North America

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents First Shots................................ 4 Two Empires, One North America............ 6 Strategy and Battles........................ 9 William Pitt Takes Charge................. 11 Road to Revolution........................ 15 Glossary................................. 16 First Shots On July 3, 1754, colonial and British soldiers, in what is now Pennsylvania, found themselves in serious trouble. That spring, a twenty-two- year-old officer named George Washington had been sent to Fort Duquesne (doo-KAYN), where Pittsburgh is today. His orders were to inform the French that they were in British territory and should leave the fort. That mission failed, but Washington, along with a group of Seneca people, later launched a surprise attack on a small French force. He captured twenty- one fighters and killed ten. Now, a force of more than seven hundred French soldiers and their allies from seven Native tribes, including the Huron, had come to even the score. This artwork shows George Washington leaving for Fort Duquesne in April 1754.

一、导 言 四个帝国,一个北美... 6 战略与战斗. 9 威廉·皮特指控. 11 通向革命之路. 15个词汇 16个第一枪手 1754年7月3日 殖民和英国士兵 在现在的宾夕法尼亚州 发现自己陷入了严重的麻烦 当年春天,一位名叫乔治·华盛顿(George Washington)的二十二岁的军官被派往了今天匹兹堡(Doo-KAYN)的杜克内堡. 他的命令是通知法国人他们已经在英国境内,应该离开要塞. 这次任务失败了,但华盛顿同一群塞内卡人一起,后来对一支法国小部队发动了突然袭击. 他俘虏了21名战士,并杀死了10名战士. 现在,一支由700多名法国士兵及其来自包括休伦人在内的七个原住民部落的盟友组成的部队,甚至已经达到了分数. 这幅画显示乔治·华盛顿于1754年4月去杜克斯内堡.

The colonial and British force of about four hundred men built a small fort, Fort Necessity, at a place called Great Meadows, but their defenses did little good. The French and their allies surrounded the fort and attacked. Many British men were killed or wounded, and Washington surrendered before nightfall. This battle marked the beginning of a war that would decide whether the French or British Empire claimed control of North America. Fort Necessity was rebuilt and still stands in Farmington, Pennsylvania.

由大约四百人组成的殖民和英国部队在一个叫"大草地"的地方建造了一座小要塞"危急要塞"(Fort Naket),但他们的防御作用不大. 法国人和他们的盟友包围了要塞并发动了进攻. 许多英国人被击毙或被打伤,华盛顿在天黑前投降. 这场战役标志着一场将决定法国或大英帝国是否宣称控制北美的战争的开始. 危急要塞被重建,至今仍保留在宾夕法尼亚州的法明顿.

Two Empires, One North America In the 1700s, Great Britain and France were locked in a struggle for global power. Both were growing empires, establishing colonies in far off lands. Colonists claimed furs, land, and, in some places, people whom they forced to work as slaves. These valuable resources brought great wealth to the two countries and helped them build powerful armies and navies. In 1749, the leader of New France sent 270 men to mark the colony’s borders. New France was French territory that included the modern-day Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The men marked French land claims and chased out British settlers they found in their territory. In 1753, a French force of about two thousand men set out to build forts to keep the British from settling in the Ohio River Valley. This area around the Ohio River was important for trade. This drawing shows a French fort built in 1701 in what is now Michigan.

两个帝国,一个北美 1700年代,大不列颠和法国被锁定在争夺全球强权的斗争中. 两者都是正在成长的帝国,在遥远的土地上建立殖民地. 殖民者要求获得皮毛、土地,在一些地方,他们被迫充当奴隶。 这些宝贵的资源给两国带来了巨大的财富并帮助他们建立了强大的军队和海军. 1749年,新法兰西领导人派遣270人来标出殖民地的边界. 新法国是法国的领土,包括现代加拿大魁北克省和安大略省. 这些人标记了法国的土地要求,并赶走了他们在其领土上发现的英国定居者。 1753年,一支由大约两千人组成的法军出动,去建造要塞来阻止英军在俄亥俄河谷定居. 俄亥俄河畔的这一地区对贸易很重要. 这幅画显示一个法国要塞建于1701年,位于现在的密歇根.

French territory now lay to the north and west of the British colonies. However, the British population in North America grew much more quickly than that of the French. In 1754, New France had only about eighty thousand colonists. Meanwhile, the population of the British colonies was about 1,160,000, plus three hundred thousand enslaved people. As the British looked for new territory to claim, they saw New France in the way. This map shows some of the places and groups that had an important role in the war for control of North America.

法国领土现在位于英国殖民地以北和以西. 然而,北美的英国人口增长快于法国人. 1754年,新法兰西只有约8万殖民者. 与此同时,英国殖民地的人口约为1,160,000人,外加30万被奴役者. 正如英国人寻找新领土要求时,他们看到新法兰西在路上. 这张地图显示了一些在争夺北美控制权的战争中起重要作用的地方和团体.

North America, 1750 Key French Territory British Territory Huron Territory Iroquois Territory Quebec Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne Fort Ontario Fort Oswego New York Fort Louisbourg ATLANTIC OCEAN The British and French also competed for the support of Native peoples living in these lands to help them get the territory they wanted. Traditionally, the French had better relations with Native peoples than the British did. The French respected Native territory, and they had good trade relationships. The British, however, claimed Native land and forced Native peoples to live under British rule. Many Native nations, including the Huron and Shawnee, allied with the French to try to protect their land and independence. Native nations were not all united. The Iroquois (EER-uh- kwoi) tried not to join either side in the conflict. Eventually, however, they were forced to take sides and allied with the British. This painting shows Native peoples fighting alongside the French in 1755.

北美,1750年 法兰西岛主要领地 英属领地 休伦 领地 伊罗魁斯 领地 魁北克 危急要塞 杜克斯内堡 安大略省 奥斯韦戈 纽约 路易斯堡堡 大西洋 英国人和法国人也竞相争取生活在这些土地上的原住民的支持来帮助他们获得自己想要的领土. 传统上,法国人与原住民的关系比英国人好. 法国人尊重原住民领地,他们有着良好的贸易关系. 然而,英国人声称拥有原住民土地并强迫原住民在英国统治下生活. 许多原住民国家,包括休伦人和肖尼人,都与法国人结盟,试图保护他们的土地和独立. 土著民族并非全部团结在一起。 易洛魁人(EER-uh-kwoi)试图不加入冲突任何一方. 然而最终他们被迫站在一边并和英国结盟. 这幅画显示1755年原住民与法国人并肩作战.

Strategy and Battles In 1755, the British launched several military operations against the French in North America. Their strategy was to destroy French forts along the borders between their two territories. The French and their Native allies were very good frontier fighters. They used the forests and rough land to their advantage. These forces often surprised and outmaneuvered the British. Even with its much larger colonial population and greater resources, Great Britain struggled in the first years of the war. In 1756, the French gained a clear advantage over the British. The British had built Fort Oswego and Fort Ontario on the shores of Lake Ontario, in what is now New York. From these forts, they planned to attack deeper into French territory. Instead, French forces attacked and captured the forts in August 1756. It was a major victory. It ruined British plans, and perhaps more importantly, it showed Native leaders that the French would probably win the war. Many of these leaders wanted to be on good terms with the side that won to keep their nations’ independence. More Native nations began to side with the French. Worldwide War In the United States, the North American conflict is remembered as the French and Indian War.

1755年的"战略与战役"(Strategy and Battles)中,英军在北美对法军发动了多起军事行动. 他们的策略是沿两地边界摧毁法国要塞. 法国人和他们的原住民盟友都是很好的边境战士. 他们利用森林和粗地来谋取利益。 这些势力经常感到惊讶并超越了英国人. 即使在殖民地人口多得多,资源多的情况下,大不列颠也在战争的最初几年里挣扎. 1756年,法军对英军取得了明显的优势. 英国人在安大略湖畔建造了奥斯韦戈要塞和安大略要塞,现在在纽约。 从这些要塞出发,他们计划更深入地进攻法国领土. 相反,法军于1756年8月进攻并夺取了要塞. 这是一个重大胜利。 它摧毁了英国的计划,也许更重要的是,它向原住民领袖表明法国人很可能会赢得战争. 这些领导人中许多人希望与赢得维护自己国家独立的一方保持良好关系。 更多的原住民开始与法国人并肩作战. 美国世界大战,北美冲突被人们记得为法国和印度战争.

However, the conflict was also part of the much larger Seven Years’ War (1756–1763).

然而,冲突也是更大规模的七年战争(1756-1763年)的一部分。

This war involved the most powerful parts of Europe at the time, as well as their colonies.

这场战争涉及到当时欧洲最强大的地区,以及他们的殖民地.

Great Britain allied with Prussia (a European kingdom in what is now Germany and Poland), Portugal, and others.

大不列颠与普鲁士(现在的德国和波兰是一个欧洲王国),葡萄牙等结盟.

France was joined by the Russian Empire, Spain, and Sweden.

法国被俄罗斯帝国,西班牙和瑞典所加入.

Battles of the Seven Years’ War were fought in and around Europe, West Africa, the Philippines, and India, as well as North America.

七年之战 在欧洲,西非,菲律宾,印度等地及周边地区,以及北美地区都发生过战争.

Many historians consider it the first worldwide war.

许多历史学家认为这是第一次世界性战争.

This map shows the major powers and alliances involved in the Seven Years’ War in Europe.

这幅地图显示了欧洲七年战争中所涉及的大国和联盟.

William Pitt Takes Charge In May 1756, the French and British Empires officially declared war on each other, marking the beginning of the Seven Years’ War, a global conflict between the most powerful European nations and their colonies. Increasingly, events in Europe had an impact on the fight for North America. William Pitt was a British politician who was devoted to the expansion of the British Empire. Pitt believed that beating the French in North America was key to winning the Seven Years’ War. Pitt made several changes that helped boost British fortunes. First, he provided financial support to Prussia, Great Britain’s ally against France in the war in Europe. This strategy forced France to keep soldiers and supplies in Europe. Second, he sent more British troops and ships to fight in North America. Finally, Pitt pushed for more money and training for soldiers in the British colonies. Meanwhile, France was struggling to pay for its war efforts. William Pitt In North America, Pitt planned to capture Louisbourg (LOO-iss-burg), a French fortress on the St. Lawrence River. The river provided a path to Quebec, the capital of New France. In July 1758, British ships landed about fourteen thousand men near the fortress. It fell after an eighteen-day siege, and British ships and soldiers now had a clear path to attack Quebec. The victory was a major turning point in the war. That October, the British also made a treaty with the Shawnee and fourteen other Native nations. Without the support of these allies, the French were forced to give up Fort Duquesne. Great Britain finally had control of the Ohio River Valley. Weapons of War The flintlock musket was the standard foot soldier’s weapon during the French and Indian War.

威廉·皮特于1756年5月正式向对方宣战,标志着七年战争的开始,是欧洲最强大的国家与其殖民地之间的全球冲突. 欧洲的事件对北美的斗争产生了越来越大的影响。 威廉·皮特是一位英国政治家,致力于大英帝国的扩张. Pitt认为在北美打败法国人是赢得七年的关键。 战争 皮特做了几次改变,帮助提升了英国的财富. 首先,他在欧洲战争中向大不列颠盟友普鲁士对法提供财政支持. 这一策略迫使法国将士兵和物资留在了欧洲. 第二,他派出了更多的英军和舰只去北美作战. 最后,皮特推动在英国殖民地为士兵提供更多金钱和培训. 与此同时,法国正在为战争努力付出代价。 北美的威廉·皮特(William Pitt),皮特计划攻克路易堡(LOO-iss-burg),这是圣劳伦斯河上的一个法国要塞. 该河流为新法兰西州首府魁北克提供了一条道路. 1758年7月,英国船只在要塞附近登陆了约一万四千人. 它在经过了18天的围攻后陷落了,而英国的舰只和士兵现在有一条明确的去向来可以攻击魁北克. 这场胜利是战争的主要转折点. 当年10月,英国人还同肖尼人和其他14个原住民国达成了条约. 没有这些盟友的支持,法国人被迫放弃了杜克斯内堡. 大不列颠最终控制了俄亥俄河谷. 战争武器 火把是法印战争期间标准脚兵的武器.

It was difficult to load, and even an experienced shooter could only fire two to three shots per minute.

装弹很困难,即使是经验丰富的射手,每分钟也只能发射2到3发子弹.

However, it was accurate to 175 yards (160 m) and even farther in good conditions.

然而,它准确到175码(160米),在良好条件下甚至更远.

Long knives called bayonets attached to the guns, making them effective stabbing weapons, too.

长刀叫刺刀,附着在枪上,使其能有效刺入武器也.

Cannons, or artillery, were heavy and hard to move on rough ground.

炮兵,或称炮兵,在粗糙的地上是重而难行.

However, blasts from these big guns could smash the walls of forts and other defenses.

然而,从这些大炮的爆破会打碎要塞和其他防御工事的墙.

They could also fire grapeshot, small metal balls that could stop an infantry charge with a deadly spray.

他们也可以发射葡萄弹,小金属球,用致命的喷雾来阻止一发步兵子弹.

The British remember 1759 as the Year of Miracles. That September, they captured Quebec in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. British ships also set up a blockade of the St. Lawrence River. The move made it very difficult for France to deliver men or supplies to New France. In November 1759, another important British victory took place thousands of miles away. In a desperate move, the French navy planned to invade Great Britain itself. However, twenty-three British warships caught the French fleet along the French coast. They boldly attacked in the Battle of Quiberon (kee-buh-ROHN) Bay and badly damaged the French navy. The victory left the British fleet in command of the Atlantic Ocean. This painting shows damaged French ships at the end of the Battle of Quiberon Bay.

英国人记得1759年为"奇迹之年". 9月,他们在亚伯拉罕平原之战中俘虏了魁北克. 英国船只也设置了对圣劳伦斯河的封锁. 这一举动使法国很难向新法兰西运送人或物资. 1759年11月,又一次重要的英国胜利发生在相距数千英里外. 在一次绝望的举动中,法国海军计划入侵大不列颠本土. 然而,有23艘英国军舰在法国海岸一带捕获了法国分舰队. 他们在克贝隆(kee-buh-ROHN)湾战役中大胆地进攻并严重破坏了法国海军. 胜利使英国舰队出动指挥大西洋. 这幅画展示了被破坏的法国舰艇在奎伯龙湾战役后期.

French Culture Though France lost the war, French culture survived in North America.

法国文化虽然战败,但法国文化在北美幸存.

Quebec, which includes the cities of Montreal and Quebec City, is Canada’s largest province.

包括蒙特利尔市和魁北克市在内的魁北克省是加拿大最大的省份.

French remains the official language there.

法语仍然是那里的官方语言。

In 1755, British soldiers expelled a French group known as Acadians from Nova Scotia, another Canadian province.

1755年,英国士兵将一个被称作"阿卡迪亚斯"(Acadians)的法国团体从另一个加拿大省新斯科舍驱逐出.

A number of Acadians migrated to Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns.

一些阿卡迪亚人移民到路易斯安那州,在那里他们被取名"卡戎人".

Cajuns still have their own style of music, food, and culture.

Cajun人仍然拥有自己的音乐,食物和文化风格.

The following year, the British captured Montreal, the last major unconquered city in New France. The French and Indian War was over. In 1763, the Seven Years’ War also ended, and the Treaty of Paris laid out official peace terms between France and Britain. France gave up its claims to lands in North America, and the British Empire became the main European power there. This ending was disastrous for Native nations, including those that had allied with the British. With no other European power standing in its way, the British colonies pushed west, further into Native lands. British soldiers order Acadians to leave Nova Scotia.

次年,英国人攻克了新法兰西最后一个未被征服的大城市蒙特利尔. 法印战争已经结束. 1763年,七年 战争也告一段落,"巴黎条约"为法国和英国规定了正式的和平条件. 法国放弃了对北美土地的主张,大英帝国也成为了那里的欧洲主要强国. 这一结局对原住民,包括与英国结盟的原住民来说是灾难性的. 由于没有其他的欧洲强国阻挡,英国殖民地向西推进,更深入到原住民地盘. 英国士兵命令阿卡迪亚人离开新斯科舍.

Road to Revolution The Seven Years’ War played a key role in shaping North America. Under British rule, New France would go on to become Canada, a country with strong ties to both French and English culture. The war also helped shape the United States. In 1765, Great Britain raised taxes on its North American colonies to help pay off its debts. In an effort to repair relations with Native nations, Britain also limited American expansion to the west. These actions angered many colonists. Eventually, in 1775, their protests flared into the American Revolutionary War. Many who had fought in the French and Indian War, including George Washington, played leading roles in the Revolutionary War. The French saw the American Revolution as a chance for revenge on the British. French supplies and ships helped the Americans outlast and defeat the more powerful British military. In 1783, the United States won its independence from Britain. In the end, winning the French and Indian War caused the British to lose much of the land they had fought to gain. Glossary allies (n.)

革命之路 七年 战争在塑造北美的过程中发挥了关键作用. 在英国的统治下,新法兰西会继续成为加拿大,这个国家与法国和英国文化都有很强的联系. 战争还帮助塑造了美国. 1765年,大不列颠对其北美殖民地征税来帮助还债. 为了修复同原住民国家的关系,英国也限制美国向西扩张. 这些行动激怒了许多殖民者. 最终,在1775年,他们的抗议爆发了美国革命战争. 许多曾参加过法国和印度战争的人,包括乔治·华盛顿,在革命战争中起过主导作用. 法国人视美国革命为报复英国人的机会. 法国的补给和船只帮助了美国人超时而击败了更强大的英国军队. 1783年,美国从英国获得独立. 最终,赢得了法印战争,使英国人失去了他们为取而战的大部分土地. 词汇同盟(n.)

people or groups that join with others for a common cause (p. 4) claim (n.)

为共同事业而与他人会合的个人或团体(p. 4) 索赔(不详)

a piece of land that a person or group declares it has a right to own (p. 5) colonial (adj.)

一个人或一个团体宣称有权拥有的地块(p. 5) 殖民(adj.

of or relating to a colony, especially the time in U.S. history before the thirteen colonies gained independence from Britain (p. 4) disastrous (adj.)

与殖民地有关,特别是13个殖民地从英国独立之前的美国历史时期(第4页)是灾难性的(adj.

causing damage, harm, or loss on a large scale (p. 14) expansion (n.)

造成大规模损害、伤害或损失(第14页)

an increase in the size, amount, volume, or scope of something (p. 11) fleet (n.)

(第11页)

a group of ships traveling together that are under the same command (p. 13) fort (n.)

由同名指挥(第13页)要塞(n.

a strong building or group of buildings that protects soldiers (p. 4) invade (v.)

保护士兵的强大建筑物或建筑群(第4页)

to enter aggressively to conquer, weaken, or injure (p. 13) outmaneuvered (v.)

(第13页)