Hurricanes
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Hurricane Is Coming!
A级飓风来了!
4 What Is a Hurricane?
4 什么是飓风?
6 How Hurricanes Form.
6 飓风是如何形成的。
9 Where Hurricanes Form.
9 飓风的形式。
13 How Hurricanes Are Classified.
13 飓风是如何分类的。
14 How We Study Hurricanes.
14 我们如何研究飓风。
18 How We Predict Hurricanes.
18 我们如何预测飓风。
20 How to Prepare for Hurricanes.
20 如何准备飓风。
21 Conclusion.
21 结论。
22 Explore More.
22 探索更多。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 A Hurricane Is Coming!
24号飓风来了!
“This just in from the National Hurricane Center in Miami.
“这是刚刚从迈阿密国家飓风中心收到的。
A hurricane watch is in effect for the Florida east coast from Florida City north to Flagler Beach, including Lake Okeechobee.
佛罗里达州东海岸从佛罗里达城向北到克来克勒海滩(Flagler Beach),包括奥克切克比湖(Lake Okeechobee),飓风监测已经生效.
Hurricane Frances is about 555 miles east- southeast of Palm Beach and is moving toward the west-northwest at about 14 miles per hour.”
飓风弗朗西丝位于棕榈滩东南偏东约555英里处,以每小时约14英里的速度向西-西北方向移动. “
The message crackles over a radio at a small Florida cafe.
在佛罗里达州一家小咖啡馆的收音机上传来的信息很震撼
The patrons look outside at a warm, sunny day and then out to sea for any signs of the approaching storm—there are none.
赞助商们望着一个温暖而阳光灿烂的天气,
However, the television shows a satellite image of a gigantic, spiraling storm.
然而,电视上播放了巨大的螺旋风暴的卫星图像。
A dotted line shows the hurricane’s path and a shaded wedge shows where the hurricane might hit the coast.
一条虚线显示飓风的路径,一条遮蔽的楔形线显示飓风可能袭击海岸的地点。
The people in the cafe have already been hit with one hurricane this season, and they know they must prepare.
咖啡馆里的人本季已经遭受了一场飓风袭击,他们知道自己必须做好准备.
Some buy more plywood to board up windows.
有人买了更多的胶合板来登上窗户.
Others get supplies at the grocery store, such as water, food, and batteries.
其他人在杂货店得到用品,如水、食品和电池等。
The next morning, the wind speed picks up, and the sky clouds over.
次日一出,风速接起,天相相云收.
Some people farther down the coast evacuate, or leave their homes to go to safer areas.
更远的海岸上有些人撤离,或者离开家园去更安全的地区.
Winds reach hurricane strength, bending over palm trees as if they are made of rubber.
风力达到飓风强度,在棕榈树上弯曲,好象由橡胶所成.
The wind rips roofs off buildings, and flying objects become deadly.
风刮起楼顶,飞来的东西变得致命.
High waves and rising water flood low-lying areas on the coast.
高浪和高涨的水淹没了海岸低洼地区.
Falling trees break power lines.
倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒下倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒倒等等.
Some residents who were not evacuated sit in the darkness of their homes listening to the storm’s progress on their battery-powered radios.
一些未被疏散的居民坐在家中的黑暗中,用电池收音机收听风暴的进展。
Finally, the storm moves inland, and the wind slows down; but drenching rains and flooding remain.
最后,风暴向内陆移动,而风速也减缓;但降下多雨和洪水的情况依然存在.
The next day the sun comes out, and people begin the costly cleanup.
次日出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出
What Is a Hurricane?
什么是飓风?
We have all experienced wind and rainstorms, but what makes a hurricane different?
我们都经历过风和暴雨, 但是什么使飓风不同?
Hurricanes are gigantic, circular storms that can be hundreds of kilometers wide.
飓风是巨大的环形风暴,可以达到数百公里宽.
When they occur in the Pacific Ocean, they are called typhoons.
当它们发生在太平洋时,它们被称为"台风".
In the Indian Ocean, they are called severe tropical cyclones.
在印度洋,它们被称作严重的热带气旋.
In the Atlantic Ocean, they are called hurricanes.
在大西洋,它们被称作"飓风".
No matter what they are called, winds over hundreds of kilometers per hour, inches of rain, and high seas cause death, and sometimes billions of dollars in damage.
无论什么叫作"风",风能时速超过数百公里,一寸多雨,而公海也会造成死亡,有时还有数十亿美元的损失.
Hurricanes have a distinct structure that can be seen on satellite photos.
飓风具有独特的结构,可以在卫星相片上看到.
Clouds extend out as spiraling arms for hundreds of kilometers around the center.
云层作为螺旋臂向外延伸了数百公里
The center of a hurricane is called the eye.
飓风的中心称为"眼".
Winds become more and more intense from the edge of the storm to the eyewall.
从风暴的边缘到眼墙,风向变得越来越强烈.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
According to the National Hurricane Center, the word “hurricane” comes from the name Hurican, the Caribbean god of evil.
根据"国家飓风中心"的说法,"飓风"一词出自加勒比邪恶之神胡里坎之名.
Islands in the Caribbean Sea are often in the path of hurricanes.
加勒比海的岛屿往往在飓风中行进.
The eyewall is where winds rushing toward the center suddenly turn upward.
眼墙是狂风冲向中心的地方 突然向上转向
The upward-moving air rapidly cools, and rain begins to fall.
向上移动的空气迅速冷却,而降雨开始倒下.
Most of the rainfall occurs in the eyewall.
降雨量多出自眼墙.
Sometimes rainfall reaches 20 millimeters (0.
有时降雨量会达到20毫米 (0. (中文(简体) ).
78 in.)
78 in. (中文(简体) ).
of rain per hour, which can dump about 15–30 centimeters (6–12 in.)
每小时可倾泻15-30厘米(6-12英寸)的雨水。
on one area over several days.
在一个地区 几天。
Yet, inside the eye, it’s often calm and sunny.
然而,在眼里,它常常是平静和阳光的。
Most hurricane eyes are 30–60 kilometers (20–40 mi.)
大多数飓风眼相距为30-60公里(20-40 mi.
in diameter.
直径。
In the eye of a hurricane, the peacefulness will not last long.
在飓风的眼中,和平不会持续太久。
Soon the eye will move, and then the sudden force of the other side of the storm will hit.
眼会很快地移动,然后风暴的另一面的突然力量会被击中.
As hurricanes approach shore, the combination of high winds and low air pressure actually raises the level of the sea around the storm higher than normal.
随着飓风逼近岸上,高风和低气压的结合实际上使风暴周围的海平面高于正常.
Scientists call this a storm surge.
科学家称之为风暴潮.
It extends for miles around the center of a hurricane and floods any low, coastal land.
它延伸到飓风中心附近数英里 并淹没了沿海低地
Flooding caused by a storm surge is a major source of property damage from hurricanes.
风暴潮造成的洪水是飓风造成财产损失的主要来源.
As the warm, moist air rises, it cools and condenses, a process that creates clouds and releases heat energy.
随着温暖而潮湿的空气升起,它冷却而凝固,这一过程会生成出云并释放出热能.
Soon giant thunderclouds form.
很快的巨型雷云形成.
Wind begins to rotate, or spin, around the low-pressure area.
风从低气压区周围开始旋转或旋转.
The wind starts blowing harder, and when it reaches about 62 kilometers per hour (39 mph), the tropical depression becomes a tropical storm.
狂风开始更强烈地吹起,当风速达到每小时约62公里(39 mph)后,热带低气压就成为了热带风暴.
Tropical storms can grow into hurricanes if they soak up more heat energy from the warm oceans they pass over.
热带风暴如果从经过的温暖海洋中吸收出更多的热能,就可以发展成飓风.
Some storms don’t ever gain enough energy to become hurricanes.
有些风暴从未获得足够能量成为飓风。
Stage L H wind rotates storm How Hurricanes Form Hurricanes form over tropical oceans worldwide.
L H阶段的风能使风暴旋转 飓风如何在世界热带海洋上空形成飓风。
These tropical storms tend to be seasonal.
这些热带风暴往往呈季节性.
They usually form in the summers of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
它们通常会形成于北半球和南半球的夏季.
The storms form when energy from the Sun heats ocean water near the equator.
当太阳的能量在赤道附近加热出海水时,风暴会形成.
Warm, moist air evaporating from the ocean is lighter than the cold, dry air above it.
温暖 从海洋蒸发出湿润的空气 比上面的寒冷干燥的空气要轻
The warmer air pushes up through the cooler air, which then sinks down to take the place of the warmer air.
更温暖的空气会从更冷的空气中向上推出,然后会下沉以取而代之.
The process creates a low-pressure area called a tropical depression.
该过程形成低气压区,被称作热带低气压.
Stage L H Do You Know?
你知道LH阶段吗?
In the Northern Hemisphere hurricane winds rotate counterclockwise, while in the Southern Hemisphere hurricane winds rotate clockwise.
北半球的飓风风会逆时针旋转,而南半球的飓风风会顺时针旋转.
If a tropical storm does gain more energy, wind speed picks up and thick spiral bands of clouds spread out from the center of the storm.
如果热带风暴确实获得更多的能量,风速会回升并形成浓厚的云层螺旋带从风暴中心分出.
When wind speeds are greater than 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph), the storm officially becomes a hurricane.
当风速超过每小时119公里(74 mph)时,风暴正式成为飓风.
Naming System When a tropical storm officially becomes a hurricane, it is given a name.
命名系统 热带风暴正式成为飓风时,会给出名称.
The yearly name lists for each region of the globe reflect all nationalities because hurricanes affect people in many countries.
全球每个区域的年度名称清单反映了所有国籍,因为飓风影响到许多国家的人民。
Here were the names for Atlantic Ocean hurricanes for 2010: Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Igor Julia Karl Lisa Matthew Nicole Otto Paula Richard Shary Tomas Virginie Walter Generally, hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere move west, then north, and then they turn toward the northeast.
以下是2010年大西洋飓风名称: 亚历克斯·邦尼 科林·丹妮尔 厄尔·菲奥娜·加斯顿·赫明·伊戈尔 茱莉亚 卡尔 丽莎 马修·尼科尔·奥托·保拉·理查德 夏利·托马斯 维吉妮·沃尔特 一般来说,北半球的飓风向西移动,然后向北移动,然后转向东北.
This path takes hurricanes away from the equator and away from the warm ocean water that fuels them.
这条道路使飓风远离赤道,也远离为它们取暖的海水.
In the Southern Hemisphere hurricanes typically travel west, south, and then turn southeast, which also takes them away from warm ocean water.
在南半球的飓风一般会向西,向南移动,然后转向东南,这也使它们远离温暖的海水.
As hurricanes move over cooler water and over land, they lose much of their energy.
随着飓风在更冷的水和陆地上移动,它们丧失了大部分能量.
The wind slows down, and the storms eventually disperse.
风速减缓,风暴最终消散.
Where Hurricanes Form Central America, islands in the Caribbean, and the East Coast of the United States are hit by hurricanes almost every year.
飓风形成中美洲的地方,加勒比海的岛屿,以及美国东海岸几乎每年都有飓风袭击.
Rarely do hurricanes hit the U.
飓风很少袭击美国。
S.
师曰.
West Coast.
西海岸报.
Atlantic Ocean hurricanes get started southeast of the Caribbean Sea.
大西洋飓风从加勒比海东南开始.
In the Pacific Ocean typhoons most often hit Asia and Indonesia.
太平洋的台风最常袭击亚洲和印度尼西亚。
In the Indian Ocean, severe tropical cyclones affect Australia, the Middle East, parts of Asia, and the eastern coast of Africa.
在印度洋,严重的热带气旋会影响澳大利亚,中东,亚洲部分地区和非洲东海岸.
During hurricane season (which can last six months or more), meteorologists keep a careful watch on tropical depressions and tropical storms hundreds of kilometers offshore to see if any will become hurricanes.
在飓风季节(可以持续六个月或更长时间),气象学家对离岸数百公里的热带低气压和热带风暴进行仔细观察,以观察是否有人会成为飓风.
How Hurricanes Are Classified A tropical storm has sustained winds of 62–119 kilometers per hour (39–74 mph).
飓风是如何分类的 一场热带风暴的持续风速为每小时62–119公里(39–74 mph).
When a tropical storm has sustained winds greater than 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) it is classified as a hurricane.
热带风暴持续风速超过每小时119公里(74 mph)后被归类为飓风.
Meteorologists classify hurricanes according to their intensity using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
气象学家利用萨菲尔-辛普森飓风规模根据其强度对飓风进行分类.
The scale goes from 1 to 5 and helps describe the kind of damage and dangers of each category of hurricane.
规模从一到五,帮助描述每一类飓风的破坏类型和危险.
Category One hurricanes have winds of 119–153 kilometers per hour (74–95 mph).
类别 有一次飓风的阵风时速为119–153公里(74–95 mph).
They cause little damage to buildings and minor damage to vegetation.
它们很少对建筑物造成破坏,对植被造成轻微破坏.
Category Two hurricanes have winds of 154–177 kilometers per hour (96–110 mph).
类别 两场飓风的阵风时速为154–177公里(96–110 mph).
They tear away roofing material, damage doors and windows of buildings, and uproot plants.
它们撕开屋顶材料,损坏建筑物的门窗,并拆除植物。
Boats in unprotected areas often break away from docks.
在无保护地区的船只往往从码头上断开。
Category Three hurricanes have winds of 178–209 kilometers per hour (111–130 mph).
类别 三场飓风的阵风时速为178–209公里(111–130 mph).
They cause structural damage to small buildings and destroy mobile homes.
它们给小型建筑造成结构性破坏并摧毁了流动房屋.
Areas lower than 1.
面积低于1个。
52 meters (5 ft.)
52米(5英尺) 长.
above sea level may be flooded as far as 13 kilometers (8 mi.)
海平面上可能被淹至13公里(8米).
or more inland.
或更内陆。
Category Four hurricanes have winds of 211–249 kilometers per hour (131–155 mph).
类别 有四场飓风的阵风时速为211–249公里(131–155 mph).
They cause building walls to collapse and major erosion of beaches.
它们导致建筑墙倒塌并严重侵蚀海滩.
Areas lower than 3 meters (10 ft.)
低于3米(10英尺)的区域.
above sea level may be flooded, requiring massive evacuation of residential areas as far as 9 kilometers (6 mi.)
海平面上可能被淹,需要大规模疏散住宅区至9公里(6米).
inland.
内陆
Category Five hurricanes have winds of greater than 249 kilometers per hour (155 mph).
类别 有五场飓风的阵风时速超过249公里(155 mph).
The strongest hurricanes cause extensive damage to houses and industrial buildings.
最强烈的飓风给房屋和工业建筑造成了广泛的破坏.
Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 8–16 kilometers (5–10 mi.)
8–16公里(5–10 mi.)以内地低地大规模疏散居民区.
of the shoreline may be required.
可能需要海岸线。
The 400-mile wide path of Katrina, a high Category Three, resulted in massive flooding and 1,800 deaths.
高三等地卡特里娜的400英里宽道引发了大规模洪灾并导致1800人死亡.
Flooding from Floyd, a Category Two hurricane, stranded these pigs on a roof.
Floyd的洪水,一个类别 两场飓风把猪搁在屋顶上
Charley, an intense 2004 Category Four, destroyed thousands of homes.
Charlie是2004年四类强盗 摧毁了上千所房屋
In 1992, the winds from Andrew, a Category Five, caused crippling damage over a wide area.
1992年,来自五等分级安德鲁的风力对广大地区造成严重破坏.
How We Study Hurricanes We use satellites to locate and track tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes while they are far out at sea.
我们如何研究飓风 我们利用卫星来定位和追踪热带低气压、热带风暴和飓风,而它们则远在海上。
Satellites orbiting high above Earth take frequent pictures of a hurricane.
绕地球上空高地运行的卫星频繁拍摄飓风照片.
Scientists study the differences in the pictures to measure changes in a storm’s movement and intensity.
科学家们研究图片的差异,
High clouds within strong hurricanes show up on pictures from satellites as colder than the surrounding area.
强烈飓风中的高云层出现在卫星上的照片上,比周边地区更冷.
The most dramatic hurricane study tool is the “Hurricane Hunter.”
最具戏剧性的飓风研究工具是“飓风猎人”。 “
This is a specially designed aircraft that flies into the eye of a hurricane to make direct measurements of temperature, moisture, wind speed, and direction.
这是专门设计的飞机,会飞入飓风之眼来直接测量温度,湿度,风速和方向.
C-130 Hurricane Hunter Ocean (Areas Most Name Affected) Year Deaths Calcutta* Indian 1864 70,000 (India) Galveston* Atlantic 1900 6,000–8,000 (United States) Vera Pacific 1958 5,000 (Japan) Bangladesh* Indian 1970 300,000–500,000 (Bangladesh, India) Thelma Pacific 1991 5,101–8,000+ (Philippines) Mitch Caribbean 1998 11,000–18,000 (Caribbean, Central America) Katrina Central Gulf Coast 2005 1,800+ (United States) *No actual name given.
C-130飓风猎人海洋(受影响地区) Thelma Pacific 1991 5,101–8,000 + (菲律宾) 米奇加勒比 1998 11,000–18,000 (加勒比,中美洲) 卡特里娜中湾海岸 2005 1,800 + (美国) * 未给出实际姓名。
Labeled by area worst hit.
按受灾最严重的地区划分。
Source: http://hurricanes.
资料来源:http://hurricanes。
noaa.
没有。
gov Historic Storms The most destructive hurricanes have been powerful and slow moving.
戈夫历史风暴 最具破坏性的飓风是强大而缓慢地移动.
Many have destroyed major cities in their paths.
许多人在路上摧毁了主要城市。
Here are some famous hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones.
这里有一些著名的飓风,台风,和气旋.
How We Predict Hurricanes Computers are used to predict hurricane movements.
我们如何预测飓风 计算机用来预测飓风移动.
Thousands of measurements are typed into supercomputers to predict where a storm will go.
数以千计的测量数据被输入到超级计算机中,以预测风暴会到哪里去.
As computers improve, we will be able to more accurately predict where hurricanes will hit land.
随着计算机的改进,我们将能够更准确地预测飓风会袭击到哪里。
This will save lives and reduce unnecessary evacuations.
这将拯救生命并减少不必要的撤离。
But computers will never be 100 percent accurate because weather systems are chaotic and are often difficult to predict.
但计算机永远不会百分之百准确,因为天气系统混乱,往往难以预测。
Some researchers believe it is possible to stop hurricanes from forming or to redirect them.
一些研究者认为可以阻止飓风形成或转向.
One possible way to do this is by seeding clouds in broad areas where hurricanes are born.
一种可能的办法是在飓风产生的广大地区播下云。
During seeding, airplanes spray a fine mist of salt powder, which helps water condense out of the air.
在播种过程中,飞机会喷出细细的盐粉雾,可以帮助水从空气中凝结出.
This would create many small clouds that would use up the energy that might be tapped by a single large storm to become a hurricane.
这将产生许多小云层,利用可能被一整场大型风暴利用的能量成为飓风.
The problem is that in order to be effective, clouds would have to be seeded over areas the size of Texas.
问题在于要有效,需要用德克萨斯州等地的面积来播种云.
No one yet has come up with a plan that would prevent a hurricane from forming.
还没有人想出一个计划来阻止飓风形成.
Doppler radar also helps track storms.
多普勒雷达也有助于跟踪风暴.
Weather forecasters on television news programs use it to show local rainfall.
电视新闻节目中的天气预报员利用它来显示当地的降雨量.
Wide-range Doppler radar shows a hurricane’s wind speed as it approaches land.
多普勒雷达显示飓风接近陆地时的风速。
Doppler radar stations send out short bursts of energy waves.
多普勒雷达站发出短波能量波
Rain and clouds reflect these waves back to the station.
雨和云反映了这些波回站.
Rain and clouds coming toward land from a hurricane reflect back different waves than rain and clouds headed away from land.
雨和云从飓风中冲向陆地 反射出不同的波浪 而不是雨和云从陆地冲出
A computer analyzes the differences in the waves to create a model of a storm.
一台计算机分析出波浪的差异,以创造出暴风雨的模型.
Scientists use the model to show the speed and direction of a storm.
科学家利用模型来显示风暴的速度和方向.
A storm headed away from land A storm headed toward land radar station radar station energy waves energy waves Specialists tracking a hurricane’s path warn residents to evacuate.
追踪飓风路径的专家警告居民撤离。
Conclusion Hurricanes are an awesome display of nature’s power.
结论 飓风是大自然力量的惊人展示。
Satellites can tell us much about these storms, such as the direction a hurricane is moving and what areas need to be evacuated.
卫星可以告诉我们有关这些风暴的很多情况,例如飓风正在移动的方向以及需要疏散哪些地区.
We may be able to predict the path of hurricanes, but it is unlikely that we will ever be able to stop them.
我们也许能够预测飓风的路径,但我们不可能阻止飓风。
We can protect ourselves by planning where and how we build our homes, by keeping emergency supplies, and by being prepared to evacuate if necessary.
我们可以通过规划我们建造家园的地点和方式,通过保存紧急物资,以及在必要时准备撤离来保护自己。
How to Prepare for Hurricanes These steps can help protect lives and property during a hurricane.
如何防备飓风 这些步骤有助于在飓风期间保护生命和财产。
and what to do if your family becomes separated.
如果你的家人离散了怎么办?
flashlight, drinking water, and canned food.
手电筒、饮用水和罐装食品
over the radio with each elevated warning.
誓以警告,
to evacuate.
准备撤离
windows.
窗口。
Tie down loose objects outside.
把室外松散的物品固定好。
• Leave as soon as you are ordered to evacuate.
• 支助 奉命撤离后立即离开.
Explore More On the Internet use www.
探索更多 互联网上使用www.
google.
Google (英语).
com to find out more about topics presented in this book.
了解更多本书中介绍的主题
Use terms from the text, or try searching for glossary or index words.
使用文本中的术语,或者尝试搜索词汇或索引词.
Some searches to try: hurricanes, storm surge, or typhoons.
一些搜索尝试:飓风,风暴潮或台风.