At Work
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Rules for a New Nation.
4"新民族通则".
5 The Cabinet.
5 内阁。
7 The Growing Needs of a Growing Country.
7 增长国家日益增长的需要。
9 Conclusion.
9 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction When a house is built, workers are hired to do special jobs.
导言 房屋建成后,聘请工人从事特殊工作.
Carpenters build walls, and roofers construct roofs.
木匠会建造墙壁,而屋顶会建造屋顶.
Plumbers place pipes.
管子们放管子
Electricians put in wires.
电工装了电线
These workers are experts at what they do.
这些工人是他们的专长。
They make sure the entire home has systems that work.
他们确保整个家庭都有有效的系统。
When the United States became a new nation, it had about 2.
当美国成为一个新国家时,它大约有2个.
5 million people.
五百万众生.
And just like a house, the new country needed systems that would work well for its citizens.
和房子一样,新国家需要能够很好地为公民服务的制度。
The country’s founders knew this.
国家创始人知道这一点。
They came up with a way for experts to make and run systems and help the president run the country.
他们想出了一种方法,让专家建立和运行系统,帮助总统管理国家.
The founding fathers draft the Declaration of Independence.
创始人起草"独立宣言".
The Three Branches of Government Rules for a New Nation In 1788, American leaders approved the Constitution of the United States.
1788年美国领导人批准了"美国宪法",即"新国家政府规则"的三个分支.
This document outlined ideas and rules to guide how the young country was to be governed.
该文件概述了指导如何治理年轻国家的构想和规则。
The Constitution divides the government into three branches, or parts.
《宪法》将政府分为三个分支或部分。
The legislative branch—Congress—includes the U.
立法部门 国会包括U.
S.
师曰.
Senate and House of Representatives.
参议院和众议院。
Congress makes laws and represents the country’s citizens.
国会制定法律和代表国家公民。
The judicial branch is made up of a system of courts.
司法部门由法院系统组成。
The executive branch, led by the president, manages the day-to-day operations of the country.
行政部门由总统领导,管理国家的日常运作.
Supreme Court Other Federal Courts JUDICIAL BRANCH (decides how laws can and should be used) The Senate The House of Representatives LEGISLATIVE BRANCH (makes laws) EXECUTIVE BRANCH (carries out laws) The President The Vice President The Cabinet The founders gave a lot of thought to the role of an elected president.
最高法院 其他联邦法院(关于如何使用和应当使用法律的决定) 众议院(制定法律) 总统 副总统 内阁 创始人对当选总统的角色给予了很多思考.
The president would be the chief executive responsible for the nation—a huge job for just one person.
总统是负责国家事务的行政长官,
Even before he was president, George Washington understood this.
甚至在他担任总统之前,乔治·华盛顿就明白这一点.
He described “the impossibility that one man should be able to perform all the great business of the State.”
他说,“一个人不可能从事国家的一切伟大事业。 “
The founders knew that throughout history, heads of state often had advisors to help them lead.
创始人知道,在整个历史中,国家元首经常有顾问帮助他们领导.
The Constitution borrowed that idea.
宪法借用了这个想法。
It allowed the creation of executive departments headed by expert advisors called secretaries.
它允许设立行政部门,由专家顾问领导,称为秘书。
These advisors form the president’s cabinet.
这些顾问组成总统内阁。
They help him or her make sure the country’s systems work well for its citizens.
他们帮助他(她)确保国家的制度对公民运作良好。
According to Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, the president may appoint cabinet members but is not required to by law.
根据《宪法》第二条第2款,总统可以任命内阁成员,但法律不要求这样做。
The Cabinet By 1788, Congress had established three executive departments.
内阁 到1788年,国会已经设立了三个行政部门.
They were the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Department of War, and the Treasury Department.
他们分别是外交部,战争部,财政部.
The Office of Attorney General was created in 1789.
1789年创建了总检察长办公室.
When George Washington took office in 1789, it was up to him to choose who would lead each department.
乔治·华盛顿于1789年上任后,由他来选择谁领导每个部门.
He sent his choices to the Senate for approval.
他把他的选择送交参议院批准.
Washington chose the most qualified men he knew.
华盛顿选择了他认识的最合格的人.
They came from different regions of the country and had different views.
他们来自该国不同地区,观点不同。
The first cabinet meeting took place in February 1793.
第一次内阁会议于1793年2月举行.
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Thomas Jefferson often argued with Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.
外交部长托马斯·杰斐逊经常与财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿争论.
Hamilton, like Washington, felt that a strong central government was best.
汉密尔顿同华盛顿一样,认为强大的中央政府是最好的.
Jefferson was a strong believer in states’ rights.
杰斐逊坚信各州的权利。
In December 1793, Jefferson resigned.
1793年12月,杰斐逊辞职.
The first cabinet, from left to right: George Washington, Henry Knox (War), Alexander Hamilton (Treasury), Thomas Jefferson (State), and Edmund Randolph (Attorney General) Washington learned from his experience.
第一个内阁,从左到右分别是:乔治·华盛顿,亨利·诺克斯(战争),亚历山大·汉密尔顿(特雷苏里),托马斯·杰斐逊(国家),埃德蒙·兰多夫(总检察长)·华盛顿从他的经验中吸取了教训.
He announced that he would not choose cabinet members who thought differently about how to govern.
他宣布他不会选择对如何治理有不同想法的内阁成员.
From then on, the president mostly chose cabinet members who would support his or her position.
从那时起,总统大多选择支持他或她立场的内阁成员。
This was one of several traditions followed by future presidents.
这是未来总统遵循的几种传统之一。
Another tradition is that cabinet members only have one boss—the president.
另一个传统是内阁成员只有一个老板——总统。
Cabinet members must be approved by the Senate, but they are answerable only to the president.
内阁成员必须经参议院批准,但他们只对总统负责。
Once approved, Congress cannot fire department secretaries.
一旦批准,国会不能解雇部门秘书。
Only the president can ask a cabinet member to leave.
只有总统才能要求内阁成员离开.
Lastly, cabinet members have no power of their own.
最后,内阁成员没有自己的权力。
They do not share presidential authority.
他们不分享总统权力。
They can give advice, but they must follow the president’s directions.
他们可以提供建议,但必须遵守总统的指示。
The Growing Needs of a Growing Country As the nation grew, so did the size of presidential cabinets.
增长国家日益增长的需要 随着国家的发展,总统内阁的规模也随之扩大.
The original departments and offices changed and expanded.
原部会和办事机构相继变更并扩编.
More and more experts were appointed to help presidents run the country.
越来越多的专家被任命帮助总统管理国家。
Each department has specific responsibilities.
每个部门都有具体的责任。
The Department of State—The Department of Foreign Affairs became the Department of State.
国务院-外交部改为国务院.
Its main job is to create and maintain good relationships with other countries.
其主要工作是与其他国家建立并保持良好关系.
Ambassadors and diplomats work within those countries as representatives of the United States.
大使和外交官作为美国代表在这些国家工作。
The State Department’s main offices are in Washington, D.
国务院主要办公室设在华盛顿.
C.
C组
It also has over 300 embassies in more than 190 countries worldwide.
它还在全世界190多个国家有300多个大使馆。
The State Department is in the Harry S.
国务院在"哈利S".
Truman Federal Building.
杜鲁门联邦大厦.
The Department of Defense—In 1947, Congress voted to unify the U.
国防部——1947年,国会投票统一U.
S.
师曰.
Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force into a single department.
陆军,海军,海军陆战队,空军合并为一个部门.
This became the Department of Defense.
这成为了国防部.
This department is headquartered at the Pentagon in Washington, D.
这个部门总部位于华盛顿特区的五角大楼.
C.
C组
The president is the commander in chief, but the Defense Department manages the military forces that protect the nation.
总统是总司令,但国防部管理保护国家的军事力量.
It is by far the largest of the cabinet departments, with over 1.
它是迄今为止最大的内阁部门,有1个以上。
3 million service personnel and 742,000 civilian employees.
300万服务人员和74.2万名文职人员.
The Department of Defense is in the Pentagon.
国防部在五角大楼
It has 1.
它有1个。
8 million people on active duty.
现役800万人.
The Department of the Treasury—The Department of the Treasury regulates the country’s banks.
财政部 财政部管理国家银行。
It also collects taxes, prints paper money, and mints coins.
其还收税,印出纸币,并铸出薄荷硬币.
Most of the original duties assigned to the Treasury Department in 1789 are still carried out by the department.
1789年原本分派给财政部的大部分职责仍由财政部承担.
There have been some changes, however.
但有一些变化。
Matters that have to do with business are now handled by the Department of Commerce.
与商务有关的事项,现由商务部处理.
The Treasury Department building was used to house soldiers during the Civil War.
国共内战期间,财政部大楼曾用于收留士兵.
It is the oldest departmental building in Washington.
它是华盛顿最古老的省级建筑.
Much of the United States’ gold reserves are stored in Kentucky at Fort Knox, which is part of the Treasury Department.
美国的大部分黄金储备被存放在肯塔基州诺克斯堡,诺克斯堡是财政部的一部分.
The Department of Justice—The office of the Attorney General was expanded to a full department in 1870.
司法部 检察长办公室于1870年被扩大为一个完整的部门.
All legal matters having to do with the executive branch of the federal government are handled by the Justice Department.
所有与联邦政府行政部门有关的法律事务都由司法部处理。
The Justice Department makes sure federal laws are obeyed.
司法部确保联邦法律得到遵守。
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.
联邦调查局,U.
S.
师曰.
marshals, and U.
元帅,还有U
S.
师曰.
attorneys are all part of the Justice Department.
律师都是司法部的成员。
This department also manages the country’s federal prisons.
这个部门还负责管理全国的联邦监狱。
Like other cabinet departments, the Department of Justice is part of the executive branch.
与其他内阁部门一样,司法部是行政部门的一部分。
It is not part of the judicial branch.
它不属于司法部门。
The Justice Department works like a local police force.
司法部的工作就像地方警察部队。
It applies the law.
它适用法律。
The courts, however, are part of the judiciary.
然而,法院是司法机构的一部分。
At the federal level, the courts’ job is to make sure the laws being applied are just.
在联邦一级,法院的工作是确保所适用的法律是公正的。
All laws must follow the Constitution.
所有法律都必须遵循《宪法》。
The Robert F.
罗伯特·F.
Kennedy Department of Justice Building was completed in 1935.
肯尼迪司法部大楼于1935年完工.
The Department of the Interior—The Department of the Interior was established in 1849.
内政部——内政部成立于1849年.
It’s often called the nation’s “housekeeper.”
这经常被称为国家“管家”。 “
Its main duty is to look after the country’s natural resources.
它的主要职责是照顾国家的自然资源.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service (NPS) are part of the Department of the Interior.
鱼类和野生生物服务处和国家公园服务处是内政部的一部分。
Long before there was Google Maps, there was the Department of the Interior.
早在有Google地图之前,就有内政部.
Since 1849, the department’s U.
1849年起,该部的U.
S.
师曰.
Geological Survey agency has mapped features of the country’s lands.
地质调查局绘制了国家土地的地貌图。
Today Do You Know?
今天你知道吗?
The Department of Homeland Security—The Department of Homeland Security was established in 2002.
国土安全部 国土安全部成立于2002年.
Its mission is to safeguard citizens within United States borders.
其使命是保护美国境内公民.
It is the third-largest cabinet department, with almost a quarter of a million workers.
它是内阁第三大部门,拥有近25万工人.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Coast Guard and the Secret Service are part of this department.
海岸警卫队和特勤局是这个部门的一部分.
These agencies, and others, work to protect residents of the United States from all kinds of disasters and harm.
这些机构等致力于保护美国居民免受各种灾害和伤害.
As of 2018, ten other cabinet departments are also involved in running the government.
截至2018年,另有10个内阁部门也参与管理政府.
These include the Department of Energy, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Labor.
其中包括能源部、运输部和劳工部。
The secretaries of all departments regularly meet with the president.
各部门的秘书定期同总统会面。
They share information about what is happening in their department and discuss what actions to take.
他们分享关于本部门所发生情况的信息并讨论应采取的行动。
The Coast Guard The Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces that enforces the law on the oceans and seas.
海岸警卫队 海岸警卫队是美国武装部队执行海洋法的分支.
It has control over both U.
它控制着两个U
S.
师曰.
and international waters.
和国际水域。
The Coast Guard was originally managed by the Department of the Treasury.
海岸警卫队最初由财政部管理.
In 1967, it became part of the Department of Transportation and is now under the control of the Department of Homeland Security.
1967年,它成为交通部的一部分,现由国土安全部控制.
A U.
一个U.
S.
师曰.
Coast Guard boat patrols the New York harbor.
海岸警卫队的船在纽约港口巡逻
Conclusion From the original four departments, the cabinet has grown.
结论 从原四部起,内阁相继壮大.
Today, it has over four million workers.
今天,它有400多万工人。
The growth of presidential cabinets has helped the United States function as times and the country’s needs have changed.
总统内阁的增长帮助了美国作为一个时代运作,国家的需求也发生了变化.
What hasn’t changed is the importance of the cabinet’s role.
内阁的角色很重要,
The experts working in all departments continue to achieve great good serving the president and the country’s citizens.
各省的专家继续为总统和国家公民服务。
Presidential Succession The president’s cabinet does not just help the president run the country.
总统继承 总统内阁并不只是帮助总统管理国家。
It also sets the order for who takes the office if something should happen to the president.
如果总统出事, 由谁接任总统,
As of 2018, the immediate order of presidential succession is: President Pro Tempore of the Senate* Speaker of the House Vice President President * After President Pro Tempore of the Senate, next in line are department heads.
截至2018年,总统接任顺序为: 参议院临时议长* 众议院副总统议长* 参议院临时议长后,下一位是部门主管.
They start with the Secretary of State, Treasury, Defense, and so on.
他们从国务大臣,国库大臣,国防大臣等开始.
Glossary advisors (n.)
词汇顾问(不详)
people who offer suggestions or guidance on a certain subject (p.
就某一主题提供建议或指导的人(p.
6) agencies (n.)
6) 机构(不详)
departments of a government, company, or organization that provide particular services (p.
提供特定服务的政府、公司或组织的部门(第2页)。
14) approved (v.)
14) 已核准(五.
officially agreed to (p.
正式同意(p.
5) executive (n.)
5) 执事 (n.
a person with a high position in a government or organization who has the power to make important decisions (p.
在政府或组织中地位高并有权作出重要决定的人(p.
6) experts (n.)
6) 专家(不详)
people who have a lot of knowledge about a subject (p.
对一个课题有丰富知识的人(p.
9) federal (adj.)
9) 联邦(adj.
of or relating to a central government that shares power with separate states or regions (p.
或与中央政府有关,中央政府与不同的州或地区分享权力(p.
12) function (v.)
12)功能(五.
to act or work as expected (p.
(第6页)
15) qualified (adj.)
15) 合格(adj.)
having the abilities, experience, or certifications needed to complete a certain task or job (p.
具备完成某项任务或工作所需的能力、经验或证书(p.
7) regulates (v.)
7) 规范(五.
controls or maintains the amount, rate, speed, or behavior of something so it works right or obeys laws or rules (p.
控制或维持某物的量、速率、速度或行为,使其正确或遵守法律或规则(p.
11) representatives (n.)
(11) 代表(不详)