Digestion
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Let’s Eat.
目录 Let's Eat.
4 Ingestion.
4摄取.
5 Digestion.
5 文摘.
7 Absorption.
7 入会.
10 Elimination.
10 删除。
13 Food for Thought.
13 为思考提供食物。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Let’s Eat Over the lips, past the gums, look out stomach, here it comes!
16 让我们吃吧 过嘴唇,过口香糖,看出肚子,来了!
This catchy saying captures the voyage of every piece of chicken, cheese, and chocolate we have ever put in our mouth.
这句有说服力的说 捕捉了我们嘴里放的每一片鸡肉 起司和巧克力的航行
Getting chewed and swallowed, though, are just the beginning.
虽然被咀嚼和吞咽只是开始
Every bite goes on a long, messy, slow-motion roller-coaster ride through the body’s digestive system.
每咬一咬,都会在身体消化系统里 跑出一圈又长又乱又慢的跑道
From top to bottom, our digestive system is an astonishing network of organs.
从上到下,我们的消化系统 是一个惊人的器官网络。
They work together to break apart what we eat into smaller pieces until molecules of food are turned into energy.
它们一起工作 将我们的食物拆分成更小的块 直到分子的食物变成能量
Digestion also delivers the raw materials that make and build our body’s bones, muscles, skin, eyeballs, toenails, nose hairs, spit, and everything else.
消化还提供了制作和建造我们身体的骨骼,肌肉,皮肤,眼球,脚趾甲,鼻毛,吐口水等一切的原料.
Everyone knows how to eat.
皆悉能入饮食.
Here’s what happens afterward, from top to bottom.
从上到下,
Every time we eat, food begins an amazing journey through our bodies.
每次我们吃东西,食物开始一个惊人的旅程 穿过我们的身体。
Ingestion Recall a moment when a fresh pizza or other dish came out of the oven.
摄取回想当新鲜的比萨饼或其他菜肴从烤箱出炉时的一瞬间.
The scent of a favorite food can make our mouth water, for a very good reason.
喜欢食物的气味可以让我们的口水,原因很好。
Our body is getting ready to ingest, or eat.
我们的身体正在准备摄取或吃东西。
The smell of tasty food gets the digestive system going before we ever take a bite.
美味食物的味道 在我们吃一顿之前 消化系统就开始了
Glands in our mouth start oozing saliva, or spit.
我们嘴里的腺体开始唾液或口吐
Saliva is almost all water.
萨利瓦几乎都是水.
However, it also contains molecules called enzymes that start breaking down food.
然而,它也包含了被称作酶的分子来开始分解食物.
Teeth serve as the shredder to make digestion easier.
牙齿作为粉碎器,使消化更容易.
Our sharp front teeth are made for slicing into an apple or sandwich.
我们的前牙是用来切成苹果或三明治的
Our strong, flat back teeth grind up harder foods, like nuts.
我们强壮而平坦的后牙 磨出更难吃的食物 像坚果一样
All the while, saliva is softening up every mouthful.
一直以来 口水都变软了
Enzymes are especially good at dissolving bread, crackers, potatoes, and other starchy foods.
酶特别能溶解面包,饼干,土豆等淀粉食品.
Saliva also kills many germs in food before they have a chance to make us sick.
Saliva还杀死了食物中的许多细菌 在他们有机会让我们生病之前。
Taste buds on our tongue let us enjoy the flavors in our mouth.
舌头上的味道让我们享受口中的口味
Now, though, the tongue has another job.
现在,虽然,舌头有另一个工作。
It takes the mashed-up glob of food, called a bolus (BOH-luhss), and pushes it into the throat.
它取取出被混杂起来的食物被叫作"bolus"(BOH-luhs),并推入喉咙.
After we swallow, the journey continues.
我们吞下后,旅程继续.
The Digestive System Digestion is the next stage.
文摘系统文摘是下一个阶段.
When we swallow, the food bolus enters the esophagus (ih-SOF-uh- guhss).
当我们吞下后,食物会被硼进入食道。
The esophagus is the tube that runs from the back of the mouth to the stomach.
食道是管从口后行至胃.
Near the top of the esophagus is a leaf-shaped flap called the epiglottis (eh-puh-GLAH-tuhss).
食道上部附近是叶状的花翅,被称作外观花(eh-puh-GLAH-tuhs).
It closes to keep food and drink out of the windpipe and lungs.
其能收取饮食而出取出风管而出取出肺.
Have you ever taken a swig of water and started coughing because some of it dribbled down the wrong tube?
你曾取出一滴水并开始咳嗽,因为有些水滴出错了管子?
That happened because the epiglottis did not close in time.
发生这种情况是因为外星人没有及时关闭。
The digestive system has many organs and other parts that work together to break food down into different things the body needs.
消化系统有许多器官和其他部分共同工作,将食物分解成身体需要的不同事物.
The esophagus is about 25 centimeters (10 in.)
食道长约25厘米(10英寸).
muscles that push the food toward the stomach.
将食物推向胃的肌肉。
Usually, the trip down the esophagus to the stomach takes two to three seconds.
通常,从食道下行到胃需要2到3秒.
Digestion continues in the stomach.
消化续入于胃.
This organ is like a rubbery, comma-shaped sack.
这个管风琴就像橡皮,逗号形状的麻袋.
It produces gastric juices made mostly of acid and enzymes.
它产生胃汁,多由酸和酶制成.
The stomach is lined with gastric mucus.
胃以胃粘为上.
This gooey, slippery gunk protects the stomach from its own acid.
这个滑滑的枪能保护胃免受自己的酸.
Lactose Intolerance Some of us have difficulty digesting certain types of foods.
乳糖不容忍行为 我们有些人难以消化某些种类的食物.
Lactose intolerance is a common digestive disorder.
乳糖不耐症是一种常见的消化障碍.
Lactose is the main carbohydrate found in milk, cheese, and other dairy products.
乳糖是牛奶,起司等乳制品中发现的主要碳水化合物.
Lactose intolerance happens when a person doesn’t produce enough of an enzyme called lactase.
乳糖不能耐受,
Lactase digests lactose, breaking it into glucose and galactose, two types of sugar the body can use.
乳糖能消化乳糖,将乳糖分解为葡萄糖和葡萄糖,这是身体可以使用的两种糖.
Without enough lactase, lactose goes undigested, which can make people feel ill and gassy.
没有足够多的乳糖,乳糖会不消化,这可以让人感到不舒服和有气味.
Lactose intolerance is common.
乳糖不容忍现象很普遍。
About 75 percent of the world’s population experiences some form of it.
大约75%的世界人口都经历过某种形式。
Gastric juices speed up the breakdown of food.
胃汁能加速食物分解.
Muscles around the stomach help by churning the mixture and turning solids into mush.
肌肉在胃周围通过搅拌混合物和将固体变成黏液来帮助.
A meal may take up to five hours to completely break down before leaving the stomach.
一顿饭在离开胃部之前可能要花上5小时才能完全破裂.
The digestive system works overtime to fight germs that might otherwise make us ill.
消化系统工作超时 与细菌作斗争 否则可能会让我们生病。
Gastric juices can kill sickness-causing bacteria that might have hitched a ride on our food.
胃汁可以杀死引起疾病的细菌 他们可能搭上我们的食物
The digestive system doesn’t always win, though.
消化系统并非总能取胜。
Our body may sense dangerous germs in our food, for example.
例如,我们的身体可能在食物中感受到危险的细菌。
Or we may have caught an illness that irritates the stomach lining.
或者我们可能感染了 刺激胃部的疾病
When that happens, our body may signal that what is in the stomach needs to come out.
一旦发生这种情况,我们的身体可能会发出信号:胃里的东西需要出来。
A muscle above the stomach, called the diaphragm (DY-uh-fram), squeezes down.
胃上方的肌肉被叫作"隔膜"(DY-uh-fram),被挤下.
The muscles of the abdomen squeeze, too.
腹部的肌肉也挤压.
The contents of our stomach may then make a quick exit in the form of vomit.
胃里的东西 可能会以呕吐的形式迅速离开
Vomiting is never pleasant.
呕吐从不愉快。
However, it is another way our digestive system protects us.
然而,这是我们消化系统保护我们的另一种方式。
If digestion goes well, though, the stomach prepares a nutrient-rich smoothie.
如果消化顺利,但胃会准备营养丰富的平滑剂.
That chicken, cheese, or chocolate is now part of a gloppy mess called chyme (KYM).
鸡肉,起司,或巧克力 现在属于一个叫"KYM"的花花公子。
Muscles pump this mixture into the next station in the digestive system: the small intestine.
肌肉将这种混合物泵入消化系统中的下一个站:小肠.
Nutrient Basics The digestive system breaks food down into nutrients.
营养基础 消化系统将食物分解为营养.
Carbohydrates fuel the brain, power the muscles, and help us fight off disease.
碳水化合物为大脑提供燃料,为肌肉提供动力,帮助我们战胜疾病。
Fats help us absorb vitamins and minerals, maintain healthy blood, and build cells and muscle.
脂肪帮助我们吸收维生素和矿物质,保持健康的血液,并构建细胞和肌肉.
Minerals include calcium, iron, zinc, and others.
矿物有钙,铁,锌等.
Calcium helps build teeth and bones, and keeps them strong.
钙能帮助建立牙齿和骨骼,并保持坚固.
Iron contributes to healthy blood.
铁能促进健康的出血.
Zinc helps ward off illness and heal cuts and bruises.
锌有助于防止疾病并治愈伤口和瘀伤。
Minerals come from many foods, including green leafy vegetables.
矿物出自许多食物,包括绿叶蔬菜.
Proteins supply the building blocks for the body, helping it grow and gain or maintain strength.
蛋白质为身体提供构件,帮助身体生长并获得或保持体力.
We have proteins in every cell in our bodies— muscles, bones, and even hair.
我们身体的每个细胞都有蛋白质——肌肉,骨头,甚至发型.
Vitamins are valuable for fighting illness and disease.
维生素对于防治疾病和疾病是宝贵的。
They contribute to healthy eyes, skin, and bones, and can help ease depression.
它们有助于健康的眼睛、皮肤和骨骼,有助于缓解抑郁症。
Fruits, vegetables, and eggs are packed with vitamins.
水果、蔬菜和鸡蛋都装有维生素。
Water is an essential nutrient for the healthy functioning of the entire body.
水是整个身体健康运转的基本养分。
For young people ages nine through thirteen, six glasses of water a day are recommended.
对于9至13岁的年轻人,建议每天提供六杯水。
Absorption The small intestine is not small at all.
吸收 小肠一分不小.
In fact, this coiled tube is 6.
事实上,这个接线管是6.
1 meters (20 ft.)
1米(20平方英尺)
long in most adults.
在多数成年人中,很长一段时间。
We call it small because it is narrow— about 2.
我们称其为"小",因为它是狭义的——大约2个.
5 centimeters (1 in.)
5厘米(1英寸).
from side to side.
从相入相.
The main job of the small intestine is absorption.
小肠的主要工作是吸收.
Absorption is what a sponge does while sopping up spilled water or other liquid.
吸收是海绵在喷出溢出的水或其他液体时所做的。
In a similar way, the walls of the small intestine absorb nutrients from the chyme arriving from the stomach.
类似地,小肠的墙壁吸收了从胃来取出chy的营养.
While the digestive system has many parts, food spends most of its time in the small and large intestines.
虽然消化系统有许多部分,但食物大部分时间都花在大小肠道上.
The first section of the small intestine is called the duodenum (doo-AH-dih-nuhm).
小肠的第一节被称作"杜鹃花"(doo-AH-dih-nuhm).
It features two openings, or ducts.
其特征是两个开口,即通管.
They deliver chemicals— bile and digestive enzymes—that continue the digestive process.
它们提供继续消化过程的化学物质——发烧和消化酶。
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Bile被产入肝脏并被贮入胆囊.
It helps break down fats and vitamins.
有助于分解脂肪和维生素.
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
胰腺会产生消化酶,分解出碳水化合物,脂肪和蛋白质.
Now the nutrients are ready for absorption, and the small intestine is where most absorption takes place.
现在养分已经可以吸收了,而小肠是大部分吸收的地方.
The lining of the small intestine is just one cell thick.
小肠的衬里只有一层厚.
Reduced to molecules, nutrients can easily pass through this lining and reach the bloodstream.
被降低为分子,营养物质可以很容易地通过这种衬里并到达血液.
The blood picks up the molecules and carries them to where they are needed.
血能取出分子,并携带到需要的地方.
How Does Food Give Us Energy?
食物如何给我们能量?
We need energy to run, think, and carry our backpack.
我们需要能量来运行、思考和背负我们的背包。
Where does that energy come from?
能量从哪里来?
Our food.
我们的食物
Our body breaks down food into molecules, including glucose.
我们的身体将食物分解成分子,包括葡萄糖.
Glucose is a simple yet power-packed form of sugar.
葡萄糖是一种简单而能包装的糖.
Our body uses some glucose immediately for energy and stores any extra as glycogen (GLY- kuh-juhn) in the liver and muscles.
我们的身体立即使用一些葡萄糖作为能量,并将任何额外的作为甘油(GLY-kh-juhn)储存在肝脏和肌肉中.
If that extra glycogen goes unused for too long, the body will store it as fat for later use.
如果多余的甘油用得太久,尸体会把它储存为脂肪,供日后使用.
The liver is another important organ along the digestive system.
肝是消化系统沿线又一重要器官.
It acts like a filter to clear out harmful chemicals.
这就像过滤器 清除有害的化学品。
It sends some nutrients onward to other organs and other groups of cells.
它向其他器官和其他细胞群发出一些营养物质.
The liver, though, is also where other vitamins and important sugars are stored until needed.
不过,肝脏也是其他维生素和重要糖被储存到需要的时候的地方.
These sugars are our body’s main fuel.
这些糖是我们身体的主要燃料。
The digestive system hates wasting food.
消化系统讨厌浪费食物.
It uses every nutrient it can and stores others.
它使用它能储存的每一种营养物
Whatever the small intestine does not absorb gets pushed into the large intestine.
无论小肠没有被吸收,都会被推入大肠.
Too Much Sugar!
糖太多了 糖 糖
Having too much glucose, or blood sugar, can be harmful to our health.
过量的葡萄糖,或血糖,可能会对我们的健康有害.
Insulin is a hormone that helps our bodies use and store glucose properly.
胰岛素是一种激素,可以帮助我们的身体正常地使用并储存葡萄糖.
Some people have bodies that don’t make or use insulin well, though.
但有些人的身上没有胰岛素,