The Sun
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Just Another Star.
4号星
6 Where the Sun Gets Its Energy.
页:1 太阳获得能量的地方
7 Action on the Surface.
7 地面行动。
10 From Sun to Earth.
10 从太阳到地球.
13 The Sun and Us.
13 太阳和我们。
16 The Sun’s Death.
16"太阳之死".
22 Conclusion.
22 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Explore More.
23 探索更多。
24 Index.
24 指数。
24 Introduction The Sun is a huge ball of flaming gas at the center of our solar system.
导言 太阳是我们太阳系中心 燃烧气体的巨大球
It’s just one of billions of stars in the galaxy, but life on Earth couldn’t survive without it.
它只是银河系数十亿颗恒星中的一颗,
The Sun controls Earth’s heat, light, and weather.
太阳控制着地球的热量、光和天气。
Scientists know a lot about the Sun and how it affects Earth’s inhabitants.
科学家们非常了解太阳,
Scientists are always learning more and finding new ways to harness the power of the Sun.
科学家们总是在学习更多的东西,寻找新的方法来利用太阳的力量.
The Sun is a raging storm of activity.
太阳是活动狂风暴雨
The Sun’s far-reaching gravity prevents Earth and its seven sister planets from flying off their elliptical orbits into the vast universe.
太阳的深远引力使地球及其七个姊妹行星无法从椭圆轨道上飞入广阔的宇宙.
Earth makes one complete orbit around the Sun every 365 days, or once every year.
地球使环绕太阳的轨道每365天一次,或者每年一次.
If Earth’s orbit slowed down, it would become a doomed fireball and crash into the Sun.
如果地球轨道减速,它将成为注定的火球并坠入太阳.
If Earth’s orbit speeded up, it would break free of the Sun’s gravity and become a block of ice floating through space.
如果地球轨道加速,它就会从太阳的引力中分解出来,并成为一块在太空中漂浮的冰块.
Without the Sun, Earth would be a dark, frozen wasteland void of life.
没有太阳,地球将是一个黑暗而冰冻的荒地 生命的虚空。
Just Another Star The Sun is just one of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
只是另一个 星号 太阳只是银河系中亿万恒星之一.
The Milky Way is made up of a huge collection of stars.
银河由一大批巨星所组成.
Compared to billions of other stars, the Sun is small.
相较于数十亿其他恒星,太阳也很小.
Some astronomers call it the yellow runt.
有的天文学家称之为"黄矮星".
All stars, including the Sun, are classified by color, size, and brightness.
包括"太阳"在内的所有恒星都按照颜色,大小和亮度分类.
The biggest stars are the hypergiants, which can be more than 1,500 times the size of Earth’s Sun.
最大的恒星是超巨星,其体积可超过地球太阳的1500倍.
The smallest stars are the very hot white dwarf stars.
最小的恒星是非常热的白矮星.
In between these giant and dwarf stars are the yellow stars, such as our Sun.
在这些巨星和矮星之间是黄星,比如我们的太阳.
They are the most common type of stars found in the Milky Way.
它们是银河系中发现的最常见的恒星类型.
Our Sun and solar system are just a tiny part of the Milky Way.
我们的太阳和太阳系只是银河系的一小部分。
Our solar system Planets in orbit around the Sun Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Sun Venus Mars Saturn Neptune Do You Know?
我们的太阳系 围绕太阳的轨道上的行星 地球 木星 天王星 太阳 金星 火星 土星 海王星
The Sun is so enormous that 1.
太阳是如此之大,以至于1。
3 million Earths could fit inside it.
300万个地球可以融入其中
Core Radiation zone Photosphere Parts of the Sun Solar Flare Convection zone Corona Where the Sun Gets Its Energy Earth’s Sun started producing energy shortly after it began forming—estimated to be about 4.
太阳太阳光圈对流带的光圈部分 太阳得到它的能源 地球的太阳 开始生产能源 在它开始形成后不久 - 估计大约是4。
5 billion years ago.
50亿年前.
The Sun started as a gigantic cloud of gas and dust.
太阳起源于气体和尘埃的巨大云
It began collapsing into a huge ball under the force of gravity.
在重力作用下,它开始倒入一个巨大的球.
As more and more dust and gas were packed into the giant ball, the pressure around the hydrogen gas at the center increased.
随着越来越多的尘埃和气体被打入了巨大的球中,中心氢气周围的压力增大.
This pressure produced extremely high temperatures that triggered a reaction at the center, or core, of the ball.
这种压力产生了极高的温度,引发了球中心或核心的反应.
The fuel in the Sun has kept this reaction going since it started.
太阳中的燃料使得这种反应从开始就一直持续.
The energy-producing reaction in the core is called a thermonuclear reaction.
核中的能产生反应称为热核反应.
A combustible gas called hydrogen makes up about 70 percent of Earth’s Sun.
一种称为氢的可燃气体约占地球太阳的70%。
Most of the remaining gas is helium.
所剩气体多为氦.
Hydrogen gas is the fuel that produces the Sun’s energy.
氢气是产生太阳能的燃料.
In a thermonuclear reaction, tiny hydrogen atoms combine to form larger helium atoms.
在热核反应中,微小的氢原子结合形成更大的氦原子.
This process is called fusion.
这个过程叫做聚变.
When the hydrogen atoms fuse, they release bits of energy.
当氢原子引信时,它们释放出比特能.
As trillions upon trillions of hydrogen atoms fuse and release energy, the overall effect is the release of huge amounts of energy.
随着数以万亿计的氢原子被熔化并释放出能量,总体效应是释放出巨大的能量.
Helium about 30% Hydrogen about 70% metals made from hydrogen through fusion 0.
由氢通过聚能制取的约30%氢约70%的金属 零点。
1% Helium Hydrogen extreme heat Hydrogen Fusion Process Do You Know?
1%的氦氢极热氢融合过程你知道吗?
The Sun is so hot that its surface temperature can reach 6,000ºC (11,000ºF).
太阳发热到可以达到6000°C(11,000°F).
Compare that to the temperature of boiling water, which is 100ºC (212ºF), and you get an idea of just how hot the Sun is.
与沸水温度相提并论,沸水温度为100oC(212oF),你就会知道太阳有多热。
It’s 60 times hotter!
这是60倍的热量!
The energy slowly makes its way from deep in the Sun’s core to its surface.
能量慢慢地从太阳核心的深到地表。
It takes hundreds of thousands of years for particles of energy to travel more than six million miles (9.
能量颗粒出行需要数十万年时间,行程超过600万英里(9.
7 million km) from the core to the surface.
从核心到地表700万公里).
Along the way, the particles lose much of their energy, and the remaining energy that reaches the Sun’s surface is in the form of visible light energy, which is the light we see from Earth.
一路走来,颗粒丧失了大部分能量,到达太阳表面所剩有的能量以可见光能的形式出现,这就是我们从地球所看到的光.
Action on the Surface From Earth, the Sun may look like a gentle, glowing ball, but scientists know that the surface is actually raging with activity.
从地球到地表上的行动,太阳可能看起来像一个温和而发光的球,但科学家们知道地表实际上充满了活性.
Energy is constantly bubbling to the surface, much like a pot of boiling soup.
能量不断浮出水面 就像一壶沸腾的汤
While the Sun’s surface is always a storm of activity, there are times when it is more active than others.
虽然太阳表面总是活动狂风暴雨,但有时它比别人更活跃.
In fact, the Sun’s activity seems to occur in eleven-year cycles.
事实上,太阳的活动似乎发生在11年的周期中。
Action seen on the Sun’s surface, or photosphere, and in the corona Solar telescopes such as one on Kitt Peak in Arizona allow scientists to take a closer look at the Sun.
在太阳表面或光圈上看到的行动,以及亚利桑那州Kitt Peak上的等日冕太阳望远镜,使科学家能够更仔细地观察太阳。
During active times, scientists observe dark spots moving across the Sun’s surface.
在活跃时期,科学家们观测到太阳表面的暗地移动.
These areas, called sunspots, are cooler than the surrounding gases.
这些地区被称作"太阳点",比周围的气体更凉爽.
They occur where magnetic energy bursts to the surface.
它们发生在磁能向地表暴发的地方。
Other solar activities take place during the high points in the Sun’s cycle.
其他太阳活动是在太阳周期的高点进行的。
The most violent are solar flares, which are large loops of energy shooting high above the Sun’s surface.
最猛烈的是太阳耀斑,太阳耀斑是太阳表面上方能量射出的巨大环路.
Some of these flares reach heights of more than 100,000 miles.
其中一些照明弹达到10万多英里的高度.
One of the largest solar flares recorded erupted in 1946 and arched 140,000 miles high.
1946年有记录的最大太阳耀斑之一爆发并拱起14万英里高.
While solar flares are shooting from the surface, the Sun’s corona, or the halo of light around the Sun, becomes very active.
当太阳耀斑从地表射出时,太阳的日冕或太阳周围光环变得非常活泼.
Strangely, even though the corona is far above the surface of the Sun, it is much hotter than the surface.
奇怪的是,虽然日冕远高于太阳表面,但比表面热得多.
The corona reaches temperatures over two million degrees Celsius (3.
日冕温度达到200万摄氏度以上(3.
6 million ºF).
600万奥菲).
When the corona is active, it ejects huge masses of radiation.
当日冕活动时,它会喷出出大量的辐射.
This increased activity of the corona sends waves of high-energy particles sweeping toward Earth.
日冕的这种增加的活动 将高能粒子的波浪冲向地球
The radiation threatens to disable satellites orbiting Earth that control radio, television, and cell phone communication, as well as electrical power.
辐射有可能使控制无线电、电视和手机通信以及电力的绕地球运行的卫星失效。
In 1989, a massive solar explosion knocked out a power grid on Earth, leaving almost seven million people in the United States and Canada without electricity.
1989年,一场大规模的太阳爆炸敲倒了地球上的电网,使美国和加拿大的近700万人没有电.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Remember, the Sun is a giant ball and sends energy out in all directions.
记住,太阳是一个巨大的球 并发送能量 向各个方向。
Only a tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy reaches Earth.
太阳能量只有一小部分到达地球。
Most of it goes off into space.
大部分都飞入太空
Earth Massive blackouts can be caused by solar explosions.
地球大规模停电可能由太阳爆炸所引起.
From Sun to Earth Most people think that heat from the Sun warms the Earth.
从太阳到地球 大多数人认为来自太阳的热能温暖地球.
But heat has to travel through matter to get from one place to another.
但热量必须穿过物质才能从一个地方到达另一个地方.
So while the Sun’s energy travels through the vacuum of space, that energy doesn’t heat space.
因此,虽然太阳的能量通过空间的真空流动,但能量却不为空间取暖。
Energy from the Sun travels to Earth as electromagnetic waves called radiant energy, which only turn into heat when they are absorbed by matter.
来自太阳的能量会作为电磁波前往地球,称为光能,只有在被物质所吸收时才变成热能.
Examples of radiant energy include visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet waves.
光能的例子包括可见光,红外光和紫外线波.
About half of the radiant energy we get from the Sun is in the form of visible light.
我们从太阳得到的光能中约有一半是以可见光为形式.
The rest is in the form of infrared and ultraviolet light, which humans cannot see.
其余以红外线和紫外线的形式出现,而人类是看不到的.
Radiant energy travels fast—300,000 km per second (186,000 mi per second).
拉迪安特能快速行走——每秒30万公里(每秒186,000米).
At that speed, you could go around Earth about eight times in one second.
在这样的速度下,你可以在一秒内绕出地球八次。
That’s really flying!
这是真的飞行!
But even going that fast, it takes energy leaving the Sun eight minutes to make the trip to Earth.
但即使速度这么快 离太阳还有8分钟 才能到达地球
Earth’s atmosphere and clouds reflect much of the radiant energy from the Sun before it reaches the surface.
地球的大气层和云层在太阳到达地表之前就反映了从太阳发出的许多光能.
When radiant energy gets through, the atmosphere absorbs some of it, heating the air.
光能穿过后,大气会吸收一部分,给空气加热.
The energy also hits the surface of the Earth and is absorbed by the land, water, and other matter.
能量也撞击地表,被地,水等物质所吸收.
When the radiant energy is absorbed, it changes to heat as the visible light or infrared waves agitate the molecules in the matter struck by the waves.
当光能被吸收时,它会随着可见光或红外波激起受波所冲击的物质中的分子而改变为热能.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The Sun is 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) from Earth.
太阳距离地球1.5亿公里(9300万英里).
That is the same distance as traveling around Earth at the equator more than 3,700 times.
这和在赤道环绕地球的距离相同,超过3,700次。
Sun Earth About 51 percent of the radiant energy from the Sun is absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere and surface.
太阳地球大约51%的光能被地球的大气层和地表所吸收.
The Sun and Us Just about all of the energy we use as humans can be linked to the Sun.
我们人类使用的所有能量 都可以和太阳联系起来
The energy we get from food comes from plants that use sunlight to grow.
我们从食物中获得的能量来自利用阳光生长的植物.
So when you eat an apple or a plate of spinach, you’re eating the Sun’s energy.
所以,当你吃一粒苹果或一盘菠菜时,你正在吃太阳的能量。
The coal, gasoline, and oil we burn for energy comes from the Sun, too.
我们为能源而燃烧的煤、汽油和石油也来自太阳。
All of these sources of fuel are from plants that grew long, long ago by using energy from the Sun.
所有这些燃料来源都来自植物,这些植物很早就利用太阳的能量生长了.
Even the energy we get from the wind comes from the Sun.
即使是我们从风中得到的能量也来自太阳.
Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the Sun is what makes the air surrounding Earth move.
太阳给地表加热不均匀,
In essence, the Sun moves sailboats and spins the blades of wind generators.
本质上,太阳会移动帆船并旋转起风发电机的叶片.
Windmills turn using wind created by the uneven heating of Earth’s surface.
风车使用地球表面不均匀取暖所形成的风向转向.
Which Cup Is Warmer?
哪个杯子是Warmer?
Earth’s surface heats unequally.
地表热量不均匀.
Land absorbs the Sun’s radiant energy better than water.
土地吸收太阳光能比水更好。
Dark surfaces absorb energy while light- colored surfaces reflect energy.
黑暗表面吸收能量,而光-有色表面反射能量.
Materials: flat black paint small paintbrush two 16 oz.
材料:平面黑色颜料小漆刷 二道16 oz.
tin cans (remove labels) water thermometer Steps: 1 Paint the outside of one can with black paint.
锡罐(取出标签)水温计步骤: 1用黑色涂料将罐外涂上.
about halfway with water.
大约一半的水。
of water.
水边
4 Place both cans of water in the sunlight for two hours.
4个 把两罐水放入阳光下两小时
of water is the warmest.
水是最温暖的
Scientists have found ways to capture the Sun’s energy and use it to heat homes and make electricity.
科学家已经找到方法捕捉出太阳的能量,并用之来取暖住宅和发电.
Solar cells absorb energy from the Sun and change it into electricity.
太阳能电池吸收了来自太阳的能能,并转化为电能.
Solar cells are used on calculators.
太阳能电池被用在计算器上.
They are also placed on large panels attached to satellites in space.
这些卫星还被放入附属于空间卫星的大板上。
Cities and homes use solar energy for heat in colder months.
城市和家庭在更冷的几个月里使用太阳能取暖。
Solar collectors are used to produce heat.
太阳能采集器被用来产生热能.
They are made of black pipes filled with water.
它们由充满了水的黑色管子所制成.
The black pipes absorb radiant energy from the Sun.
黑管从太阳吸收出光能.
The radiant energy changes to heat and warms the water in the pipes.
光能会改变热量,使管子的水暖化.
The water then flows through pipes into a building.
水从水管流入一栋建筑物。
Heat radiates out from the water in the pipes and heats the air in the building.
热能从管子里的水中发出热能,使大楼里的空气加热.
Solar furnaces are used to produce very hot temperatures.
太阳能炉被用来产生非常热的温度.
They are made of curved mirrors that focus energy from the Sun onto a very small area.
它们由弯曲的镜像组成,将能量从太阳集中到一个很小的区域.
The concentrated energy is changed to heat and can reach temperatures of thousands of degrees.
集中能被改为热能并可以达到上千度的温度.
The very hot temperatures are used to make new materials and to destroy harmful waste products.
极热的温度被用来制造出新材料并销毁有害的废物产品。
Scientists are even planning a solar furnace that will float in space and send focused solar energy back to Earth.
科学家甚至正在计划一个太阳炉,它将在太空中漂浮,并将有重点的太阳能送回地球.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In Germany there is a solar energy power plant that can make enough electricity to power almost 2,000 homes.
在德国,有一个太阳能发电厂,可以制造足够的电力,为近2000所住房提供电力。
An area bigger than 37 football fields is covered with 33,500 large solar panels.
面积大于37个足球场的面积被33500个大型太阳能板所覆盖.
This power plant uses only solar energy, and it does not pollute the air or water.
这个发电厂只使用太阳能,不污染空气或水.
Solar cells collect energy from the Sun.
太阳能电池从太阳采集能量.
Passive solar homes have special features to collect energy from the Sun.
被动式太阳能住宅具有从太阳取能的特有特征.
These homes have large windows that face the south in the parts of the world north of the equator.
这些家园有巨大的窗户,在赤道以北的部分地区正对着南方.
They face north in areas south of the equator.
它们在赤道以南地区向北.
During the colder winter months when the Sun is lower in the sky, sunlight passes through the windows and changes to heat when it is absorbed by walls inside the house.
在更寒冷的冬季,太阳在天空中更低时,阳光会穿过窗户,被屋内墙壁所吸收后会变热.
This house takes advantage of solar energy with windows facing south.
这所房子利用了太阳能,窗户面向南方.
Solar Cooker Make your own solar cooker at home!
太阳能炊具 在家里做你自己的太阳能炊具!
Materials: black construction paper scissors white foam cup 2 rubber bands shoebox sealable plastic baggie 2–3 slices of apple aluminum foil newspaper/styrofoam Steps: 1 Cut a strip of black construction paper to fit the inside of the foam cup.
材料:黑色造纸剪刀 白色泡沫杯 2个橡胶筋 鞋盒可密封塑料袋 2–3片 苹果铝铝制纸/雪花相接步骤: 1个 切出一条条状黑色建筑纸以配合泡沫杯内部.
2 Place the apple slices inside the baggie and seal it.
2个 将苹果片放入袋内并密封.
to fit the cup through.
把杯子盖好
shredded pieces of newspaper or pieces of styrofoam.
被打碎的报纸或打字机
Use the rubber bands to secure the shoebox lid.
用橡胶筋来保护鞋盒盖.
sure the shiny side faces inward.
当然闪闪发光的一面朝内
place the baggie with apples inside.
把袋子和苹果放在里面。
7 Aim the foil funnel toward the sun and wait 1–2 hours.
页:1 瞄准漏斗朝向太阳 等一到二小时
Remove the cup and eat your baked apple.
取出杯子,吃你的烤苹果。
Question: What caused your solar cooker to get hot?
问: 是什么让你的太阳能炊具发热的?
As important as the Sun is to our survival, it also poses dangers to humans.
虽然太阳对我们的生存很重要,但它也给人类带来危险。
We are learning more and more about how solar energy damages our skin.
我们越来越了解太阳能如何损害我们的皮肤。
A skin cancer, called melanoma, is caused by overexposure to the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays.
皮肤癌称为黑色素瘤(melanoma),是由太阳有害紫外线被过度照射所引起。
Years of exposure and severe sunburns can damage skin cells.
多年的接触和严重的晒伤会损害皮肤细胞.
It is important to wear sunscreen and clothing that covers your skin when you are out in the Sun, especially for long periods of time.
必须穿防晒霜和遮住外出后皮肤的衣服,特别是长时间穿戴.
The Sun’s Death Each day fusion changes more and more of the Sun’s hydrogen fuel into helium.
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Scientists estimate that the Sun has about five billion years of fuel left before it will begin to cool down and eventually die.
科学家估计,太阳在开始降温并最终消亡之前还剩下约50亿年的燃料.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Never look directly into the Sun.
永远不要直接看太阳。
The Sun’s powerful rays can burn the cornea, the sensitive area of your eyes that makes it possible for you to see.
太阳强大的射线可以烧掉角膜,
Damage to the cornea can cause blindness.
角膜损伤会导致失明.
Even sunglasses can’t completely protect your eyes from the Sun.
甚至墨镜也无法完全保护你的眼睛免受太阳的侵袭。
Ring Nebula— what Earth’s Sun could look like when it dies Conclusion We depend on the Sun for our survival.
环状星云——地球的太阳在它消亡后会是什么样子,
It is the source of most of the energy we use every day.
它是我们每天使用的大部分能量的来源。
Scientists are working hard to better understand the Sun and its energy.
科学家们正努力去更好地理解太阳及其能量.
Satellites orbiting Earth collect data from the Sun.
环绕地球的卫星从太阳收集数据。
Better solar telescopes being developed on Earth are aimed at the Sun to collect data.
地球上正在研制的更好的太阳望远镜的目标是太阳来收集数据。
As we understand the Sun better and find new ways to use its energy, we will grow even more dependent on the power of the Sun.
随着我们更好理解太阳,并找到新的方法来使用它的能量,我们将更加依赖太阳的力量来增长.
Glossary fusion blending of atoms that results in the release of energy (p.
词汇会将导致能量释放的原子相融合(p.
8) matter a substance that takes up space and has weight (p.
8) 物质占用空间并有重量(p.
13) orbit a path taken by a body, such as the Earth, around another body, such as the Sun (p.
13) 绕行由一躯体所走的路径,如地球,绕行另一躯体,如太阳(p.
5) radiant energy energy traveling in electromagnetic waves, such as infrared, visible light, or radio waves (p.
5)光能能在电磁波中行走,如红外线,可见光,或无线电波(p.
13) radiation process of giving off energy in the form of rays, such as light or heat (p.
13)以光或热等射线形式放出能量的辐射过程(p.
Index beginning, Sun, 7 corona, 12 dangers, 21 energy, 7–22 electromagnetic waves, 13 infrared, 13, 14 magnetic, 11 radiant, 13, 14 ultraviolet, 13, 21 visible light, 9, 13, 14 fusion, 8 galaxy, 4, 6 gravity, 5 heat, 4, 13–20 helium, 8, 22 hydrogen, 7, 8, 22 light, 4 matter, 13 orbit(s), 5 passive solar homes, 20 radiation, 12 reaction (thermonuclear), 7, 8 satellites, 12 solar cells, 17 solar collectors, 18 solar cooker, 19 solar furnaces, 18 solar system, 4 stars, 4, 6 size, 6 type, 6 surface activity, 10, 11 sunspots, 11 solar flares, 11, 12 temperature(s), 8, 12 weather, 4 Explore More On the Internet use www.
指数起发,太阳,7日冕,12个危险,21个能,7-22个电磁波,13个红外线,13个,14个磁能,11个发光器,13个,14个紫外线,13个,21个可见光,9个,13个,14个聚变,8个星系,4个重力,5个热能,4个,13-20个氦,8个氢气,7个,8个22个光能,4个物质,13个轨道,5个被动太阳家,20个辐射,12个反应(热核),7个8个卫星,12个太阳能电池,17个太阳能收集器,18个太阳能炊具,19个太阳炉,18个太阳系,4个恒星,4个6个大小,6个类型,6个地表活,10个,11个太阳点,11个太阳耀斑,11个,12个温度(s),8个22个光能,8个太阳,12个天气,4个探索更多互联网使用www.
google.
Google (英语).
com to find out more about topics presented in this book.
了解更多本书中介绍的主题
Use terms from the text, or try searching for glossary or index words.
使用文本中的术语,或者尝试搜索词汇或索引词.
Some searches to try: solar energy, sunspots, or thermonuclear reaction.
一些探索尝试:太阳能,太阳点,或热核反应.