Color Blindness
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents What Colors Do You See?
内容表
4 Where Do Colors Come From?
4 颜色从哪里来?
5 How Color Vision Works.
5 彩色视野如何发挥作用。
6 Rods and Cones.
(原始内容存档于2019-10-12). 6 Rods and Cones.
7 Different Types of Color Blindness.
7 不同种类的彩盲.
8 Color Blindness Is No Joke.
8 彩色盲是没有笑话。
11 Testing for Color Blindness.
11 色盲测试.
12 Tools to Help Color-Blind People.
12 帮助有色人种的工具。
13 Treating Color Blindness.
13"治疗有色盲".
14 Color Vision for All?
14 彩色视野为所有人?
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Choosing a red crayon is much easier for someone with full-color vision (left) than someone with red-green color blindness (right).
16 选择红蜡笔对有全色视力(左)的人来说比有红绿色盲(右)的人容易得多.
What Colors Do You See?
你看到什么颜色了吗?
Imagine looking at a box of crayons and seeing only shades of gray, blue, and yellow, or looking at a traffic signal on which the red and green lights look very similar.
想象一盒蜡笔,只看到灰色,蓝色和黄色的荫影,或者看到一个交通信号,红色和绿色的灯光看起来非常相近.
That’s how the world can appear to someone who is color-blind.
如此一来,世界才能在色盲者面前出现。
As you can imagine, this can cause problems!
你可以想象,这会造成问题!
Color blindness is the world’s most common genetic disorder, affecting more than ten million people in the United States alone.
色彩盲是世界上最常见的遗传障碍,仅美国就有一千万多人受到影响.
Despite its name, though, color blindness does not cause blindness.
尽管它的名字,但色盲不会引起失明.
Most people affected by color blindness can still see some colors.
大多数受色盲影响的人仍然可以看到一些颜色.
Color blindness simply means the inability or decreased ability to see certain colors.
色彩盲(color difference)仅指无法或降低能见某些颜色的能力.
Where Do Colors Come From?
颜色从哪里来?
It’s easier to understand color blindness when you realize that colors are actually different wavelengths of light.
当你意识到颜色其实是不同的光波长时,
If you use a prism to separate white light into a rainbow, you’re actually separating it into its different wavelengths.
如果你用棱镜把白光分成一朵彩虹, 你实际上把它分出不同的波长。
The red end of the spectrum contains longer wavelengths of light while shorter wavelengths of light are at the purple end.
光谱的红色端含有较长的光波长,而较短的光波长则位于紫色端.
Objects appear to be different colors because they absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light.
物体看起来颜色不同,因为它们吸收并反射出不同的光波长.
A strawberry looks red because it reflects long (red) wavelengths.
草莓外观为红色,因为它反映长(红色)波长.
If it instead reflected short wavelengths of light, it would look blue!
如果它反射出短波长的光, 它会看起来是蓝色的!
The cornea gathers and begins to focus light from the outside world.
角膜会聚集并开始从外界聚焦光线.
The iris opens or closes the pupil to allow more or less light into the eye.
虹膜会打开或关上瞳孔,以允许多或少光入眼.
The lens changes shape to finish focusing.
镜头会改变形状以完成聚焦.
The pupil is a hole in the center of the eye that allows light to pass through.
瞳孔是眼睛中央的一个孔,可以使光能通过.
How an Eye Sees Rods and cones lining the wall of the retina at the back of the eye register what is being seen.
眼球是如何看见罗德斯和圆锥 在眼球的后部 覆盖视网膜的墙壁
The optic nerve sends messages to the brain about what the eye is seeing.
视神经向大脑传递关于眼睛所看到的讯息.
How Color Vision Works Humans see colors because light-detecting cells in our eyes respond differently to different wavelengths of light.
彩色视觉如何为人类带来颜色,因为我们眼睛中的光探测细胞对不同的光波长的反应不同.
When light enters one of your eyes, the lens focuses it on the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball.
当光线进入你的一只眼睛时,镜片将它聚焦在视网膜上,眼球后部是一层薄薄的组织层.
There it activates light- sensitive cells, called rod cells and cone cells.
它在那里激活了轻敏感细胞,称为棒细胞和锥细胞.
Activated cells send electrical signals to the brain, where they are translated into images.
活化细胞会向大脑发出电讯信号,在那里被翻译成图像.
Color Vision in Animals Most animals can see fewer colors than humans.
动物中的色彩视觉 大多数动物可以看到比人类少的颜色.
For instance, dogs can only see shades of blue and yellow, and bulls are completely color-blind!
比如说,狗只能看到蓝黄相间的荫影,而公牛则完全是色盲!
Other animals—including some birds, bees, and butterflies—see more colors than humans do, including wavelengths of light that are invisible to humans.
其他动物——包括一些鸟类、蜜蜂和蝴蝶——比人类看到更多的颜色,包括人类看不见的光的波长。
Rods and Cones Rod cells are the most sensitive cells in your retina.
rods和Cones Rod细胞是您视网膜中最敏感的细胞.
They allow you to see in extremely dim light, but they can’t tell different colors apart.
但他们无法分辨不同的颜色。
Cone cells are responsible for color vision.
锥细胞负责色视.
Each cell contains one of three different light- absorbing molecules, called photopigments, which detect blue, green, or red light.
每个细胞都含有三个不同的光吸收分子中的一个,称为光皮克,可以检测出蓝色,绿色或红色的光.
Combining these three main colors allows you to see thousands of colors.
结合这三种主要颜色,可以让你看到上千种颜色.
When one or more photopigments aren’t functioning properly, though, color blindness results.
当一个或一个以上光刻不起作用时,
Different Types of Color Blindness Red-Green Color Blindness Red-green color blindness, which causes difficulty when it comes to telling the difference between red and green, is the most common type of color vision problem.
不同类型颜色盲红-绿色相色盲红-绿色相相色盲,在分辨出红色和绿色的区别时造成困难,是颜色视觉问题最常见的类型.
It’s hereditary, found most often in people of northern European ancestry.
这是遗传性的,
It’s also more common in men, of which it affects one out of twelve, than in women, of which it affects only one in two hundred.
这在男性中也更为常见, 其影响为十二分之一,
Red-green color blindness is usually caused by defects in the green photopigment.
红-绿色相盲通常是由绿色相扑的缺陷所引起.
Without the green photopigment, green and yellow objects appear reddish in color.
没有绿色的光辉,绿色和黄色的物体呈现出红色的颜色.
Defects in the red photopigment also cause red-green color blindness.
红光披针中的缺陷也会导致红-绿色盲.
In this case, red, orange, and yellow objects appear green or black.
在这种情况下,红色,橙色和黄色的物体出现绿色或黑色.
Although people with red-green color blindness have trouble distinguishing colors, they can still see clearly.
虽然有红绿色盲的人很难区分出颜色,但他们仍然可以清楚地看到.
That’s because red and green cones have some overlap in the wavelengths of light they detect.
这是因为红绿锥子在它们探测到的光线波长上有些重叠。
Their eyes can still detect incoming light even if one type of cone is missing or malfunctioning.
即使有一类锥体缺失或出故障,它们的眼睛仍能探测到入射光.
Blue-Yellow Color Blindness Blue-yellow color blindness occurs when the blue photopigment is defective or missing.
蓝色-黄色相色盲 蓝色-黄色相色盲发生于蓝色相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相
It’s fairly rare, only occurring in about one out of every ten thousand people worldwide.
全球每一万人口中,
Unlike red-green color blindness, it’s equally common in men and women.
与红绿相色盲不同,
Some people with blue-yellow color blindness have no blue cone cells at all, which causes them to see blue as green and to see yellow as violet or gray.
有的有蓝黄色色盲的人根本没有蓝锥细胞,这导致他们视蓝色为绿色并视黄色为紫色或灰色.
More commonly, people who are blue-yellow color blind have partially functional blue cone cells.
更常见的是,有蓝黄色色盲的人有部分功能性的蓝锥细胞.
As a result, they have a difficult time telling yellow and red from pink.
因此,他们很难从粉红色中说出黄色和红色.
Complete Color Blindness Complete color blindness is the most severe form of color blindness.
完全色盲 完全色盲是色盲最严重的形式.
It occurs when there are defects in two or more of the three types of cones.
它发生于三种锥体中的两种或多种有缺陷.
You might think that a single kind of cone would be enough to enable color vision, but it’s not.
你可能会认为,单一的圆锥足以实现色能视觉,但并非如此。
The brain must compare color information from at least two different types of cone cells to identify colors.
大脑必须比较至少两种不同类型的锥细胞的颜色信息来识别颜色.
That means people who have only blue cone cells, for example, are able to see blue wavelengths of light, but they can’t distinguish any colors.
这意味着只有蓝色圆锥细胞的人能够看见蓝色波长的光,但他们无法区分出任何颜色。
People who are missing two or more types of cones tend to be extra-sensitive to light.
缺少两种或两种以上锥体的人往往对光有外感.
They may also have difficulty seeing clearly, especially in bright light.
他们可能也难以清楚地看到,特别是在明亮的光芒下。
That’s because they have to rely on rod cells for most or all of their vision, and rod cells only work in dim lighting conditions.
这是因为大部分或全部视力都依赖棒状细胞, 棒状细胞只在阴暗的照明条件下工作。
Only about one out of thirty thousand people worldwide are missing all three types of cones.
全世界只有三万分之一的人 缺少所有三种锥体
People who lack any functioning cone cells see the world in shades of black, white, and gray.
缺乏任何能起作用的圆锥细胞的人在黑白和灰色的阴影下看到世界.
Some traffic lights use shapes as well as colors to convey information to color-blind drivers.
一些交通灯光使用外形和颜色来传递信息给色盲驾驶员.
Color Blindness Is No Joke Color blindness can cause serious problems.
色彩盲是没有笑话 色彩盲会导致严重的问题。
People who are color-blind have trouble reading color-coded information on maps, graphs, and charts.
有色盲的人在读取地图,图表和图表上有色码信息有困难.
Children with color blindness may have trouble in school, especially if their color blindness has not been diagnosed.
染色失明儿童在学校可能有麻烦,特别是如果他们的染色失明没有被诊断出.
Red-green color blindness makes it difficult to read yellow chalk on a green chalkboard.
红绿相间的色盲使得在绿色的花板上读取黄色的花粉很难.
All types of color blindness make it difficult to choose the correct colors for art and science projects.
各种颜色盲都很难为艺术和科学项目选择正确的颜色.
Color blindness can also cause safety issues.
色彩盲也会引起安全问题.
Fire hydrants, car warning lights, and emergency equipment are often colored red or yellow to make them more visible.
消防栓,汽车警示灯等应急设备常被涂上红色或黄色以更能被人们看到.
These bright colors may be obvious to those with full-color vision but unnoticeable to those who are color-blind.
这些明亮的颜色对于有全色视觉而无色盲者可能很明显.
People may also have difficulty noticing sunburns, rashes, or undercooked meat without color vision.
人们还可能难以注意到有晒伤,疹子,或者没有彩色视觉而烹饪不足的肉.
Color blindness can even limit a person’s career options.
色盲甚至会限制一个人的职业选择。
Some positions, such as geologist or commercial airline pilot, require full-color vision.
一些职位,如地质学家或商业航空飞行员,需要全色视野.
Other careers, such as interior design, photography, and food inspection, are significantly more difficult with color vision defects.
其他职业,如室内设计,摄影,和食品检查等,随着色彩视觉缺陷而明显地更加困难.
Can you see the hidden numbers or shapes in the circles in this Ishihara Test?
你能在本次"石原测试"中看到圆圈中隐藏的数字或形状吗?
Testing for Color Blindness The Ishihara Test is the most common test for red-green color vision problems.
颜色盲度测试 石原人 测试是对红绿相色视问题最常见的测试.
It uses images made up of dots that are different sizes and colors.
它使用由大小和颜色不同的点所组成的图像.
People with full-color vision can see numbers or shapes inside the pictures.
有全色视觉的人可以在图片内部看到数字或形状.
People with red-green color blindness find it difficult or impossible to identify the hidden symbols.
有红绿相色盲的人发现很难或不可能识别出隐藏的符号.
Other, similar tests are used to detect yellow- blue color blindness.
其他,类似的测试也用于检测出黄色-蓝色色盲.
These special glasses from En Chroma allow people with red-green color blindness to see a much more colorful world.
这些来自En Chroma的特殊眼镜让有红绿相色盲的人能看到一个更多彩的世界.
Tools to Help Color-Blind People Currently, there’s no known cure for color blindness.
帮助彩色闪烁人物的工具 目前, 色彩盲症没有已知的治疗方法。
However, modern technology has led to the development of many new tools to help people who are color-blind.
然而,现代技术导致了许多新工具的开发来帮助色盲人.
Smartphone apps perform tasks such as identifying colors and recommending complementary colors.
智能手机应用软件执行识别颜色和推荐互补颜色等任务.
These apps can even help people choose matching clothes or tell which fruits are ripe at the grocery store.
这些应用程序甚至可以帮助人们选择相配的衣服,或者告诉杂货店哪些水果已经熟了.
Some smartphone apps can only identify colors after the user snaps a photo, but others can analyze them in the camera’s viewfinder without requiring the user to take a photo first.
有些智能手机应用程序只能在用户拍出相片后才能识别出颜色,但另一些则可以在相机的取景器中分析颜色,而不需要用户先拍照.
This lets users identify colors in real time.
这样用户就可以实时识别出颜色.
Researchers have also created high-tech tinted lenses that filter out specific wavelengths of light.
研究人员还创造了高科技的有色透镜来过滤出特定的光波长.
Special sunglasses that use these lenses allow people with red-green color blindness to distinguish between the two colors.
使用这些镜头的特殊太阳镜可以使有红-绿色盲的人区分出两种颜色.
A squirrel monkey takes a color test.
松鼠猴会接受颜色测试.
Treating Color Blindness Although no true treatment for color blindness currently exists, that may soon change.
处理颜色盲度 虽然目前不存在真正的色盲治疗方法,但这种情况可能很快会改变.
In recent experiments, scientists were able to correct red-green color blindness in squirrel monkeys.
在最近的实验中,科学家们能够纠正松鼠猴身上的红-绿色盲.
The monkeys lacked the red photopigment and, as a result, couldn’t tell the difference between red and green.
猴子缺乏红色相片,
Researchers engineered a specially constructed virus to insert the red photopigment gene into the monkeys’ green cone cells.
研究人员设计出一种专门制造的病毒,将红色光辉基因插入猴子的绿锥细胞.
Within about twenty weeks, treated monkeys could distinguish between red and green dots.
在大约20周内被处理的猴子可以区分出红点和绿点.
This was exciting news!
这是令人兴奋的消息!
The monkeys had been color-blind since birth.
猴子从出生开始就是色盲
Many doctors and scientists had predicted that it would be impossible to correct their color blindness because the monkeys’ brains would not have developed the connections needed to interpret color information.
许多医生和科学家曾预测,由于猴子的大脑不会发展解释色彩信息所需的连接,因此不可能纠正他们的色彩盲.
These connections usually develop when the animals are young.
这些连接通常在动物年幼时会得到发展.
Now that we know that color blindness can be cured in adult squirrel monkeys, there’s hope for a cure in adult humans, too.
现在,我们知道在成年松鼠猴身上, 颜色盲可以治愈, 成年人类也有希望治愈。
Color Vision for All?
人人享有彩色视野?
Every year, researchers gain a better understanding of color blindness and its causes.
每年,研究人员都对色盲及其原因有更好的了解.
New tools help color-blind people choose ripe fruit and pick out matching clothes.
新工具帮助色盲人选择成熟的水果并挑选出相配的衣服.
People with red- green color blindness can use special glasses to allow them to tell the difference between shades of red and green.
有红色-绿色相色盲的人可以使用特殊的眼镜来分辨出红色和绿色相色的相色.
Best of all, a treatment for color blindness may be available in the near future.
最好的是,不久的将来可能会提供一种色盲治疗。
Maybe someday soon, color blindness will become a thing of the past!
也许有一天 颜色盲会变成过去
Glossary ancestry (n.)
词汇世系 (n.
family members and relations from past times (p.
过去时期的家庭成员和关系(p.
8) complementary (adj.)
8) 互补(adj.)
disorder (n.)
混乱(n.)
(adj.)
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