InFLUenza
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 What Is the Flu?
四是流感吗?
5 Changing Viruses.
5 变化中的病毒。
9 The Body Fights Back.
9"身体反击".
11 Preventing the Virus from Taking Over.
11 防止病毒蔓延。
12 Treating the Flu.
12"治疗流感".
17 History of the Flu.
17 流感史.
18 Conclusion.
18 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Introduction Have you ever shivered with chills or burned up with a fever?
23 导言 你有没有发过寒冷的颤抖 或者发烧的发烧?
Have you ever had a sore throat, a stuffy nose, a pounding headache, and muscle aches?
你曾有过喉咙痛,鼻子闷,头痛和肌肉痛吗?
Have you ever felt really tired and sleepy, even though you’ve just woken up in the morning?
尽管你刚早上醒来,
If you feel symptoms such as these, flu germs may have invaded your body.
如果你有这种症状 流感细菌可能会侵入你的身体
By learning about the flu—what it is, what causes it, what its symptoms are, and how to treat it—you can fight back against this illness and stay healthy.
通过了解流感——它是什么,它是什么,它的症状是什么,以及如何治疗它——你可以反击这种疾病,保持健康。
A water bottle and a blanket can help when you have the flu.
水瓶和被子可以帮助 当你有流感。
How a virus spreads in the body A virus invades a cell in a human body.
病毒如何在体内传播 A病毒侵入了人体中的细胞.
The virus takes over the cell and makes copies of itself.
病毒占据了细胞,使自己复制.
Copies of the virus break out of the cell and start invading other cells.
病毒复制品从细胞中突出并开始入侵其他细胞.
What Is the Flu?
什么是流感吗?
The flu is also called influenza (in-floo-EN-zah).
该流感也被称为流感(in-floo-EN-zah).
It’s caused by a virus that has the ability to quickly spread between people.
是由病毒引起的,
A virus is a tiny microorganism—a microbe, or germ—that is invisible to the naked eye.
病毒是一种肉眼看不见的微小微生物——微生物或细菌。
Very simply, a virus is a little bit of genetic material surrounded by a hard protein shell that protects it.
很简单,一种病毒是一些基因物质, 周围是坚硬的蛋白质外壳,可以保护它。
Viruses are submicroscopic—so small that scientists must use powerful microscopes to see them.
病毒是亚显微镜——如此之小,科学家必须使用强大的显微镜才能看到它们。
Even when viewed through a microscope, a virus can only be seen after its image has been magnified to one thousand times its original size.
即使通过显微镜观看,病毒也只能在其图像被放大到原来的一千倍后才能被看到.
In fact, viruses are so small that hundreds of thousands of them can live on the head of a pin.
事实上,病毒如此之小,以至于数十万种病毒可以活在针头上.
Viruses are everywhere.
到处都是病毒
Some won’t bother you at all, but some can be dangerous to people and other animals.
有些人根本不会打扰你,
During flu season, which lasts from October to May in the northern hemisphere, viruses are particularly widespread.
在北半球从10月到5月的流感季节,病毒特别普遍.
Like many other organisms, viruses need a particular type of home.
和许多其他生物一样,病毒需要一种特定的家类型.
Viruses survive by making their homes inside animals.
病毒通过在动物体内制造出自己的家园来生存.
Viruses act like parasites in your cells.
病毒就像寄生虫一样存在于你的细胞里
Although they can survive for long periods on their own, they must eventually find organisms to serve as hosts.
虽然他们可以自己长期生存,但最终必须找到生物作为宿主.
Viruses use the cells of the hosts to reproduce.
病毒利用宿主的细胞来繁殖.
When a virus infects a human being, it uses its hard protein shell to make a hole in a cell, which it then invades.
当病毒感染人时,会用硬蛋白外壳来做一个细胞的洞,然后会侵入.
Once inside a cell, the virus rapidly makes copies of itself.
一旦进入细胞,病毒会迅速复制自己.
One to four days after infection, the host may begin to feel sick.
感染后一至四天,宿主可能开始感到有病.
Influenza is spread through the passing of viruses from one person to another.
流感通过病毒从一个人传到另一个人来传播.
For this reason, it is always important to wash your hands and to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze.
出于这个原因,在咳嗽或打喷嚏时,总是需要洗手并盖口.
If you are infected, it is important that you stay home, away from other people, so you don’t spread your germs.
如果你被感染了,你必须留在家里,远离其他人,以免扩散出你的细菌。
Different viruses cause the many different kinds of flu, but the symptoms are similar.
不同的病毒引起多种不同的流感,但症状相似.
Influenza is an infection of the respiratory tract that usually causes you to feel achy, feverish, congested, sick to your stomach, and worn down.
流感是呼吸道的感染,通常会使你感到疼痛,发热,发作,胃部有病,并磨损.
Influenza has three basic types: Influenza A, Influenza B, and Influenza C.
流感有三种基本类型:甲型流感,乙型流感和丙型流感.
Influenza A, which can cause serious illness in humans and other animals, is usually responsible for large outbreaks.
甲型流感可以给人和其他动物造成严重疾病,通常要对大规模爆发负责.
Influenza B is milder, causes smaller outbreaks, and affects only humans (mostly children).
流感 B比较温和,引起较小的爆发,只会影响人类(多为儿童).
Influenza C usually causes only mild illness in humans.
流感 C通常只给人类造成轻度疾病.
Flu viruses attack the respiratory tract.
流感病毒攻击呼吸道。
Tiny drops of saliva and mucus fill the air when you sneeze.
小滴口水和黏液 在你打喷嚏时填充空气。
All types of influenza can be passed from an infected person to a healthy person through the air or on objects such as eating and drinking utensils.
各类流感均可由被感染者通过空气或食用和饮用餐具等物品传递给健康人.
The flu virus is carried in saliva from an infected person’s mouth and on droplets of mucus sneezed or coughed into the air.
流感病毒是从感染者的口中流出唾液并被打喷嚏或咳嗽倒入空气。
Changing Viruses Viruses are capable of changing, or mutating, and flu viruses are among the most changeable of all viruses.
变化中的病毒 病毒能够改变或变异,而流感病毒是所有病毒中最能改变的.
Each type of virus that mutates from another virus is called a strain of that virus.
从另一种病毒中变异的每一种病毒都叫做病毒菌株.
Many influenza viruses start in wild animals, most often in birds.
许多流感病毒起源于野生动物,最常见的是鸟类.
These viruses can easily mutate into strains that infect ducks and chickens on farms.
这些病毒可以很容易地被突变成菌株来感染农场上的鸭子和鸡.
Once a virus has infected birds on farms, it can further mutate into strains that infect animals such as pigs, and even humans.
一旦一种病毒感染了农场上的鸟类,它就可以被进一步突变为会感染猪等动物的菌株,甚至人类.
The chain of animals infected varies from virus to virus.
被感染的动物链因病毒而异.
A single virus chain may include animals as different as dogs and whales.
单一病毒链可能包括同狗和鲸鱼不同的动物.
Since chickens, pigs, and humans come in close contact on farms, the spreading and mixing of viruses can have deadly consequences.
由于鸡,猪,和人类在农场有密切的接触,病毒的传播和混合可能会有致命的后果.
Sometimes a virus takes a shortcut in the chain, such as the avian virus of 1997, which jumped directly from birds to humans.
有时一种病毒会在链中走捷径,例如1997年的禽类病毒从鸟类直接跳到人类.
Influenza can pose a serious threat to humans.
流感可以对人类构成严重威胁.
Even if your body fights off the illness, the virus can mutate into a different strain.
即使身体与疾病抗争,病毒也能变异成不同的菌株.
Then your body must start all over again, learning how to fight the new strain.
那你的身体必须重新开始 学会如何对抗新的病毒
Scientists always worry that the next new strain will be even more deadly than previous ones.
科学家总是担心下一个新菌株会比以前更致命.
Wild birds (above) often pass viruses to farm chickens (right), which come into more contact with people.
野生鸟类(上方)常将病毒传入养鸡地(右方),与人接触较多.
The Body Fights Back The human body has ways of fighting back against an invasion of flu viruses.
身体反击 人体有对抗流感病毒入侵的方法.
The immune system protects against the invasion of harmful microbes by producing chemicals called antibodies, which travel in the blood and patrol the body in search of invaders.
免疫系统通过生产被称作抗体的化学物质来防范有害微生物的入侵,这些化学物质会穿梭于血液中并巡视身体以寻找入侵者.
When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cells that contain the virus.
当他们找到入侵微生物时,抗体会攻击并摧毁任何含有病毒的细胞.
However, if the immune system of a human body invaded by a virus is already weak, viruses can gain a foothold and begin reproducing themselves faster than antibodies are able to destroy them.
然而,如果被病毒所入侵的人体的免疫系统已经很弱,病毒可以得到一个立足点并开始比抗体能够摧毁它们更快地再生.
When this happens, the body comes down with flu symptoms that quickly get worse without medical care.
当这种情况发生时,身体会出现流感症状,在没有医疗照顾的情况下迅速恶化.
Preventing the Virus from Taking Over You can take some commonsense actions to prevent a flu virus from entering your body.
防止病毒感染 你可以采取一些常识行动防止流感病毒进入你的身体.
Two of the best ways to stay healthy are by getting plenty of rest and eating well.
保持健康的两种最佳方式是获得充足的休息和良好的饮食.
Avoid contact with objects used by infected people for eating and drinking.
避免接触被感染者用于吃喝的物品.
To reduce your exposure to the influenza virus, wash your hands frequently and keep your fingers out of your mouth.
为了减少与流感病毒的接触,经常洗手并让手指远离口腔.
Remember that an infected person can be contagious before showing any symptoms.
记住感染者在表现出任何症状之前会传染.
The person may not know he or she has been infected and is about to get sick.
当事人可能不知道自己已经感染过,即将生病。
Avoiding people who have flu symptoms, such as sneezing and coughing, will also help protect you from the virus.
避免有流感症状的人,如打喷嚏和咳嗽,也将有助于保护你免受病毒的感染.
Washing your hands often will help keep you from getting the flu.
经常洗手有助于防止你染上流感。
However, even the most cautious people can become infected.
然而,即使是最谨慎的人也会被感染.
Fortunately, medical scientists have found a way to keep the flu virus from taking over your body: vaccines.
幸运的是,医学科学家已经找到了一种方法来防止流感病毒占据你的身体:疫苗.
Vaccines are weakened or dead flu viruses that are injected into a person’s body.
疫苗是被注射入人体内的弱化或死亡的流感病毒。
These weakened viruses cause the body to produce antibodies that attack and destroy the weakened or dead germs.
这些被弱化的病毒会使身体产生抗体来攻击并摧毁被弱化或死亡的细菌.
Once the body has produced antibodies to destroy the viruses in the vaccine, it is on alert and prepared to attack stronger viruses that may invade during flu season.
一旦身体生产出抗体来摧毁疫苗中的病毒,它就处于警戒状态并准备攻击在流感季节可能入侵的更强大的病毒.
Each strain of a virus requires a different vaccine.
病毒的每个菌株都需要不同的疫苗.
Some flu vaccines contain several strains.
一些流感疫苗含有几种菌株.
When these strains are injected into the body, each one causes the body to produce a particular antibody to destroy it.
当这些菌株被注入体内后,会使身体产生出特定的抗体来破坏.
In this way, the body is prepared to defend against many strains of viruses that doctors think might be present during flu season.
通过这种方式,身体准备抵御许多病毒菌株,医生认为这些病毒可能在流感季节出现.
Vaccines for most viral strains have an eighty- percent prevention rate, which means that eighty percent of the time, you won’t get sick from a strain you have been vaccinated against.
大多数病毒菌株的疫苗有百分之八十的预防率, 这意味着百分之八十的时间里,
That’s pretty high, but it’s not perfect, so you might still get the flu even if you’ve been vaccinated.
这相当高, 但它并不完美, 因此即使你接种了疫苗,
But if you’ve had the vaccine, your symptoms will be milder—you won’t ache so much, and you won’t feel so hot.
如果你已经接种了疫苗, 你的症状会比较温和,
However, if you are infected with a strain different from those in your flu shot, you can still get very sick.
然而,如果你感染的菌株不同于流感发作时的菌株,你仍然会非常生病.
Scientists must be good detectives to guess which strains to put into the flu shot each year.
科学家们一定是个好侦探 猜到每年会给流感发作带来什么压力
Not everyone has the same risk of catching the flu, and some people get more seriously ill than others.
并不是每个人都有同样的感染流感的风险,有些人比其他人更重病.
People who are very young or very old, or who already have health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, are at greater risk of catching the flu than others.
非常年轻或非常年长的人,或者已经患有糖尿病和心脏病等健康状况的人,比其他人更可能感染流感.
Scientists study ways to help your body fight the flu.
科学家研究如何帮助身体抗流感.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
I bet you didn’t know that many vaccines are made in hundreds of millions of specially grown chicken eggs!
我敢打赌,你不知道许多疫苗是用几亿个特产的鸡蛋来制造的!
Can you imagine that many eggs?
你能想象到很多鸡蛋吗?
They would fill up about fifty football fields.
他们会填满大约50个足球场。
Scientists and doctors begin by separating viruses to isolate the selected virus.
科学家和医生首先分离出病毒来隔离选定的病毒.
Then, as you might expect, they kill or weaken the virus and combine it with two other dead virus strains that have been similarly grown in chicken eggs.
然后,如你所想,它们杀死或削弱病毒, 并将其与另外两个死病毒菌株结合, 它们同样生长在鸡蛋中。
Then they combine the dead and weakened viruses to make a vaccine to protect you from each strain.
然后它们结合了死亡和衰弱的病毒来制造疫苗来保护你免受每个菌株的感染.
Treating the Flu Preventing the flu is not always possible.
治疗流感 预防流感并不总是可能的。
However, once viruses infect your body, you can still do several things to fight back.
然而,一旦病毒感染你的身体, 你仍然可以做一些事情来反击。
Pharmacies offer many over-the-counter medicines that can help relieve the effects of the flu.
药店提供许多场外药品,可以帮助缓解流感的影响.
These medicines can take away the achy feeling in your head and muscles.
这些药物可以消除你头部和肌肉的疼痛感.
They can also help reduce a fever.
他们也可以帮助减少发烧。
Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or fruit juices, is also important when you have the flu.
大量饮用液体,如水或果汁等,在患上流感时也是很重要的.
You should also get plenty of rest so your body can better fight the viruses that have invaded your cells.
你也应该好好休息 这样你的身体就能更好地对抗入侵你细胞的病毒
History of the Flu Many outbreaks of influenza have occurred throughout history.
流感史 历史上发生过多起流感疫情。
Some of them have been mild and not very widespread.
其中一些是温和的,并不普遍。
Other outbreaks have been severe, spreading throughout the world and killing millions of people.
其他疾病爆发很严重,在世界各地蔓延并造成数百万人死亡。
Once a flu virus develops and infects a few people, it can spread rapidly and become an epidemic.
一旦一种流感病毒发展并感染了少数人,它就可以迅速扩散并成为流行病.
Flu epidemics have been recorded as far back as four hundred years ago, and each has killed thousands of people or more.
早在四百年前就有流感流行的记录,每一次都有上千人或以上死亡.
A doctor gives children shots of vaccine in 1941.
1941年一名医生给儿童注射疫苗.
The history of any influenza outbreak begins with a single person.
任何流感爆发的历史都从一个人开始.
On March 11, 1918, a young man in the U.
1918年3月11日,吴中一青年.
S.
师曰.
Army reported to a hospital with a fever, sore throat, and a headache.
军队向医院报告发烧,喉咙痛,头痛.
Shortly after, many other soldiers at his base developed the same symptoms.
不久后,他基地的许多其他士兵也出现了同样的症状.
In one week, the Army hospital was treating more than five hundred sick soldiers.
在一周内,陆军医院治疗了500多名生病的士兵.
By the end of spring, forty-eight of those people had died.
至春末,有48人已经死亡.
At first, no one knew why, not even the doctors and scientists.
起初,没有人知道为什么,连医生和科学家都不知道.
Doctors later learned that the illness was caused by a particular strain of the influenza virus.
医生后来得知该病由流感病毒的特定菌株所引起.
In total, this strain of influenza, known as the Spanish flu, killed more than 600,000 Americans and 25 to 40 million people worldwide.
这种被称作"西班牙流感"的流感菌株总共杀死了超过60万美国人和全世界2500至4000万人.
When an outbreak reaches this size, it is known as a pandemic—a disease that spreads rapidly around the world.
当爆发达到这个规模时,它被称为一种流行病——一种迅速向全世界蔓延的疾病。
But the pandemic of 1918 was not the only major influenza outbreak in history.
但1918年的大流行并不是历史上唯一的一次大流感疫情.
The Asian flu, which appeared in 1957, caused about 70,000 deaths in the United States.
1957年出现的亚洲流感在美国造成约7万人死亡.
It got its name because it first appeared in China before coming to the United States in June 1957.
它之所以得名,是因为它在1957年6月来美国之前首次出现在了中国.
Another strain of flu, the Hong Kong flu, was first detected in Hong Kong, China.
另一种流感菌株"香港流感"最早在中国香港被检测出.
In 1968, this virus caused another pandemic, resulting in 34,000 deaths in just the United States—as many people as live in a small city.
1968年,这种病毒又造成又一大流行病,仅在美国就造成34 000人死亡——有许多人生活在一个小城市。
And in 2009, the H1N1 swine flu became the first pandemic in 41 years, infecting people in over 70 countries.
2009年,H1N1猪流感成为41年来首个流行疾病,感染了70多个国家的人.
This map shows an example of how pandemics, such as the Asian flu of 1957–1958, might spread from one area to many others.
这个地图显示了1957-1958年亚洲流感等流行病可能从一个地区蔓延到许多地区的例子。
Other outbreaks have caused widespread concern without developing into pandemics.
其他疾病爆发引起了广泛的关注,但没有发展成为流行病。
These include the Russian flu in 1977 and the avian flu in 1997 and 1999.
其中包括1977年的俄罗斯流感和1997年和1999年的禽流感.
Both of these strains of flu began in regions of China and spread to other countries.
这两种流感菌株都起源于中国各地区并蔓延到其他国家.
Doctors are always on the lookout for the next major outbreak.
医生总是在注意 下一次重大爆发。
They believe that if they can detect outbreaks quickly enough, they can keep them from becoming worldwide pandemics.
他们认为,如果他们能够足够快地发现爆发,就能防止它们成为世界范围的流行病。
Conclusion Because flu viruses can change and develop into new strains, influenza may never be eradicated.
结论 由于流感病毒可以改变并发展为新的菌株,所以流感可能永远不会被根除.
When you have the flu, the most important thing to do is take care of yourself and prevent others from getting sick.
当你患上流感,最重要的事情是照顾好自己,防止别人生病.
Keep your germs to yourself by staying away from other people and covering your nose and mouth when you cough or sneeze.
保持你的细菌 远离别人 并遮住鼻子和嘴 当你咳嗽或打喷嚏。
Drink water like a thirsty camel and sleep like a hibernating bear.
喝出水来如渴骆驼并入睡去如冬眠熊.
Getting a flu vaccine each year can also help.
每年接种流感疫苗也会有所帮助。
Most importantly, remember to attack back!
最重要的是,记住要反击!
Good food and rest will help the healthy cells in your body win the battle.
良好的食物和休息会帮助身体健康细胞赢得战斗.
Masks that fit around the nose and mouth are sometimes worn to help prevent the spread of viruses.
鼻口周围相合的面具有时被穿戴来帮助防止病毒的传播.
However, the masks do not work all the time.
然而,这些口罩并非始终有效。