the top numbers on the scale get smaller and smaller as the area shown on the map gets smaller and smaller.
注意比例尺上的最高数字如何随着地图上显示的区域越来越小而变小.
Distance and Area 1 Measure the number of centimeters between New York and San Francisco using the map on page 8.
距离和面积 1 使用第8页的地图测量纽约和旧金山之间的公分数。
2 How many kilometers does each centimeter represent?
2个 每厘米能代表几公里?
Multiply your measurement by that number.
用这个数字乘以你的测量值。
3 How far is it from New York to San Francisco?
3个 从纽约到旧金山有多远?
kilometers Vermont is long.
公里数 佛蒙特州很长
top to bottom, measure in the middle to get an average width.
从上到下,在中间测量以获得平均宽度。
Use the scale to figure out how wide Vermont is.
用这个尺度来判断佛蒙特州有多宽.
in square kilometers?
在平方公里?
K E Y Landmarks and Symbols Maps often show where important objects or things are.
K E Y 地标和符号地图经常显示重要物体或事物的位置.
A landmark is an object that is special, important, or helps people find their way.
一个地标是一个特殊,重要的物体,或者帮助人们找到自己的路.
It can also be something you might want to find if you were using the map.
它也可能是一些你可能想要找到的东西 如果你使用地图。
One landmark on my map is the water tower.
我地图上的一个地标是水塔.
When I see the water tower, I know I am close to my road.
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On many city maps, landmarks are important buildings, such as schools, hospitals, and courthouses.
在许多城市地图上,地标是学校,医院,法院等重要建筑.
Most important objects are shown using symbols.
最重要的对象使用符号显示.
For instance, my water tower is drawn as a circle with slanted lines across it.
例如,我的水塔被画成一圈,横着斜线。
On a city map, a hospital might be a blue or red cross.
在城市地图上,医院可能是蓝色或红色的十字架.
Symbols can also show important areas, events, or things that you can’t see.
符号也可以显示重要区域、事件或无法看到的东西。
On a historical map, a drawing of an explosion or gun might show where a battle took place.
在历史地图上,一幅爆炸或枪支的图画可能显示战斗发生地.
On a weather map, a blue line with triangles represents colder weather moving in.
在一张天气图上,有三角形的蓝线代表更冷的天气移动入去.
Use the key to help you understand the symbols and identify the objects.
使用密钥帮助您理解符号并识别对象.
Types of Maps The information on a map depends on what the map is used for.
地图类型 地图上的信息取决于地图的用途.
If you are using a map on a boat trip, then the map needs to show rivers, lakes, and oceans, but it doesn’t need to show things on land.
如果你在船上旅行时使用地图,那么地图需要显示河流、湖泊和海洋,但并不需要在陆地上显示事物。
If you are using a map on a car trip, then the map needs to show roads, towns, and cities, but it doesn’t need to show farms, forests, or hiking trails.
地图需要显示道路、城镇和城市, 但不需要显示农场、森林或徒步小径。
There are three basic kinds of maps: physical, political, and data.
地图有三种基本类型:物理地图、政治地图和数据地图。
Physical maps show natural things, such as rivers, mountains, plants, and weather.
物理地图显示自然事物,如河流,山脉,植物,和天气等.
Political maps have to do with people.
政治地图与人有关.
They show roads, cities, buildings, countries, and other human-made things.
他们展示道路,城市,建筑物,国家,以及其他人造事物.
Some maps show a mix of the two.
一些地图显示了两者的混合.
For example, the pictorial map, or map made with pictures instead of symbols, on the next page shows a ski area at the top of a small mountain.
例如,相图,或用相片而不是符号来制作的相图,在下页显示一个小山顶的滑雪区.
The map shows buildings, such as ski lodges, and areas of woods where it is not safe to ski.
地图显示滑雪小屋等建筑,以及滑雪不安全的树林地段.
Both kinds of information, political and physical, are important to skiers.
这两种信息,无论是政治信息还是物质信息,对滑雪者都很重要.
The third kind of map, a data map, is used for showing information, especially information given in numbers, which is called statistics.
第三种地图,一种数据地图,用于显示信息,特别是数字给出的信息,这被称为统计.
On the next few pages, I will use my map to show you different kinds of maps and how to use them.
在接下来的几页中,我将使用我的地图来展示不同的地图类型以及如何使用.
Physical Maps Topographic Map One common physical map is a topographic map.
地形图 地图 一种常见的物理地图是地貌图.
It shows elevation, or how high or low the land is.
它显示海拔, 或土地有多高或多低。
Each line is one unit, such as one meter, higher or lower than the one next to it.
每行为一股,如一米,比相邻之一高下.
When the lines are close together, the land is rising or falling steeply.
当行相近时,地势会陡起或倒地.
When they are far apart, the land is flat.
相去相去相去甚远后地平.
I turned part of my map into a topographic map that shows you where the land rises and falls, giving you a sense of the shape of the small mountain where my woods are.
我把我的地图的一部分变成一张地形图, 向你们展示大地起伏之处, 使你们能感受到我森林所在的小山的形状。
Topographic maps are good for going out into the wilderness, where there are no roads or signs.
地形图对去荒野是好的,那里没有道路或标志.
Let’s say you got lost in the woods near Hunter’s Ravine Trail.
假设你迷路了,
Using my map, how could you find your way back to Pit Trail?
用我的地图 你怎么能找到回坑道的路
Without a compass or compass rose to tell which way was north, it would be very hard to know where to go with just a trail map.
没有指南针或指南针,就很难知道哪条路是北边的, 只能用一幅行踪图就可以去到哪里。
But with a topographic map, you could match the shape of the land to the shape on the map, to get an idea of where you are depending on the direction you are walking.
但是有了地形图,你可以把地的形状与地图上的形状相匹配, 来了解你的位置取决于你走的方向。
Relief Map Other kinds of maps show elevation.
救济地图 其他类型的地图显示海拔。
Relief maps use colors to show how high or low things are.
救济地图使用颜色来显示事物有多高或低.
They usually use light colors to show high areas and dark colors to show low areas.
它们通常使用光色来显示高地和暗色来显示低地.
Here, I shaded part of my map to make it a relief map.
在这里,我遮蔽了我的地图的一部分 使它成为一个解脱地图。
You probably have seen a relief map of the world that shows major mountain chains.
你可能见过一张显示主要山链的世界解脱图。
Other relief maps show imaginary shadows made by mountains and valley walls.
其他的救援地图显示了由山地和山谷墙所制造的想象中的影子.
Vegetation Map A vegetation map shows what kinds of plants grow where.
植被图 植被图显示植物生长在哪里。
It uses different colors or patterns to represent different kinds of plants.
它使用不同的颜色或图案来代表不同种类的植物.
I colored my map so that it shows you where there are grass, shrubs and bushes, evergreen trees, blackberries, or trees that lose their leaves, such as maples and birches.
我给地图涂了颜色 这样地图可以显示 哪里有草,灌木和灌木丛, 常绿的树木,黑莓, 或失去叶子的树木, 如枫和ches.
You can use the key to tell which pattern is which.
您可以使用密钥来判断哪种模式 。
Can you use the map below to find the spots along Old Orchard Trail where there are berries?
你能用下方的地图找到 有浆果的老果园小道沿线的地段吗?
Other vegetation maps show where crops grow, such as corn or apples.
其他植被图显示作物生长地,如玉米或苹果.
What kind of trees line both sides of Birch Trail?
Birch Trail两边是什么树?
Political Maps Road Map A road map shows roads and where they go, and it is best for finding your way from one place to another.
政治地图路线图 一张行进图显示道路及其去向,最好从一个地方到另一个地方。
Here is a road map of part of the city of Auckland, New Zealand.
以下是新西兰奥克兰部分城市的行进图.
How might you walk from the College Rifles Park to the Abbotts Park?
你怎么从学院步枪公园去阿博特斯公园?
How many times would you turn, and in which direction?
你转了多少回,朝哪个方向?
You could use this map to help you find your way around if you ever went to Auckland.
如果你去过奥克兰 你可以用这张地图帮你找到路
My map of the woods is a kind of road map.
我的森林地图是一种行进图。
It shows paths where you can go from one place to another.
它显示从一个地方到另一个地方的道路。
Use my map to figure out how to get from the water tower to Mr.
用我的地图来找出如何 从水塔到先生。
Taranovitch’s field.
塔拉诺维奇的球场.
Boundary Map A boundary map shows who controls the land or whom it belongs to.
边界地图 边界地图显示谁控制了土地或土地属于谁。
A boundary map of the world shows the countries.
世界的边界图显示了这些国家。
A boundary map of the United States shows the individual states or counties.
美国的分界线图显示了各个州或县.
On this page, I made my map into a boundary map.
在这个页面上,我把我的地图做了一个边界地图.
Now it shows who owns the land.
现在它显示谁拥有土地。
A boundary map helps people know how they can use the land and who might be there.
边界图帮助人们知道如何使用土地,以及谁可能在那里。
Parts of the woods belong to Mr.
森林的一部分属于他
Taranovitch, who doesn’t like people to go hunting on his land.
塔拉诺维奇不喜欢人们在他的地上打猎。
Hunters could use this boundary map to know where they are not allowed to hunt.
猎人可以利用这幅边界地图来了解他们被禁止打猎的地方.
Data Maps A data map is any kind of map that shows information in the form of numbers.
数据映射 数据映射是指以数字形式显示信息的任意类型的映射.
You may have seen a data map on the news that showed how people voted in different areas.
你可能已经看到一个数据地图 在新闻显示 人们如何投票 在不同的领域。
You may also have seen a data map on the weather report that showed how many centimeters of rain fell in different areas.
你可能也看过天气报告的数据图,显示不同地区降下多少公分雨.
Data maps can show natural or human information.
数据地图可以显示自然或人类信息.
On this version of my map, I changed the way I drew the trails to show how many people use each path.
在这个版本的地图上,我改变了我绘制线索的方式,以显示有多少人使用每条路径.
Four lines mark trails where 30 to 40 people go each week.
四行标出出行道,每周有30到40人去.
One line marks trails where 5 or fewer people go each week.
一条线标志着每周有5人或更少的人前往。
Use the key to see how the other trails are drawn.
使用密钥查看其他线索的绘制方式 。
You could use this data map to estimate which trails have the most erosion, or to plan a walking trip on which you wouldn’t run into many other people.
你可以用这张数据地图来估计哪些小道受到的侵蚀最大, 或者计划一次步行旅行,
On this version of the map, I used a drawing of a newt to show how many red newts I see in different areas.
在这个版本的地图上,我用一幅"一头"的画来显示我在不同区域看到多少个"红新".
Each drawing represents five red newts.
每幅画都代表了五条红新丁.
You could use this map to see if the population of red newts is rising or falling.
你可以用这张地图看红新星种群是上升还是下降。
You could also use it to pick walking trails where you could see many red newts.
你也可以用它来取出行走的小道 在那里你可以看到许多红新丁。
Data maps can represent almost any kind of information.
数据地图几乎可以代表任何种类的信息.
Look in newspapers, magazines, and on the Internet to find different kinds of data maps.
在报纸,杂志, 和互联网上寻找 不同类型的数据地图。
Remember to look at the key to see what each color or symbol means.
记得看钥匙看每个颜色或符号意味着什么.
Bon Voyage!
万岁!
Maps can tell you many things about a place without your ever having to visit it.
地图可以告诉你很多关于一个地方的事情 你从来没有去过它。
Some maps help you find your way around, while others tell you what you might see.
有些地图可以帮助你找到路, 另一些则告诉你可能看到什么。
There are as many kinds of maps as there are places on Earth and things to see.
地图的种类和地球上的 地方和东西一样多
Check out some maps around you.
看看你周围的地图
You can plan a wonderful journey, whether it is a real trip or just an adventure in your mind.
你可以计划一个美妙的旅程, 无论它是一个真正的旅程, 或只是你心中的冒险。
This backpacker uses a map to find his way around.
这个背包客用地图来寻找他的方式。
Make a Map Try to draw a map that shows the route you take from your home to an important place, such as your school, the snack bar, or a friend’s home.
绘制一张地图,尝试绘制一张地图,显示您从家中前往一个重要地方的路线,例如学校、小吃酒吧或朋友的家等。
What you need: graph paper, a pencil with an eraser, and something to write on.
你需要的是:图纸、有擦去器的铅笔 以及一些可以写在上面的东西。
or a picture of your home.
或你家的照片。
direction you walk.
前进方向
need to.
有必要
Glossary cartographer a mapmaker (p.
词汇制图员(p.
4) compass rose a pointed symbol that shows where the directions are on a map (p.
4)罗盘升起一个指向符号,显示方向在地图上的位置(p.
7) elevation height of the land (p.
7) 地高(p.
14) key the part of the map that explains what the symbols and colors mean (p.
14)按下地图中解释符号和颜色含义的部分(p.
6) landmark an object that help you find your way (p.
6) 标出一个帮助您找到方向的物体(p.
11) pictorial map map with pictures rather than symbols (p.
11) 有图片而非符号的图片地图 (p.
12) relief maps maps that use colors or shades to show elevation (p.
12) 使用颜色或阴影来显示高地(p.
15) scale the size of one thing compared to the size of another; on a map, how big the area is compared to the map (p.
15) 相较于一物的大小而相较于一物;在一幅地图上,与一地图相比面积有多大(p.
8) surveying mathematically measuring the distance and angle between objects (p.
8)在数学上测量物体之间的距离和角度(p.
5) topographic map a map that uses lines to show elevation (p.
5) 地形图 使用线来显示高地的地圖 (p.
14) Index boundary, 18 cartographer (mapmaker), 4, 6, 9 compass rose, 7 data, 12, 19, 20 key, 6, 7, 11, 20 physical, 12 pictorial, 12 4 Notice the kinds of corners you turn.
14)索引边界,18个制图师(地图师),4,6,9个罗盘玫瑰,7个数据,12,19,20个键,6,7,11,20个物理,12个相像,12个4 注意你转角的种类.
Draw a line that makes the same kind of corner in the same direction.
画出一条线,使同一方向的同一类角.
or a familiar store.
或者一个熟悉的商店。
6 Draw your important place when you reach it.
页:1 到达后画出你的重要位置.
details.
细节。
Try giving your map to a friend or a family member.
把你的地图交给朋友或家人
Challenge that person to find his or her way to your important place.
挑战那个人去你重要的地方
My Map by Rachel Lawson (supplemental) Map is not to be assembled with book.
我的地图由Rachel Lawson(补充) 地图不能用书来组装。