Desert People
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Demanding Deserts.
《要求进入沙漠的目录》。
4 The Tohono O’odham.
4 托霍诺·奥德汉姆。
8 The Bedouin.
8 贝多因人。
13 More Desert People.
13个沙漠人民。
18 A Way of Life.
18 生活方式。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Demanding Deserts Imagine that you are standing alone in the desert before dawn.
23 对沙漠的需求 想象你在黎明前独自站在沙漠里
There is total silence except for the soft call of a dove.
除了鸽子的柔和叫声之外,还有完全的沉默。
The fresh breeze feels good on your face.
新鲜的微风在你脸上感觉很好。
The Sun begins to rise over the mountains, which slowly change from black to lavender.
太阳开始从高山上升起,山地从黑色慢慢地变为了薰衣草.
Then the Sun’s rays peek out and turn the morning into day.
太阳的光线闪出,
Look around you.
看看你周围
Imagine that your family and friends also live here.
想象一下你的家人和朋友也住在这里
What are your lives like?
你的生活怎么样?
Imagine, as was true a few hundred years ago, that there are no cars, bicycles, or paved roads in this desert.
想象一下,就像几百年前一样, 在这个沙漠里没有汽车、自行车或铺设的道路。
How do you travel from place to place?
如何从地出行.
Imagine that you feel hungry in this desert.
想象你在沙漠里感到饥饿
There are no stores or supermarkets.
没有商店和超市。
Can you feel the thirst in the back of your throat?
你能感觉到喉咙后部的口渴吗?
Where can you find water to drink?
何处能取出水来喝.
You look around.
你看看周围。
There are no drinking fountains and no flowing rivers.
没有饮用喷泉和流出河流。
There is not a single cloud in the light blue sky.
淡蓝色的天空里没有一朵云
What Exactly Is a Desert?
什么是沙漠?
Would you recognize a desert if you saw one?
如果你看到沙漠 你会认出来吗?
Would there be camels walking on sand dunes?
有骆驼在沙丘上行走吗?
Would there be rattlesnakes, tall mountains, and saguaro (suh-WAHR-oh) cacti?
会不会有响尾蛇、高山和沙瓜罗仙人掌?
Or would the landscape be rocky, desolate, and barren, with only a few shrubs and trees?
抑或地平地平地多石,荒芜荒芜;地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平
All three of these descriptions apply to different kinds of deserts.
所有这些描述都适用于不同类型的沙漠.
Deserts may contain rocky mountains, graveled plateaus, or rolling sand dunes.
沙漠可能包含多岩石的山地,砾石状高原,或滚滚的沙丘.
Some desert areas even have streams and rivers.
一些沙漠地区甚至有溪流和河流.
There are many varieties of desert environments, but all of them share some common traits.
沙漠环境种类繁多,但都有一些共同的特质.
Compared with the rest of the world, deserts are arid places.
与世界其他地方相比,沙漠是干旱地.
They usually receive less than 25.
他们得到的通常少于25.
4 centimeters (10 in) of precipitation each year.
每年降水量为4公分(10英寸).
Deserts tend to have dry soil and not much vegetation.
沙漠往往有干燥的土壤而植被不多.
Although some deserts can get very cold, most deserts are sunny and hot.
虽然有些沙漠会变得非常寒冷,但大多数沙漠是阳光和炎热的.
Desert Survival If deserts are such inhospitable places, how have people survived in them?
沙漠生存组织 如果沙漠是这么荒凉的地方,人们怎么在其中活下来的?
Where did they find food to eat and water to drink?
他们在哪里找到食物和喝水?
What materials did they use to build shelter from the elements?
他们用什么材料来建造这些元素的掩体?
For thousands of years, desert people have found answers to these questions.
几千年来,沙漠人找到了这些问题的答案.
They have used local resources for food, water, and home construction.
他们利用当地资源进行粮食、水和住房建设。
Desert people have found ways to adapt.
沙漠人已经找到了适应的方法.
Each desert presents different challenges, and each desert has its own solutions.
每个沙漠都提出了不同的挑战,每个沙漠都有自己的解决方案.
Word Wise Why cacti?
语出智慧 为什么是仙人掌?
The plural of cactus is cactuses or cacti (KAK-tie).
仙人掌的复数是仙人掌或仙人掌(KAK-tie).
The word cactus comes from the Latin language.
仙人掌一词出自拉丁语.
Cacti is the plural form of cactus in Latin.
仙人掌是仙人掌在拉丁语中的复数形式.
Finding shade in the desert can be challenging.
在沙漠中寻找荫影可能具有挑战性.
In this book, you will learn about two interesting groups of desert people: the Tohono O’odham and the Bedouin.
在这本书中,你会了解两个有趣的沙漠人群:托霍诺·奥德汉人和贝多因人.
You will also read about sand dunes, wild foods, villages, hunting, and more.
你们还将阅读沙丘、野生食物、村庄、狩猎等等。
You will even read about dogs that ride on camels!
你甚至会读到骑骆驼的狗!
The Tohono O’odham Tohono O’odham means “desert people.”
Tohono O'odham Tohono O'odham意为“沙漠人”。 “
The Tohono O’odham are Native Americans who still live in the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States.
Tohono O'odham是美国西南部索诺兰沙漠的美洲原住民。
For years, they have watched the Sun rise over Baboquivari (bah-boh- KEE-vah-ree), their sacred mountain.
多年来,他们看着太阳升起 在巴博基瓦里 (bah-boh-KEE-vah-ree),他们的神圣山上。
They believe that Baboquivari is where Elder Brother created them from the clay of the Earth.
他们相信巴博基瓦里是长兄从地上粘土创造出它们的地方.
Like many Native Americans, the O’odham believe that a powerful spirit named Coyote helped create the people and the land.
与许多美洲原住民一样,奥德汉人认为被取名为"狼"的强大精神帮助创造了人民和土地.
They believe Elder Brother gave the desert to the O’odham and taught them how to use its plants.
他们相信长兄将沙漠交给了奥德汉人,并教他们如何使用其植物.
The O’odham lived in villages and slept in round houses with flat roofs.
奥德汉人住在村庄,睡在有平屋顶的圆形房屋中。
These homes were made out of a plaster of dried mud, branches, and grass called adobe (uh-DOH-bee).
这些家用干泥、树枝和被叫作"Adobe"(uh-DOH-bee)的草所制成。
The O’odham also built covered shelters called ramadas to create shaded areas near their homes.
奥德汉人还建造了被覆盖的被称作"拉马达"的避难所来在自己家附近建立遮荫地.
World Deserts Comparison Table Word Wise Desert: a dry, barren area of land, especially one covered with sand, that is characteristically desolate, waterless, and without vegetation.
世界沙漠比较表 Word Wise Desert:一个干燥,贫瘠的土地,特别是被沙子覆盖的土地,典型地是荒凉,无水,没有植被.
* *This is the official New Oxford American Dictionary definition of desert.
* 这是新牛津美国词典对沙漠的正式定义.
For many years, they were called the Papago.
多年来,他们被称为"帕帕戈".
Today, Tohono O’odham is the official name of the tribe.
今天,东野 奥德汉是该部落的正式名称.
Sonoran Sahara Gobi Atacama Climate Good rainfall for a desert Very hot and very dry Cold and windy Driest desert in the world Continent North America Africa Asia South America Size (sq km) 310,800 9,064,960 1,036,000 139,860 Terrain Flat basins, mountains Gravel plains, mountains, sand dunes Stony, sandy soil, grasslands Sand, salt basins, lava Example of Desert People Tohono O’odham Bedouin Mongols Atacama Indians Compare these four deserts.
索诺兰撒哈拉 Gobi Atacama 气候 世界寒冷多风的干燥沙漠 北美大陆 非洲 亚洲 南美 面积 (平方千米) 310 800 9 064 960 1 036 000 139 860 Terrain 平坦的盆地、山地、地平地、山地、沙丘、沙地、草地 沙地,盐盆地,熔岩 沙漠人 Tohono O'odham贝都因蒙古人 Atacama印第安人 比这四个沙漠。
Notice that they are all different.
注意它们都不同
The Sonoran Supermarket Like other deserts, the Sonoran Desert can be a difficult place to live.
索诺兰超级市场 像其他沙漠一样,索诺兰沙漠可以是一个艰难的生活地.
It is hot and dry.
有热有干.
Months may pass without any rain, and summer days can reach 49º Celsius (120ºF).
月可能经过而无任何降雨,而夏季日可达49摄氏度(120摄氏度).
Winter nights can dip below freezing.
冬天的夜晚可以沉入冰冻之下
But compared to other deserts, the Sonoran is relatively lush and bountiful.
但相较于其他沙漠,索诺兰人相对疏松而丰盛.
Sometimes it rains in the winter, and monsoons drench the entire desert with water every summer.
有时冬季会下雨,而季风每年夏天会用水将整个沙漠疏浚.
During the monsoon season, flash floods sometimes race down the canyons!
季风季节,山洪暴发有时会冲下峡谷!
Historically, the Tohono O’odham lived in an area where 30.
历史上,托霍诺人奥德汉人居住在30个地区.
5 centimeters (12 in) of rain fell each year.
每年降下5厘米(12英寸)雨.
Enough rain fell to support many forms of life.
降下足够多的雨水来维持多种生命形式.
Shady trees, big cacti such as the saguaro, and even summer flowers all grew there.
沙地树,沙瓜罗等大仙人掌,甚至夏花也都生长在那里.
Insects, birds, rabbits, and coyotes lived there, too.
昆虫、鸟、兔子和野狼也住在那里。
Some of the O’odham lived near large mountain ranges.
一些奥德汉人居住在大山脉附近。
In the mountains, they found resources lacking in the desert below.
在山上,他们发现以下沙漠缺乏资源.
Different plants and animals lived up in the cooler climate on the mountain slopes.
不同的动植物生活在山地坡地更凉爽的气候中.
In the mountains, the O’odham gathered food and hunted large game animals.
在山上,奥德汉人收集食物并猎取大型游戏动物.
They also collected water from springs and streams.
他们还从泉水和溪流取来水。
A Different Kind of Shopping If the Tohono O’odham had a supermarket, it was their desert.
一种不同的购物 如果Tohono O'odham有超市,那是他们的沙漠。
When they needed vegetables, they planted seeds.
当他们需要蔬菜时,他们种植了种子.
When they needed water, they went to a spring.
当他们需要水时,他们去了一个泉水.
When they needed meat, they hunted animals.
当他们需要肉的时候,他们捕食动物.
And if they needed pine nuts, they walked up into the mountains to find pine trees.
如果他们需要松果, 他们走进山去寻找松树。
Fruits and Vegetables In the early summer, O’odham men dug small holes in the ground with sharp sticks.
水果和蔬菜 在初夏,奥德汉人用尖棍在地上挖出小洞来.
Women dropped seeds in the holes and covered them up.
女人把种子倒入洞里,并盖起.
The dry fields flooded when the monsoons came.
季风来时干地被淹.
The O’odham grew corn, pinto beans, and squash in this way.
奥德汉人以这种方式种植了玉米、平顶豆和壁球。
In the winter, they grew wheat, peas, and watermelons.
在冬季,它们会种植小麦,豌豆和西瓜.
The desert is filled with resources, if you know where to look.
沙漠里充满了资源 如果你知道该往哪里看的话
Meat The Tohono O’odham hunted rattlesnakes, rabbits, and birds in the desert.
肉类 Tohono O'odham在沙漠中猎取响尾蛇、兔子和鸟类。
In the mountains, they killed deer, bighorn sheep, and sometimes even bears.
在山上,他们杀死了鹿,大角羊,有时甚至杀死了熊.
When sneaking up on the deer, O’odham hunters dressed in deerskins and walked on all fours to blend in with the animals.
当偷跑到鹿上时,奥德汉的猎人穿了鹿皮,走在了所有四个人身上去与动物融合.
Organic Specialty Items The Tohono O’odham also gathered food that grew in the wild.
有机特有物品 Tohono O'odham也收集了在野外生长的食物。
In the desert, they found chile peppers, wild onions, mesquite beans, and fruit from saguaro and other cacti.
在沙漠中,他们发现了青椒花椒,野生洋葱,美斯奎特豆等出产于萨瓜罗等仙人掌的水果.
They made syrup from the fruit.
他们用水果做的糖浆。
In the mountains, they collected acorns, roots, and pine nuts.
在山上,他们收集了橡子,根和松果.
O’odham men even made four-day trips to the ocean just to get salt!
奥德汉人甚至去大海四天 只是为了取盐!
Drinking Water Some O’odham villages were lucky enough to be located near springs and streams.
一些O-odham村很幸运,
Other villages dug wells in the ground.
其他村庄在地上挖井.
But many people lived far away from water sources.
但许多人生活在远离水源的地方.
Young girls often hiked high up into mountain canyons to fetch water.
年轻女孩常常高高攀登到山地峡谷取水.
The O’odham created wonderful baskets from the leaves of the yucca (YUK-uh) plant.
奥德汉人从尤克卡(YUK-uh)植物的叶子上创造了出众的篮子.
They weaved beautiful designs into the bottoms of the baskets.
他们把美丽的设计编织入篮子底部.
These baskets were tight enough to hold water.
这些篮子足够紧,可以撑住水.
A desert jackrabbit The Tohono O’odham grew tepary beans in the dry lands of the Sonoran Desert.
一个沙漠的兔子 Tohono O'odham在索诺兰沙漠的干地上种植了土豆。
The Bedouin Think of all the things in your room.
贝多因人 想想你房间里的一切
Can you imagine packing up and moving to a new place every week?
你能想象每周打包搬去一个新地方吗?
Would you get tired of carrying so many things?
你会厌倦携带这么多东西吗?
How would you enjoy the traveling life?
你会如何享受旅行生活?
Traditional Bedouin people were nomadic.
传统的贝都因人是游牧民族。
They moved from place to place on camels in search of food, water, and grazing land.
他们随地迁徙到骆驼上寻找食物、水和牧场。
They also rode horses and raised sheep and goats.
他们还骑马并饲养绵羊和山羊.
The Bedouin had very few possessions; they believed their lifestyle was simple and pure.
贝多因人拥有的财产很少;他们相信他们的生活方式简单而纯洁.
Bedouin means “people of the desert,” but it is a word that French people created.
贝都因人的意思是“沙漠之人”,
Bedouins call themselves Badw (BED-oo).
贝都因人自称为Badw (BED-oo).
Today, most Bedouins are Muslims, but long ago they had different beliefs that were tied to the landscape they lived in.
今天,大多数贝都因人都是穆斯林,但是很久以前,他们有不同的信仰,这些信仰与他们所居住的地貌有关.
Water was considered sacred, and so were caves.
水被认为是神圣的,而洞穴也是如此.
Ancient Bedouins saw kind gods in fertile places and cruel demons, called jinn, where it was desolate.
古代的贝都因人在肥沃的地方见到善良的神灵和残忍的恶魔,叫作"精灵",在那里荒凉.
They worshipped the Moon and the evening star, Venus.
他们崇拜"月亮"和"晚星","金星".
The Bedouin lived in low black tents called bayts, which were made out of goat hair or sheep’s wool.
贝多因人住在被称为"刺"的低黑帐篷中,这些帐篷由山羊毛或羊毛所制.
These tents protected them from the sun, wind, and blowing sand.
这些帐篷保护他们免受太阳,风和吹出沙子的侵袭.
In a matter of hours, Bedouins could pack up their camps and move on to their next “home.”
在几个小时之内,贝都因人可以收拾他们的营地并搬去下一个“家园”。 “
Today, small numbers of Bedouins still roam the Syrian, Arabian, and Sahara deserts.
今天,少数贝都因人仍然在叙利亚、阿拉伯和撒哈拉沙漠中漫游。
In some ways, they live exactly as their ancestors did five thousand years ago.
在某些方面,他们与五千年前的祖先一样生活。
An oasis in the Sahara Desert Bedouin tents are low to the ground so the wind will not blow them over.
撒哈拉沙漠的绿洲 贝多因人帐篷低到地上 所以风不会把它们吹过
The Saharan Supermarket?
撒哈拉超级市场?
The vast Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world.
广阔的撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠.
It stretches across northern Africa for 9 million square kilometers (3.
它横跨北非900万平方千米(3.
5 million sq mi).
500万平方公里。
The Sahara is hot and dry.
撒哈拉热而干.
In some parts, it rains less than 25 millimeters (1 in) per year!
部分地区每年降雨量不到25毫米(1分)!
The Sahara has more sandstorms than rainstorms; huge clouds of dust and sand can fill the sky.
撒哈拉的沙暴比暴雨多;巨大的灰尘和沙地可以填满天空.
The Sahara Desert is less of a “supermarket” than the Sonoran Desert.
撒哈拉沙漠不如索诺兰沙漠,
Less rain falls in the Sahara, and fewer plants and animals live there.
撒哈拉地区降雨较少,那里的动植物也较少.
With few local resources available to them, the Bedouin could not just remain in one place.
由于当地资源很少,贝多因人不能只留在一个地方。
They had to constantly travel the desert in search of food and water.
他们不得不不断去沙漠寻找食物和水。
Ancient Bedouins were used to eating and drinking less than other people.
古代贝都因人习惯于吃喝比其他人少.
One secret to living in the desert was to wear light layers of white clothing.
生活在沙漠中的一个秘密是 穿着浅薄的白色衣服
These clothes helped Bedouins remain cool under the hot sun and helped their bodies retain much-needed moisture.
这些衣服有帮助 贝多因人在炎热的太阳下保持凉爽,并帮助他们的身体保有急需的水分.
The Saharan landscape contains more than sand dunes.
撒哈拉地貌中包含的不仅仅是沙丘.
It also has rocky plateaus, tall mountains, valleys, and oases.
它还有岩石高地,高山,山谷和绿洲.
An oasis—a rich, fruitful place in the desert with water—was sacred to the Bedouins.
绿洲——沙漠中富饶而富饶的地方——对贝都因人来说是神圣的。
The Camel Convenience Store Arabian camels, known as dromedaries, made nomadic life possible.
骆驼通吃(Camel Conference Store Arabian cames)被称作"德罗米地"(dromediers),使得游牧生活成为可能.
The Bedouin wove camel hair into fabrics out of which they created beautiful blankets and heavy winter coats.
贝都因人将骆驼毛编成织物,从中创造出漂亮的被子和重的冬季外衣.
They also milked the camels.
他们还给骆驼喂奶.
Bedouin women knew how to turn that milk into yogurt or ghee (a kind of butter).
贝都因妇女知道如何把牛奶变成酸奶或奶油(一种黄油)。
Bedouins also ate camel meat.
贝都因人还吃骆驼肉.
They even burned camel dung to fuel their campfires!
他们甚至烧了骆驼粪来为营火加油!
Camels were well suited for the desert.
骆驼很适合沙漠
They could go for long periods of time without water.
他们可以长时间没有水。
They stored fat in their humps.
他们把脂肪储存在驼峰里
Camels could drink amazing amounts of water at one time— a useful behavior when one might not have another drink for days.
骆驼可以一次喝出惊人的水—— 一种有用的行为,当一个人可能几天没有再喝的时候.
Arabian camels could walk 50 kilometers (30 mi) a day while carrying up to 270 kilograms (600 lbs) on their backs.
阿拉伯骆驼每天可以行走50公里(30米),而背上可携带高达270公斤(600磅)的骆驼.
Some families owned many camels, which was considered a sign of wealth.
一些家庭拥有许多骆驼,这被认为是财富的标志.
Camels were so prized that people fought over them.
骆驼很受好评 以至于人们为它们而战
Some Bedouins went on raids to steal camels from others.
一些贝都因人为了从他人那里偷骆驼而突袭.
Bedouins were very good at raiding, and for thousands of years, other desert peoples were afraid of them.
贝多因人非常善于突袭,几千年来,其他沙漠民族都害怕他们.
In the desert, people traveled in caravans for safety.
在沙漠中,人们乘坐大篷车旅行,以保障安全.
If a caravan wanted to pass through Bedouin territory, it might have to pay a toll or hire Bedouin guards for protection.
如果一辆大篷车想通过贝都因地区,它可能必须支付费用或雇用贝都因人保护。
Fruits and Vegetables The nomadic Bedouin did not grow many crops because they were always on the move.
水果和蔬菜 游牧的贝都因人没有种植许多作物,因为他们总是在迁徙.
But in late summer, they camped out near oases because date palms grew there.
但是在夏后期,他们露营在绿洲附近,因为那里的枣棕榈生长.
These palm trees produced sweet, tasty fruits.
这些棕榈树产生了甜美可口的水果.
The Bedouin ate some dates fresh and dried others to save for later.
贝都因人吃了一些新鲜的枣子, 并干干其他的,
Meat Bedouins did not eat meat very often.
贝多因人很少吃肉。
Since their camels were valuable, they only ate them on special occasions.
由于骆驼很有价值,所以只在特殊场合吃.
They also ate sheep and goats during celebrations.
他们还在庆祝活动中吃羊和山羊.
The Bedouin hunted ostriches, wolves, foxes, and gazelles.
贝多因人猎取了 o,狼,狐狸和瞪羚.
They also trained falcons to hunt foxes and small birds for them.
他们还训练了猎鹰来猎取狐狸和小鸟.
Sometimes dogs called Salukis rode with Bedouins to help track and hunt animals.
有时被叫作"萨卢基斯"的狗会和贝都因人一起骑马去帮助追踪和猎取动物.
Can you imagine a dog riding on a camel?
你能想象一只狗骑着骆驼吗?
Drinking Water The Bedouin knew where to find the desert oases and where to dig.
饮用水 贝都因人知道哪里可以找到沙漠绿洲,哪里可以去挖.
They dug wells to extract water from the ground.
他们挖井取地取水.
More Desert People The Tohono O’odham and the Bedouin are just two of the world’s traditional desert peoples.
更多的沙漠人民 Tohono O'odham人和贝都因人只是世界上两个传统的沙漠民族。
There are many other deserts, and there have been many other desert peoples.
还有许多其他沙漠,还有许多其他沙漠民族.
The Australian Aborigines, for example, walked about their continent for millennia, moving from water source to water source.
例如,澳大利亚原住民在他们的大陆上漫步了几千年,从水源到水源。
They learned songs that told them where to find water in the desert, which covers most of the continent.
他们学习了歌曲,告诉他们在沙漠中在哪里找水,沙漠覆盖了整个大陆的大部分地区.
Men hunted kangaroos, bandicoots, many kinds of birds, and other animals with spears and boomerangs.
男性捕猎袋鼠,斑马,多种类的鸟类,以及其他有长矛和长矛的动物.
Women gathered vegetables such as acacia seeds, bush tomatoes, desert limes, and bush bananas.
女性聚集了青花籽,灌木西红柿,沙漠石灰等蔬菜和灌木香蕉.
The Australian Aboriginal diet also included roots, insects, and grubs.
澳大利亚土著的饮食还包括根茎、昆虫和gr。
Australian Aboriginal children People living around the Sahara Desert have been eating dates for at least 6,000 years.
生活在撒哈拉沙漠周围的澳大利亚土著儿童已经吃过至少6 000年了。
Nomads roamed the cold, windy Gobi Desert in Mongolia and China.
游牧民族漫游蒙古和中国寒冷多风的戈壁沙漠.
They were sometimes called the “five-animal people” because they traditionally herded horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and two-humped Bactrian camels.
他们有时被称为“五种动物”,因为他们传统上是牧马、牧羊、牧羊、牧牛、牧羊和牧驼。
They lived in round tents called gers.
他们住在圆形帐篷里,被称为"干".
They ate cheese, meat, and curds made from goat or camel milk.
他们吃起司、肉和用山羊或骆驼牛奶制成的肉
Four times a year, these nomads would pack their gers and other belongings and move to a different area to find food for their animals.
每年四回,这些游牧民会收拾他们的腺和其他物品,并搬到另一个地区去为他们的动物找食物.