Volcanoes
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Eruption of Vesuvius.
内容列表 维苏威火山之崩.
4 People and Volcanoes.
4人与火山相会.
8 Where and Why Volcanoes Form.
8 何处和为何有火山形成.
10 Composite Volcanoes.
10 复合火山.
14 Shield Volcanoes.
14个盾形火山.
18 Cinder Cones and Lava Domes.
18 Cinder Cones and Lava Domes. (原始内容存档于2018-04-29).
20 Conclusion.
20 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 The Eruption of Vesuvius Few people in the Roman city of Pompeii paid much attention to the earthquakes that began shaking the region in ad 79.
23 罗马城市蓬佩伊的Vesuvius Eruption很少人对在ad79中开始震动该地区的地震给予很大关注.
They had suffered through seismic activity in the past and had rebuilt their city whenever any significant damage happened.
他们过去曾遭受地震活动之苦,一旦发生重大破坏,便重建了城市。
Usually, though, the earthquakes were minor, and people had grown accustomed to them.
通常,地震是轻微的,人们已经习惯了地震。
The residents of Pompeii loved their beautiful city and would not leave just because the ground occasionally shook or a building fell down.
蓬佩伊的居民热爱他们美丽的城市,不会仅仅因为地上偶尔会震动或一栋建筑倒塌而离开.
No one connected the trembling ground with the wisp of smoke that steadily hissed from nearby Mount Vesuvius.
没有人把颤抖的地与来自附近的维苏威火山的烟雾相连接。
After all, people had lived in Pompeii for centuries without ever witnessing a volcanic eruption.
毕竟,人们在蓬佩伊生活了几个世纪,从未见过火山爆发。
The slopes of Mount Vesuvius were carpeted with trees, flowers, and grass.
维苏威火山的山坡被树,花,草所覆盖.
It had been a thousand years since the volcano had erupted, so most people assumed that it was dormant, or even extinct.
火山已经爆发了一千年,所以大多数人认为火山已经休眠,甚至已经灭绝.
This volcano shows signs of activity.
这所火山显示出活动的迹象.
But everything changed on August 24 around one o’clock in the afternoon.
但8月24日下午1点左右一切都变了。
Suddenly, a huge explosion shook the area around the mountain.
突然,一场巨大的爆炸震撼了山周围的地区.
Dust, ash, and melted rock spewed from the summit of the volcano, darkening the sky.
灰尘和熔岩从火山顶上喷出,使天空变暗.
This dust, ash, and stone (collectively known as tephra) blanketed the city, covering the ground as far away as 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the mountain.
这种灰尘和石头(统称为tephra)覆盖了这座城市,覆盖了离山最远有16公里(10米)的地面.
By three o’clock, lava began pouring from the mouth of the volcano, destroying everything in its path.
火山口喷出熔岩,
By six o’clock, the cloud of dust and ash had ascended to a height of 32 kilometers (20 mi), and the powerful energy inside it generated lightning bolts.
尘埃和灰尘已升至32公里(20米)高地,
The ash continued to fall over the area, covering the ground to a depth of 1 meter (3.
灰烬继续从地上俯冲而下,地上覆盖了1米(3.
3 ft).
(原始内容存档于2013-10-12). 3 ftt.
Buildings collapsed under the weight of the falling debris.
建筑物倒塌在倒塌的残骸下
People in the cities surrounding Mount Vesuvius tried to flee as the volcano demolished their homes and farms.
维苏威火山周边城市的人们试图在火山摧毁了他们的家园和农场后出逃.
They gathered their most portable treasures and hurried their families away from the disaster.
他们收集起最可携带的宝物,并匆忙地将家人赶出灾难.
Some people tried to walk over the thick layers of ash, but the ash was so deep and hot that many people died.
一些人试图走过厚厚的灰地层,但灰地深而炎热,以至于有许多人死亡.
Others were struck and killed by stones falling from the dark sky.
其他人被从黑暗中落下的石头所击中并被杀死.
Many choked to death on the ash- and dust- clogged air.
许多人在灰尘堵塞的空气中窒息而死。
Around midnight, the crisis grew even worse.
大约午夜,危机变得更加严重。
The massive cloud of ash, poisonous gases, glowing-hot dust, and smoke had become so huge and heavy that it could no longer stay in the air.
大量的灰云、有毒气体、发光热尘和烟雾变得如此巨大而沉重,无法再停留在空气中。
The cloud collapsed into a pyroclastic flow, racing down the mountain at speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour (310 mph).
云层倒塌为一股烟花流,以每小时500公里(310 mph)的速度下山.
Glowing-hot lava bubbles up inside a volcano.
火山内部喷出热熔岩
Mount Vesuvius overlooks the excavated ruins of Pompeii.
维苏威火山忽略了出土的庞贝废墟.
This was Mount Vesuvius’s first surge cloud.
这是维苏威火山的首次涌出云.
Within a few moments, people in the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were scorched and buried by the collapsing cloud.
几分钟内,蓬佩伊市和赫克吕纳姆市的人们被倒塌的云层所烧焦并埋葬.
As more dust and ash billowed from the volcano, more surge clouds followed.
火山喷出更多的灰尘和灰烬,随即涌出出更多的云层.
When the eruption was over, two cities of the Roman Empire were completely buried and wiped off the face of the Earth.
喷发结束后,罗马帝国的两个城市被彻底掩埋并被从地上抹去.
They would not be found again for more than one thousand years.
在一千多年前不会再找到他们。
What you just read is an account of a real event.
你刚刚读到的是一个真实事件的描述。
But how did it happen?
怎么会这样?
What could cause such a violent explosion?
何以能引发如此激烈的爆炸?
And if volcanoes are so dangerous, why do people choose to live near them?
如果火山这么危险 为什么人们会选择住在附近?
People and Volcanoes People live near volcanoes for many reasons.
人民和火山 人们生活在火山附近的原因很多.
They often find nutrient-rich soil for farming in these regions or wonderful hot springs where they can take warm baths.
它们常常在这些地区找到富营养的土壤来进行耕作,或者在美妙的温泉可以去取暖取浴.
Still, they have learned to respect volcanoes.
然而,他们学会了尊重火山。
Long ago, people had no way to predict or understand volcanoes.
很久以前,人们无法预测或理解火山。
They told stories to explain the dangerous eruptions.
他们讲故事来解释危险的喷发.
For instance, people in Hawaii believed the goddess Pele (PAY-lay) caused the volcanoes to erupt when she was angry.
例如,夏威夷人相信女神佩莱(PAY-lay)在她生气时使火山爆发.
Some types of volcanic glass are named in honor of this goddess, such as Pele’s hair and Pele’s tears.
一些类型的火山玻璃被命名来纪念这位女神,例如佩勒的发型和佩勒的眼泪.
Pele’s tears are small drops of lava that cool and become solid while flying through the air.
Pele的眼泪是一小滴熔岩,
A plaster cast of the body of an inhabitant of Pompeii killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius Do You Know?
被维苏威火山喷发所杀死的蓬佩伊居民尸体的石膏?
Pompeii, a city not far from Mount Vesuvius, was completely buried by a surge cloud.
庞贝(Pompeii)是一座距离维苏威火山不远的城市,被一股涌出地云所完全掩埋.
As the bodies of victims decayed over time, they left pockets of air in the hardened ash and mud that surrounded them.
随着被害者的尸体逐渐腐烂,他们留下了被坚硬的灰烬和泥地所包围的空隙.
These air pockets preserved the exact shapes of the bodies they once contained.
这些空气口袋保留了它们曾经所封存的尸体的确切形状.
Archaeologists filled the holes with plaster to make casts showing how the people looked when they died.
考古学家用石膏填满了洞口,以做出显示人们死后的样子的铸造.
Native Americans told stories about an extinct volcano in Wyoming known as Devil’s Tower.
美国原住民讲述了怀俄明州一座被称作"魔鬼之塔"的已灭绝火山的故事.
They explained that it was created by magic and shaped by the claws of an angry bear.
他们解释说由魔法所创造,由愤怒熊的爪子所塑造.
In ancient Greece and Rome, people believed volcanoes were the forges where lightning bolts were made.
在古希腊和罗马,人们相信火山是造出闪电的活体.
The word volcano comes from the name of the Roman god Vulcan, who made the lightning bolts.
火山一词出自罗马神武克人所造出闪电闪电的名字.
Even today, volcanologists say that volcanoes smell like a blacksmith’s forge.
火山学家说,即使是今天,火山也闻起来像铁匠的伪造品。
And in Japan, people still climb Mount Fuji, a volcano that last erupted in 1707, as a form of religious practice.
而在日本,人们仍然会爬上富士山,这是最后一次爆发于1707年的火山,是宗教活动的一种形式.
Today, scientists use a variety of tools and instruments to help them gather information about volcanoes.
今天,科学家们使用各种工具和仪器来帮助他们收集火山的信息.
They understand the forces that create mountains and have equipment that can help them predict when a volcano will next erupt.
他们了解造山的力量 拥有能帮助预测火山何时会爆发的设备
Where and Why Volcanoes Form The first volcanoes appeared about 3.
火山形成地点和原因 最早的火山出现约3起.
5 billion years ago.
50亿年前.
They covered vast areas with hot lava that spewed from deep within Earth.
它们覆盖了广大的地区,有从地底深处喷出热熔岩.
Earth’s hard surface, or crust, is made of many enormous sheets of rock called tectonic plates.
地球的硬地表,或地壳,由许多巨大的被称作构造板块的地表所构成.
Some plates make up the continents, while others make up the ocean floors.
一些板块组成了大陆,而另一些板块则组成了洋底.
Just under the surface of the plates, Earth is extremely hot—so hot that rock melts into a liquid called magma.
就在板块地表下,地球非常炎热——如此炎热地将岩石融为一种叫"岩浆"的液体.
Magma is about 1,200º Celsius (2,192ºF).
马格玛摄氏约1200摄氏度(2,192摄氏度).
Sometimes the magma works its way up to the surface and seeps out through cracks in the crust.
有时岩浆会工作到地表,通过地壳的裂缝渗出.
Scientists estimate that more than fifteen hundred different volcanoes have erupted in the last ten thousand years.
科学家估计,在过去一万多年间,已经爆发了一万五千多座不同的火山.
Every year, about thirty- five or forty volcanoes erupt at various places around the world.
每年,世界各地约有35起或40起火山爆发。
Sometimes observers are only able to see a small amount of smoke or steam emerging from an erupting volcano.
有时观察者只能看到从喷发的火山中冒出少量的烟雾或蒸汽.
Some volcanoes are always erupting, but they do it very slowly.
有些火山总是会喷发 但喷发速度很慢
Others, like Vesuvius, can remain quiet for thousands of years between eruptions.
其他如维苏威火山等在喷发之间可以保持数千年的安静.
Volcanoes usually form at the edges of the tectonic plates.
火山通常会形成于构造板块的边缘.
The plates are slowly floating on the thick liquid magma underneath them.
板块缓慢地漂浮在下方的厚重液体岩浆上.
The various plates each move in different directions, crashing into, pulling away from, or grinding past other plates.
不同的板块各向不同方向移动,撞入,拉出或磨过其他板块.
As the huge plates slide and rub against each other, their movements create large cracks in the crust.
随着巨大的板块相向而滑并相向相向相向相向,它们的移动在地壳中造成了巨大的裂缝.
At some of these cracks, the magma breaks through to form volcanoes.
在这些裂缝中,岩浆会冲出形成火山.
There are at least five hundred active volcanoes in the world, most of which are located near the edges of tectonic plates.
世界上至少有500座活火山,其中大部分位于地壳板块边缘附近.
The edge of the Pacific Ocean plate is a particularly dense volcanic region known as the Ring of Fire.
太平洋板块的边缘是一个特别密集的火山区,被称作"火环".
Another notably active volcanic region runs along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a mountain chain in the Atlantic Ocean.
另一个显著活跃的火山区域沿着大西洋的山链 -- -- 大西洋中脊 -- -- 延伸。
Two plates are drifting apart in the Atlantic Ocean, allowing magma to seep up through the ocean floor, where it accumulates.
两块板块正在大西洋中相去甚远,使岩浆能渗出出洋底,沉积于洋底.
Over time, the magma can build up and create mountains so tall that they emerge from the water.
随着时间的推移,岩浆可以积聚并形成高耸的山地来从水中涌出.
The island country of Iceland sits atop the summits of large volcanoes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
冰岛岛国坐落在大西洋中脊大火山的顶峰上。
When an ocean plate crashes into a continental plate, the ocean plate moves down, creating an active volcanic region.
当一个海洋板块撞入一个大陆板块时,海洋板块会向下移动,形成活火山区.
Continental crust Trench Volcanic arc Mantle Mantle Oceanic crust Plate Movement Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire More than half the active volcanoes in the world occur along the Ring of Fire.
地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳运动 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地 地壳 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地
Other volcanoes are located in areas far from the edges of the plates.
其他火山分布在远离板块边缘的区域.
The islands of Hawaii are in the center of the Pacific Ocean plate.
夏威夷群岛位于太平洋板块的中心.
They are located above a “hot spot,” a place where hot magma sits very close to the surface of Earth’s crust.
它们位于 " 热点 " 上方,热岩浆位于地壳地表附近。
Sometimes the magma creates a new island, but the process is very gradual, taking tens of thousands of years.
有时岩浆会造出一个新的岛屿,但过程非常渐进,需要上万年的时间.
In Wyoming’s Yellowstone National Park, which is located in the middle of the North American plate, an underground hot spot sits directly below underground lakes and waterways.
在位于北美板块中部的怀俄明州黄石国家公园中,一个地下热点坐落于地下湖泊和水道正下方.
The magma heats up the ground and the water, creating hot springs and geysers that shoot water high into the air.
岩浆将地上和水上加热,形成高射入空气的温泉和宝石.
Different volcanoes erupt in different ways, depending on where and why the volcano forms.
不同的火山以不同的方式爆发,取决于火山形成的地点和原因.
Some volcanoes erupt peacefully and slowly, while others suddenly explode with the force of many atomic bombs.
一些火山和平而缓慢地喷发,而另一些火山则突然以多枚原子弹的威力爆炸.
Let’s examine different kinds of volcanoes and learn how they erupt.
让我们来检查不同种类的火山,
Composite Volcanoes Mount Vesuvius, which you read about earlier in this book, is a composite volcano on the west coast of southern Italy.
维苏威火山(英語:Complical Volcanoes Mount Vesuvius),你之前在这本书中读到过,是意大利南部西海岸的一座复合火山.
Composite volcanoes are explosive volcanoes—their eruptions can be extremely violent and destructive.
复合火山是爆炸性的火山——它们的喷发可能极具暴力性和破坏性。
Also called stratovolcanoes, they are the most common type of volcano.
也叫"斯特拉托火山",是最常见的火山类型.
Composite volcanoes are usually large mountains with steep sides and evenly shaped peaks, often with a bowl-shaped crater at the top.
复合火山通常是有陡峭的侧面和均匀形状的山峰的大山地,顶部常有碗状的陨坑.
The crater is a hollow area where the magma, hot gases, and ash come out.
该陨坑是一个空洞区域,岩浆,热气体,和灰烬从中涌出.
Most composite volcanoes occur where the magma near the surface is thick and slow moving.
大多数复合火山发生在地表附近的岩浆厚而移动缓慢的地方.
Magma moves toward the surface in tubes called vents.
马格玛在被称作"通气管"的管子中向地表移动.
When the magma is unusually thick, it can cool and harden inside a vent, plugging the vent and trapping the magma below.
当岩浆异常浓厚时,可以冷却并硬化入出气口内部,将出气口插入出气口并困入下方出气口.
Because the heat and gases beneath the plugged vent have nowhere to go, the pressure slowly begins to increase.
由于插口通气口下方的热能和气体无处可去,压力开始缓慢地增加.
Eventually the pressure becomes so great that it reaches a critical level, and the volcano explodes.
最终压力变得如此之大,以至于达到临界水平,火山会爆炸.
Sometimes the explosion is so violent that the whole mountain is destroyed in the blast.
有时,爆炸非常激烈,以至于整座山被炸毁.
When Washington State’s Mount St.
当华盛顿州圣山.
Helens erupted in 1980, the entire northern side of the mountain was obliterated.
1980年海伦斯爆发,整个北侧的山被抹去.
When composite volcanoes erupt, they send massive clouds of dust, ash, smoke, hot gas, and rock into the air.
当复合火山喷发时,它们会把大量的尘埃,灰烬,烟雾,热气和岩石送入空气.
These clouds rise for many kilometers, turning the sky black and raining ash onto the ground.
这些云层上升了多公里,将天空变黑并下起灰来倒地.
When a cloud of debris becomes too dense to remain in the air, it collapses in a violent surge cloud.
当一团碎片云变得过于密集而无法留在空气中时,会倒塌在猛烈的涌出云中.
Many composite volcanoes are very tall, and they are often capped with ice and snow.
许多复合火山都非常高,并经常被冰雪所覆盖.
In an instant, an explosion can melt all of the ice and snow, sending a flood of water, mud, and rock racing down the mountain at up to 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph).
在一瞬间,一爆炸可以融化出所有的冰雪,将一股洪水,泥地,和岩石竞相冲下山来,时速可达100公里(62 mph).
Melting ice and snow sent a massive mudslide racing down the side of this volcano.
融化的冰雪 使大面积的泥石流 冲向火山的一侧
Mount St.
圣多伦山
Helens before 1980 eruption Mount St.
1980年喷发前的海伦斯 圣多伦山
Helens after 1980 eruption Do You Know?
1980年喷发后的海伦斯你知道吗?
When Mount St.
圣山时.
Helens, in Washington State, erupted on May 18, 1980, 63 people died and 311 square kilometers (193 sq mi) of forest were flattened by hot winds that blew down the mountainside.
1980年5月18日,华盛顿州的海伦斯爆发了63人死亡,311平方千米(193 sq mi)的森林被吹倒了山坡的热风所平地.
Some volcanic ash clouds are so huge that they send ash and dust traveling around the world, blocking out sunlight and cooling the entire planet.
一些火山灰云如此之大 以至于它们把火山灰和灰尘 传播到世界各地 阻断了阳光 冷却了整个星球
After the 1815 eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Indonesia, people living far away in North America experienced a cold, snowy summer.
1815年印度尼西亚的一座火山坦博拉爆发后,生活在北美远方的人们经历了寒冷多雪的夏天.
Sometimes an entire underground lake of magma can pour out of a composite volcano, leaving a huge empty space below.
有时整个岩浆的地下湖能从复合火山中倒出,在下方留下了巨大的空地.
With nothing to support it, the surface collapses into the empty chamber, leaving a large bowl-shaped basin called a caldera.
由于没有支撑,地表会倒塌入空舱,留下了被称作"出炉"的大碗状盆地.
Calderas can measure as much as 100 kilometers (62 mi) from side to side.
卡尔德拉斯可以从一面到一面测量到多达100公里(62米).
Over time, they often fill with water, creating large lakes.
随着时间的推移,它们经常会充满出水,形成出大湖.
Composite volcanoes can destroy huge forests, bury entire cities, and kill thousands of people.
复合火山可以摧毁巨大的森林,埋葬整个城市,并杀死上千人.
These volcanoes are very dangerous because they often remain quiet for hundreds of years between eruptions.
这些火山非常危险,因为它们经常在喷发之间保持数百年的安静.
People forget that the volcano might erupt, and they build their homes dangerously close to the mountain.
人们忘记了火山可能爆发,他们在靠近山上的危险地建造了家园.
Shield Volcanoes You may have seen a video of bright orange lava flowing or spraying from the top of a volcano.
盾牌火山 你可能已经看到一个视频 亮橙色熔岩流出或喷出 从火山顶部。
The lava, which is very runny, flows smoothly and quickly, moving like water in a stream.
熔岩非常多变, 流得平稳而快, 像水一样在溪流中移动。
The lava spreads out over the land before slowly hardening and building up.
熔岩扩散到陆地上 慢慢地变硬并逐渐形成
This type of lava comes from a shield volcano.
这类熔岩出自盾牌火山.
Shield volcanoes usually have gentle, smooth mountain slopes in the shape of shields.
盾形火山通常有温和平滑的山坡,形状为盾形.
Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in Hawaii Do You Know?
毛纳洛亚,夏威夷的盾牌火山 你知道吗?
The Klamath Indians in southern Oregon used to tell a story about the origin of Crater Lake.
俄勒冈州南部的克拉姆斯印第安人曾讲述了克赖特湖起源的故事.
In the story, the first coyote fell in love with a star and found a way to join her in the sky.
在故事中,第一只野狼爱上了一颗星星并找到了与她一起上天的方法.
When he fell back to Earth, his impact made a hole that became Crater Lake.
当他倒回地球时,他的撞击打出一个洞,成为了克赖特湖.
Crater Lake is a well-known caldera in Oregon.
克吕特湖是俄勒冈州有名的出产地.
This huge caldera was formed when the volcano collapsed in on itself.
火山崩塌时形成了巨大的火山口
Eruptions of shield-volcanoes are usually gentle rather than explosive, although the lava flows can still destroy roads, homes, and forests.
虽然熔岩流仍能摧毁道路、家园和森林,但盾状火山的喷发通常温和而无爆炸性。
Sometimes a shield volcano contains hot gases or steam that sprays from the crater, creating a bright lava fountain.
有时盾形火山会含有从火山口喷出出出热气体或蒸汽,形成一个明亮的熔岩喷泉.
Since the paths of the lava flows are stable and predictable, scientists are often able to get very close to study them.
由于熔岩流的路径是稳定和可预测的,科学家们往往能够非常接近地研究.
Shield volcanoes can remain quietly active for long periods of time and can grow to become extremely large in the process.
盾形火山可以在很长一段时间内保持静态活性,并会在这个过程中成长为极大.
Mauna Loa on Hawaii is the tallest volcano in the world, rising 9,170 meters (30,080 ft) from its base on the seafloor, making it taller than Mount Everest.
夏威夷岛上的毛纳洛亚火山是世界上最高的火山,从海底的基座起高9,170米(30,080英尺),比珠穆朗玛峰高.
However, even Mauna Loa seems tiny when compared to the largest known volcano in our solar system—Olympus Mons on Mars.
然而,即使是毛纳 与太阳系中已知最大的火山相比 洛阿似乎很小 奥林匹斯·蒙斯上火星.
This enormous Martian shield volcano stands 27 kilometers (17 mi) in height.
这座巨大的火星盾形火山的高度为27公里(17米).
Cinder Cones and Lava Domes Some volcanoes are not active long enough to form large mountains.
圆锥岩和岩浆地 有些火山活动时间不够长,无法形成大山.
Instead, they may just spray small bits of lava into the air for brief periods of time.
相反,它们可能只是向空气中喷出一小片熔岩短时间.
The small lava chunks and bits of ash harden into lightweight black rocks called cinders.
小熔岩块和灰块被硬化成轻量级的黑色岩石,称为灰缸.
The cinders pile up around the vent into a cone-shaped hill with a crater at the top.
圆柱形的圆柱形火山口周围堆积成圆锥形山丘,顶部有一座陨坑.
Such hills are called cinder cones.
这种丘陵被称作"灰缸锥".
Brand-new volcanoes that suddenly appear often form cinder cones.
突然出现的全新的火山 往往形成灰缸锥形
Other cinder cones pile up inside the craters or calderas of larger, older volcanoes.
其他圆锥形火山堆积在火山口或火山口中,
Most cinder cones erupt only once.
大部分灰缸锥只发了一次.
Because cinder cones are made of loose rocks, they usually erode quickly in the wind and rain.
由于灰缸锥由松散的岩石所制成,它们通常会迅速被风和雨侵蚀.
Olympus Mons, on the surface of Mars, is the largest volcano in the solar system.
火星表面的奥林匹斯蒙斯是太阳系中最大的火山.
It would cover the entire state of Arizona.
它会覆盖整个亚利桑那州
Lava domes also result from small, brief eruptions, but the lava that forms these structures is a thick, pasty liquid that oozes from the vent and quickly hardens.
熔岩穹顶也由小型而短暂的喷发而来,但形成这些结构的熔岩是一种从喷口喷出并迅速硬化的厚而粘稠的液体.
Sometimes, more lava pushes up and expands through the center of the dome, cracking the outside.
有时,更多的熔岩会向上推进并穿过穹顶的中心进行扩张,使外层裂开.
These domes often form in areas with other volcanic activity.
这些圆顶常形成于有其他火山活动的地区.
They are often found in the craters and calderas of larger volcanoes.
它们常被发现在较大火山的火山口和火山口.
Like composite volcanoes, lava domes often explode violently.
和复合火山一样,熔岩穹顶经常会剧烈地爆炸.
Conclusion Volcanoes are the most spectacular evidence we have that Earth is a changing planet.
结论 火山是我们最壮观的证据 地球是一个变化中的行星。
Lava pouring from a volcanic vent creates new rock and new land.
火山口喷出出熔岩 创造出新的岩石和土地
Volcanic ash makes extremely fertile soil that is useful for farming.
火山灰使土壤极为肥沃,对耕作有用.
In some places, people use the geothermal energy from volcanoes to run power plants and produce electricity.
在有些地方,人们利用火山产生的地热能来运行发电厂并发电.
Some people even live inside volcanoes!
有些人甚至住在火山内部!
In Rabaul, in the country of Papua New Guinea, volcanoes sometimes erupt inside the town.
在巴布亚新几内亚的拉保尔,火山有时会在该镇内爆发.
Volcanic mountains, including Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Rainier in Washington, and Mauna Loa in Hawaii, are some of the most recognizable and beautiful mountains in the world.
火山山脉包括日本的富士山,华盛顿的兰尼埃山和夏威夷的毛纳罗亚等地,是世界上一些最可辨认和美丽的山脉.
It is no wonder that humans often choose to live near volcanoes.
难怪人类常常选择住在火山附近.
But we should always remember that volcanoes can be violent, dangerous places.
但我们应该永远记住 火山是暴力的 危险的地方
Volcanoes unleash some of Earth’s most powerful forces.
火山释放出一些地球最强大的力量。