Ferdinand Magellan
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents An Age of Exploration.
内容表 探索时代.
4 A Son of Nobles.
4 贵族之子.
5 Betrayals and Rivalries.
5 背叛和愤怒。
7 Setting Sail under the Spanish Flag.
7 西班牙国旗下设置帆.
9 Struggle after Struggle.
9"奋斗后".
10 The Great Expedition Ends.
10"出征大捷"终结.
13 Glossary.
13 词汇。
16 An Age of Exploration Imagine traveling to a far-off place with a limited understanding of what lies ahead and no modern technology to help you find your way.
16 探索的时代 想象一下,旅行到一个遥远的地方 对未来的认识有限,没有现代技术帮助你找到方向。
This was the experience of sixteenth-century European explorers.
这是十六世纪欧洲探险家们的经历.
Traveling in wooden sailing ships and with little to guide them, they set out on epic journeys across vast seas.
他们乘坐木制帆船旅行,很少指引他们,他们踏上史诗般的旅程,跨越了广阔的海洋.
One of the most daring and well-known expeditions was that of Ferdinand Magellan.
最有胆识和最出名的远征军之一是费迪南德·麦哲伦.
The Portuguese sea captain led the first expedition to sail around the world.
葡萄牙出海舰长率领了第一次出海出海出海出航.
A Son of Nobles Ferdinand Magellan, born in 1480, was the son of Portuguese nobles.
一个生于1480年的诺贝尔斯·斐迪南·麦哲伦之子是葡萄牙贵族的儿子.
As a boy, he served as a page in the royal court.
童年时出任御史中丞.
There, young Ferdinand heard members of the court talk about the voyages of prominent explorers.
在那里,年轻的斐迪南听到宫廷成员谈论了著名探险家的出行.
Magellan was fascinated by these stories of sailing to distant lands.
麦哲伦沉迷于这些航行到遥远地段的故事.
He wanted to learn as much as he could about navigation and become an explorer himself.
他想尽可能多地学习航海知识,自己成为一名探险家.
When he was old enough, he joined the Portuguese navy.
成年后入葡萄牙海军.
Magellan started out as a crew member on a ship captained by a respected Portuguese commander.
麦哲伦最初是一名由受人尊敬的葡萄牙指挥官所率领的舰上船员.
The crew sailed the waters along the African coast and east to India.
船员们沿着非洲海岸航行并东至印度.
Their mission was to assert Portuguese control over key trade routes to the Far East.
他们的任务是坚持葡萄牙对去远东的主要贸易路线的控制.
From 1506 to 1512, Magellan fought in many important and successful sea battles along the trade routes.
从1506年到1512年,麦哲伦在贸易路线上进行了许多重要而成功的海战.
By 1514, the Portuguese ruled the waters from Africa to India and held key ports near the Spice Islands.
到了1514年,葡萄牙人统治了从非洲到印度的水域,并占据了斯皮克群岛附近的关键港口.
PACIFIC OCEAN AUSTRALIA Indonesia Papua New Guinea nutmeg and mace The Spice Trade Spices were big business in sixteenth-century Europe.
澳大利亚 印度尼西亚 巴布亚新几内亚 肉豆蔻和马斯 香料贸易 香料是十六世纪欧洲的大生意。
Spice traders could make a fortune importing fragrant herbs and powders.
香料商人可以赚一大笔钱 进口香料和粉末
Most spices had to be brought from Asia, especially from an area then known as the Spice Islands (the Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
大多数香料必须从亚洲,特别是从当时被称作香料群岛(印度尼西亚的马鲁古群岛)的地区运来.
This made them expensive and hard to get.
这使得它们变得昂贵而难以获得.
Spices such as cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, and black pepper were so valuable that people used them as currency.
肉桂,丁香,肉豆蔻等香料和黑胡椒等多有价值,被人们用作货币.
It was once thought that people sought spices to hide the taste of food that had gone bad.
曾经有人认为人们会去寻找香料来掩盖已经变坏的食物口味.
This was not true.
这不是真的。
People liked spices for the same reasons we like them—to liven up meals.
人们喜欢调味料 和我们喜欢的原因一样 吃饱饭
Betrayals and Rivalries In 1512, Magellan returned to Portugal.
1512年,背叛和利活会,麦哲伦回葡萄牙.
After a year there, he was sent on a new mission to seize a North African seaport.
在那里一年后,他被派去一个新的特派团去夺取一个北非海港。
During the fight, Magellan’s leg was badly wounded.
在战斗中,麦哲伦的腿受了重伤.
When he returned home, he asked King Manuel to increase his pay as a reward for his effort.
回国后,他要求曼努埃尔国王加薪以奖励他的努力.
The king refused Magellan’s requests multiple times.
国王多次拒绝了麦哲伦的要求.
He suggested that if Magellan was unhappy, he could work elsewhere.
他建议,如果麦哲伦不高兴,他可以到别的地方去工作.
Betrayed and angry, Magellan decided to test the king’s resolve.
背叛和愤怒,麦哲伦决定考验国王的决心.
In 1517, he went to Seville, Spain, and offered his services to King Charles I.
1517年去西班牙塞维利亚,向国王查理一世提供服务.
King Charles knew of Magellan’s reputation as a skilled navigator.
查尔斯国王知道麦哲伦作为熟练航海家的名声.
He knew Magellan was eager for new adventures and discoveries.
他知道麦哲伦渴望新的冒险和发现.
Magellan told the king he could help Spain challenge Portugal’s hold on the spice trade.
麦哲伦告诉国王,他可以帮助西班牙挑战葡萄牙对香料贸易的控制.
He would help Spain establish its own trade routes to the treasures of the Far East.
他将帮助西班牙建立通往远东宝藏的自身贸易路线.
Spain and Portugal were fierce rivals when it came to trade.
在贸易方面,西班牙和葡萄牙是激烈的对手。
Spain had signed an agreement with Portugal that prevented it from occupying newly discovered lands to the east.
西班牙与葡萄牙签署了一项协议,防止它占领东部新发现的土地。
Spanish ships were not welcome in Portuguese ports along the African coast.
西班牙船只在非洲沿海葡萄牙港口不受欢迎。
Without ports where they could restock supplies and food, Spanish ships could not make the long journey to the Spice Islands.
没有港口可以重新提供补给和食物,西班牙船只无法前往斯皮斯群岛。
Portugal held the trade routes to the east.
葡萄牙占据了通向东方的贸易路线.
Magellan wanted to find another route by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean toward the Americas.
麦哲伦想找另一条航道 向西航行到大西洋去美洲
He believed there was a water route through South America.
他认为有一条通向南美洲的水路.
Although other explorers had tried and failed to find such a route, Magellan was sure he could succeed.
虽然其他探险家曾尝试并未能找到这样的路线,但麦哲伦确信他能够成功.
He persuaded King Charles to approve an expedition.
他说服了查尔斯国王批准出征.
Setting Sail under the Spanish Flag King Charles approved the expedition in March 1518, but things started slowly.
1518年3月由西班牙国旗国王查尔斯下架Sail批准远征,但事情开始缓慢.
Many sailors in Spain were suspicious of a Portuguese commander.
西班牙的许多水手怀疑有葡萄牙指挥官.
The officials who helped organize Spanish exploration delayed the project more than once.
协助组织西班牙勘探的官员不止一次地拖延了该项目.
The expedition was given five old ships: the flagship Trinidad and escort vessels San Antonio, Concepción (kohn-sep-SYOHN), Victoria, and Santiago.
远征队获得了五艘旧舰:旗舰特立尼达和护航舰圣安东尼奥号,康塞普西翁号(英语:Kohn-sep-SYOHN),维多利亚号和圣地亚哥号.
Getting crews for the five ships was a real problem.
为这五艘船找船员是一个真正的问题。
Spanish sailors mistrusted Magellan.
西班牙水手不信任麦哲伦.
The number of Portuguese seamen he could recruit for the voyage was limited.
他能够为航行招募的葡萄牙海员人数有限。
The challenge of putting together trustworthy and disciplined crews would later cause great difficulties for the expedition.
将值得信赖和纪律严明的船员集合起来的挑战,以后会给远征队带来极大的困难.
Finally, on September 20, 1519, the Magellan expedition, with over 250 men, set sail from Spain to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
最终于1519年9月20日由250多人组成的麦哲伦探险队从西班牙起航穿越大西洋.
Magellan’s fleet was not in good condition and was not equipped as Magellan wanted, but the expedition pressed on anyway.
麦哲伦的舰队状态并不好,也没有像麦哲伦所希望的那样装备好,但远征队还是坚持了下来.
Struggle after Struggle By the end of November, the expedition had made it across the Atlantic and passed south of the equator.
战斗之后 斗争 至11月底,探险队已经渡过大西洋并经过赤道以南.
The ships hugged the coast of South America as they continued south.
飞船在继续南下时拥抱了南美洲海岸.
As they traveled, one crew member collected data about the geography, climate, plants, animals, and people they encountered.
在旅行时,一名船员收集了地理、气候、植物、动物和遇到的人的数据。
Whenever they came to the mouth of a river, Magellan sent out escort ships to see where it led.
每当他们来到一条河口时,麦哲伦会派出护航船去查看它的方向.
He was searching for a water route that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean (known as the South Sea at the time).
他当时正在寻找一条连接大西洋与太平洋(当时被称作"南海")的水路.
It was in this sea that the Spice Islands lay.
斯皮斯群岛就在这个海中出没。
The search continued with no success.
搜寻工作继续进行,没有成功。
Magellan’s crew grew frustrated and angry.
麦哲伦的船员越来越沮丧和愤怒.
They had been at sea for months, and many were weary and sick.
他们已经在海上呆了几个月,许多人疲惫和生病。
On April 1 and 2, 1520, in a bay off the coast of Patagonia, several of the expedition’s Spanish captains staged a mutiny against their Portuguese commander.
1520年4月1日和2日,在巴塔哥尼亚海岸外的一个海湾上,远征军的几名西班牙船长对他们葡萄牙指挥官发动了哗变.
Magellan managed to beat back the rebellion and dealt with the traitors harshly.
麦哲伦成功地击退了叛乱并严厉地对付了叛徒.
One captain was executed, and another was abandoned ashore.
一名船长被处决,另一名被抛弃在岸上。
Shortly after, the Santiago ran aground and was wrecked.
不久后,圣地亚哥号搁浅并被击毁.
Its crew was rescued and divided up among the expedition’s four remaining ships.
其船员被救出并被分成了远征队所剩的四艘船.
Despite these troubles, Magellan continued his mission.
尽管遇到这些麻烦,麦哲伦还是继续了他的使命.
In October 1520, over a year after departing Spain, the expedition found itself close to the southern tip of South America in what looked like a large bay.
1520年10月,在离开西班牙一年多后,远征队发现自己在外观像一个大海湾的南美洲南端附近.
Navigating the rough waters was too much for the captain of the San Antonio.
对圣安东尼奥号的舰长来说 航行崎岖的水域太过分了
He deserted the expedition and sailed back to Spain with his crew.
他抛弃了探险队,并带着船员回了西班牙.
Magellan sent his two remaining escort ships, the Concepción and the Victoria, to scout the bay with orders to return in five days.
麦哲伦派他剩下的两艘护航舰"康塞普西翁"号和"维多利亚"号去侦察海湾,并奉命在五天后返回.
A terrible storm hit the area, and Magellan feared the ships were lost.
一场可怕的风暴袭击了该地区,麦哲伦担心船只会丢失.
On the fifth day, he prepared the Trinidad to return to Spain but caught sight of the escort ships’ sails.
第五天,他准备了特立尼达号返回西班牙,但看到护航舰船帆.
They had returned with good news: the bay wasn’t a bay at all, but rather a strait.
他们带着好消息回来:海湾根本不是海湾,
The expedition continued into the strait.
探险队继续进入海峡.
After thirty-eight days sailing rough seas, they finally reached the Pacific Ocean in November.
经过38天的粗糙出海航行,它们最终于11月到达了太平洋.
Magellan gave it the name Pacific for its peaceful waters.
麦哲伦为它的和平水域取了太平洋之名.
Magellan and his crew pass through the strait and see the Pacific Ocean for the first time.
麦哲伦和他的船员们穿过了海峡,第一次看到了太平洋.
The strait is now known as the Strait of Magellan.
该海峡现在被称作麦哲伦海峡.
It was far from smooth sailing for the expedition, however.
然而,远非为远征航行顺利。
Magellan made a few navigational errors that were costly.
麦哲伦犯了一些导航错误,代价高昂.
Like many other European sea captains, he badly underestimated the distance between South America and Asia.
和许多其他欧洲出海船长一样,他严重低估了南美和亚洲之间的距离.
He also expected to find islands along the way where the ships could stock up on supplies and fresh food.
他还期望在沿途找到这些岛屿,使这些船只能够储存补给和新鲜食物。
Instead, the crew went without fresh food for three months.
相反,船员在三个月内没有吃新鲜食物。
Sanitation on the ships was poor.
船上的卫生条件很差。
Disease spread, and nineteen sailors died.
疾病蔓延,19名水手死亡.
When the expedition finally reached the island of Guam in March 1521, the crew was in dire shape.
当探险队最终于1521年3月到达关岛岛时,船员状况十分糟糕.
More Serious than Seasickness Early sailors spent months away from land and sources of fresh food.
比晕船更严重 早期的水手们花了几个月的时间远离陆地和新鲜食物的来源.
As a result, many got scurvy, a condition caused by a lack of vitamin C.
因此,许多人患上恶性疾病,这是缺乏维生素C造成的。
Scurvy caused joint pain and blood spots beneath the skin.
Scurvy在皮肤下引起关节疼痛和出血斑.
Victims became too weak to walk or even eat, and if untreated, they died.
受害者变得太虚弱,无法行走甚至吃东西,如果得不到治疗,就会死亡.
Magellan lost about half his crew to scurvy.
麦哲伦损失了大约一半的船员去搞乱.
Beriberi is another illness that plagued early sailors.
贝里贝里是又一种困扰早期水手的疾病.
It is a disease of the nervous system caused by a lack of the mineral thiamine.
它是由缺乏矿物胺引起的神经系统疾病.
The name comes from an Asian language and means “I cannot, I cannot.”
这个名字来自一种亚洲语言,意思是“我不能,我不能”。