Rainforests
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Place of Wonder.
内容表 A 奇妙之地.
4 The Rainforest Biome.
4""雨林生物"剧集.
5 Tropical Rainforests.
5 热带雨林.
7 Climate and Soil.
7 气候和土壤。
7 Plants.
7个工厂。
8 Animals.
8动物.
10 People in Rainforests.
雨林十口人.
14 A Celebration of Abundance.
14 庆祝丰收。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 A Place of Wonder Picture a forest so tall that the trees seem to touch the sky.
16 奇景之地 森林如此高高 树木似乎触摸了天空
Beneath these giants, a dense weave of leaves and branches shades the layers below.
树叶和树枝密布 遮蔽了下面的地层
Squawking birds flash brilliant colors as monkeys scramble from branch to branch, filling the air with their howls.
像猴子从树枝到树枝 从树枝到树枝 从树枝到树枝
Snakes slither silently up tree trunks, hiding in wait for prey.
蛇悄悄地往树干上滑去 躲在等猎物
Far below on the dark, damp forest floor, creatures scurry and creep through mushrooms, dead leaves, and fallen fruit.
远在黑暗潮湿的森林地上 生物在蘑菇中爬行和爬行 枯叶和倒下果实
When nighttime arrives, larger animals will come out to hunt.
当夜晚来临时,更大的动物会出来打猎.
Water is everywhere: it falls from the sky, drips from leaves, pools on the ground, and flows downhill into streams.
水出处有:从天而下,从叶而下出,地上有池;下行入溪.
Even the air is thick with moisture.
连空气也带有水分
All of nature celebrates the life-giving power of water and the abundant growth it supports.
所有自然都赞美着水的给生命力及其所支持的丰富生长.
This is a rainforest—a place of astonishing beauty and wonder.
这是一个雨林,是一个令人惊奇的美丽和奇异的地方。
Scarlet macaws fill the sky with color in Peru.
斯嘉丽鹦鹉在秘鲁以颜色填满了天空.
The Rainforest Biome Different types of environments cover Earth’s surface.
雨林生物群落 不同类型的环境覆盖地表.
These regions and the communities of plants and animals that live there are called biomes.
这些地区以及生活在那里的动植物群落被称作生物群落.
Deserts, oceans, grasslands, and tundra are examples of biomes.
沙漠、海洋、草地和冻原是生物群落的例子。
So are rainforests.
雨林也一样
Many factors play a part in creating Earth’s biomes.
许多因素在创造地球生物群落中起一定作用.
Two important ones are latitude—how far a location is from the equator—and elevation, or height above sea level.
有两个重要方面是纬度——一个位置离赤道有多远——和高地,或海平面上高地。
Both help determine how warm or cool a place is.
两者都帮助确定一个地方有多温暖或酷.
Climate, land, and water are also important building blocks of biomes, as are plants and animals.
气候、土地和水也是生物群落的重要基石,动植物也是如此。
Rainforests are forests with very high rainfall.
雨林是降雨量非常高的森林.
They receive more rain than any other biome and support by far the greatest diversity of plants and animals on Earth.
它们得到的降雨比任何其他生物群落都要多,并支撑着迄今为止地球上最大的动植物多样性.
Rainforests are found on every continent except Antarctica.
除南极洲外,每个大陆都有雨林.
There are two main types.
主要有两种类型.
Flying frogs have webbed feet to help them glide from branch to branch.
飞蛙有被子脚来帮助他们从树枝滑翔到树枝.
More than twenty thousand kinds of orchids live in tropical rainforests.
超过2万种兰花生活在热带雨林中.
Tropical rainforests are mainly located in the tropical zones, which are between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
热带雨林主要分布于热带地区,地处癌症热带和摩羯热带之间.
These zones are closest to the equator and receive the most direct sunlight.
这些区距赤道最近并获得最直接的阳光.
They also receive about the same amount of sunlight throughout the year.
它们全年的日照量也大致相同.
South America’s Amazon rainforest is the largest and best-known tropical rainforest.
南美洲的亚马逊雨林是最大和最有名的热带雨林.
Others are found in Central America and parts of Africa, southern Asia, and Australia.
其他分布于中美洲和非洲部分地区,南亚和澳大利亚.
Almost all rainforests are tropical rainforests.
几乎所有雨林都是热带雨林.
Temperate rainforests are mainly located along coasts in cool temperate regions farther from the equator.
温带雨林主要分布于离赤道更远的凉温带地区沿海.
In North America, temperate rainforests stretch from Alaska to Oregon.
在北美,温带雨林从阿拉斯加延伸到俄勒冈.
They are also found along the coast of Chile, in Norway and the United Kingdom, and in parts of eastern Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.
它们也分布在智利海岸一带,挪威和英国,俄罗斯东部部分地区,日本,澳大利亚和新西兰等地.
Tropical Rainforests Climate and Soil Tropical rainforests are generally warm and humid year-round.
热带雨林 气候和土壤 热带雨林一般全年温暖潮湿.
As a rule, average temperatures range from about 20° to 30°C (68°–86°F), and humidity is often 80 percent or higher throughout the year.
通常,平均气温从20°到30°C(68°–86°F)左右,全年湿度常为80%或更高.
Yearly rainfall is at least 200 centimeters (80 in.)
年降雨量至少为200公分(80 in.
and can reach 1,000 centimeters (400 in.)
并可以达到1000公分(400英寸.
Rainfall can be very heavy, as much as 5 centimeters (2 in.)
降雨量可能非常重,可达5厘米(2英寸).
in an hour.
一小时后
Most tropical rainforests lack distinct rainy and dry seasons.
大多数热带雨林缺乏明显的雨季和干季.
Soils in tropical rainforests are rarely rich.
热带雨林中的土壤很少丰富.
This is in part because the plants themselves contain so many nutrients that not much is left in the soil.
部分原因是植物本身含有如此多的养分,以至于土壤所剩不多.
Also, rainforest soil is often waterlogged because rainfall is almost always greater than the rate at which water evaporates.
另外,雨林土壤经常被取水,因为降雨量几乎总是大于水蒸发的速度.
Water flows downhill into rivers and streams, carrying nutrients with it.
水向下流入河流和溪流,随即携带养分.
The Importance of Rainforests During photosynthesis, plants produce oxygen as a waste product.
光合作用期间,植物产生氧气作为废物。
Because the rate of photosynthesis is so high in rainforests, this biome produces most of Earth’s oxygen, which humans and other animals depend on for our survival.
由于光合作用在雨林中的比例如此之高,这个生物群落产生了地球的大部分氧气,人类和其他动物赖以生存。
Rainforests also absorb carbon dioxide, which keeps this gas from entering Earth’s atmosphere and adding to global warming.
雨林也吸收了二氧化碳,这使得这种气体无法进入地球大气层并加剧全球变暖.
These forests provide homes for enormous numbers of life-forms.
这些森林提供了大量生命形态的家园.
The list of ways that rainforests benefit the environment goes on and on.
雨林有利于环境的方法列表不断.
Tropical rainforests have the highest biodiversity of any biome.
热带雨林拥有任何生物群落中生物多样性最高的.
Even though they cover only about 7 percent of Earth’s surface, they contain more than half of the planet’s plants and animals.
尽管它们只覆盖了地球表面的大约7%,但它们包含着地球一半以上的动植物.
This is a result of several factors.
这是若干因素造成的。
The almost-constant sunlight and warm temperatures support photosynthesis, which produces food for not only plants but also the animals they feed, either directly or indirectly.
几乎恒定的阳光和温暖的温度支持光合作用,光合作用不仅为植物,而且为它们直接或间接地喂养的动物提供食物.
The availability of water, which all living things require, is another factor.
所有活物都需要的供水是另一个因素。
In addition, tropical rainforests offer many and diverse kinds of food and shelter.
此外,热带雨林还提供多种不同的食物和住所.
This biome contains more than two-thirds of all known plant species, and new animal species are discovered every year.
这种生物群落包含了所有已知植物物种的三分之二以上,每年都会发现新的动物物种.
Plants Plants in tropical rainforests grow in four layers.
热带雨林中的植物分四层生长.
The emergent layer contains the tallest trees, which can grow to over 60 meters (200 ft.)
新兴地层包含最高的树木,可生长到60多米(200英尺).
in dry conditions, including small, waxy leaves.
在干燥的条件下,包括有蜡质的小叶子。
Lesulas live in Central Africa.
莱苏拉斯生活在中非.
They were unknown to scientists until 2007.
它们直到2007年才为科学家所知.
The canopy, roughly 18–45 meters (60–125 ft.)
花冠,约18-45米(60-125英尺).
in height, is where most plants and animals live.
在高度,是大多数植物和动物生活的地方。
Trees and vines grow so densely that they shade the layers below.
树木和藤蔓生长得如此密集,以遮蔽下层.
Most flowers and fruit grow in the canopy.
花和果多生长于花冠.
It also contains many epiphytes (EH-puh-fytes), or “air plants,” which live on other plants for support.
它还含有许多活生生植物(EH-puh-fytes),即"空气植物",它们活在其他植物上以作支撑.
Epiphytes get nutrients from rain and humidity in the air rather than from soil.
被活体从空气中的雨水和湿度得到营养,而不是从土壤得到营养.
In rainforests, they often grow on trees in order to reach sunlight.
在雨林中,它们经常会生长于树木上以达到阳光.
Tropical Rainforest Layers top of emergent layer The understory receives much less sunlight than higher layers—only about 2 to 15 percent.
热带雨林地层 底部的阳光比高层少得多——只有2%到15%左右。
Plants here have adaptations to survive in shade, including large, wide leaves to capture sunlight for photosynthesis.
这里的植物有适应以在荫道中生存,包括大而宽的叶子来捕取阳光来进行光合作用.
The understory also contains young trees as well as many climbing plants that seek sunlight.
地底还包含有年轻的树木以及许多寻求阳光的攀登植物.
Mosses, algae, and fungi often grow on understory plants as well.
蚊子,藻类,和真菌也常生长在地底植物上.
The forest floor, or ground level, is dark and humid, receiving only about 2 percent of sunlight.
森林地层或地平面为阴暗潮湿地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地
The almost complete lack of sunlight prevents most plants from growing in this layer.
几乎完全缺乏阳光使得大多数植物无法在这个地层中生长.
It contains decomposing leaves and fallen trees, fruit, and branches.
它包含腐烂的叶子和倒倒倒的树木,水果和树枝.
Decomposition supports rainforest food chains in important ways.
分解以重要的方式支持雨林食物链.
Mosses, ferns, ginger, mushrooms, and fungi are also common here.
蚊子,花生,生姜,蘑菇和真菌也在这里很常见.
Animals Animals vary widely from one tropical rainforest to another.
不同热带雨林的动物差异很大.
However, certain adaptations are common among them.
然而,其中某些适应是常见的.
Many have adaptations for living in trees, including flying, climbing, leaping, and gliding.
许多人对活在树上,包括飞行,攀登,跳跃,和滑翔都有适应性.
Communicating with loud calls is common since the dense trees block visibility.
由于茂密的树木阻断了能见度,与响亮的呼声进行交流是很常见的.
Bright colors help many birds spot each other.
明亮的颜色可以帮助许多鸟类互相发现.
Other rainforest animals don’t want to be spotted; instead, they use camouflage to hide from predators.
其他雨林动物不愿被发现,
Because of the abundance of animals, competition for food is widespread.
由于动物繁多,对食物的竞争十分普遍.
Some animals deal with this by having specialized diets or body parts.
一些动物通过有专门的饮食或身体部位来处理这个.
For example, a toucan’s huge, long bill allows it to reach fruit growing on branches too thin to support its weight.
例如,一个土豆的庞大而长的法案使得它能够到达树枝上生长的果实过于薄而无法支撑其重量.
Many rainforest animals are active at night.
许多雨林动物在夜间活跃.
This adaptation helps them avoid daytime heat and also reduces competition for food.
这种适应有助于他们避免白天发热,也减少了对食物的竞争.
Grasping and Gliding Some canopy animals have developed special adaptations to get across large spaces between branches.
Grasping和Gliding 一些树冠动物已经开发出特殊的适应,可以跨越树枝之间的大空间.
Especially in Central and South America, some have a grasping, or prehensile, tail that can be used like a fifth limb.
特别是在中南美洲,有些人有能被像第五肢一样被用到的被抓住的尾巴或被缠绕的尾巴.
For example, spider and howler monkeys use this body part when scrambling from branch to branch high above the ground.
例如:蜘蛛和豪尔猴从地上高处从树枝到树枝相接时会使用这个身体部分.
In Asia, some animals glide to cross gaps in the canopy.
在亚洲,一些动物会滑翔来跨越树冠的缺口.
Flying squirrels, flying geckos, and several other animals have this adaptation.
飞松鼠,飞出地鼠等多只动物都有这种适应.
They don’t actually fly; instead, they soar from higher to lower branches using skin flaps around their body that catch air somewhat like a parachute.
他们实际上不会飞;相反,他们利用身体周围的皮肤花纹从上到下地枝飞起,它们像降落伞一样捕捉空气。
A flying squirrel glides from one tree to another at night.
一只飞松鼠晚上从一棵树滑到另一棵树.
Bats, butterflies, small monkeys, eagles, and other birds live in the emergent layer.
蝙蝠,蝴蝶,小猴子,鹰等鸟类活在新生地层.
The canopy is home to the most animals, including some that spend their entire life there.
树冠是动物最多的地方 包括在那里度过一生的一些动物
Sloths, toucans, and howler and spider monkeys are found in Central and South America.
分布于中南美洲等地,多栖息于斯洛斯,托克斯等地,多栖息于多栖息地.
Orangutans live in Southeast Asia, and sugar gliders live in Australia and parts of Indonesia.
乌兰古特人生活在东南亚,而糖滑翔机则生活在澳大利亚和印度尼西亚部分地区.
Parrots live in all rainforest canopies.
鹦鹉生活在所有的雨林花冠.
Frogs, salamanders, snakes, lizards, birds, and insects are found in the understory, and ground-dwelling animals live on the forest floor.
地底有青蛙,莎草,蛇,蜥蜴,鸟类等昆虫,地底栖息于林地.
Tapirs, deer, peccaries, boars, and capybaras live in the Amazon.
塔皮尔斯(Tapirs),鹿,花果,野猪,和卡皮巴拉斯生活在亚马逊.
Asian rainforests have elephants and tigers.
亚洲雨林有大象和老虎.
Elephants are also found in African rainforests, as are gorillas and pygmy hippos.
大象也在非洲雨林中出现,大猩猩和俾格米河马也一样.
All rainforests except those in Australia have some kind of cat, such as tigers, jaguars, or leopards, and all but those in the Americas have crocodiles.
除澳大利亚的雨林外,所有雨林都有某种猫类,如虎,美洲豹等,除美洲有鳄.
Rainforests around the world have an abundance of insects, spiders, and earthworms.
世界各地的雨林有丰富的昆虫,蜘蛛和蚯蚓.
The algae growing on a sloth’s fur helps it blend in with green plants.
藻类生长在猪笼草的皮毛上,
Temperate Rainforests Temperate rainforests receive less rain than tropical rainforests, but still quite a lot—150 to 500 centimeters (60–200 in.)
热带雨林 温带雨林得到的降雨少于热带雨林,但仍然相当多——150至500厘米(60至200英寸).
yearly.
每年。
Moisture from coastal fog adds another 18 to 30 centimeters (7–12 in.)
从沿海雾中取出湿气会再增加18到30厘米(7到12英寸).
of precipitation each year.
每年的降水量。
Mild winters, cool summers, and rainfall throughout the year are typical, although summers tend to be drier.
平凉的冬季,凉爽的夏季,以及全年的降雨量都是典型的,虽然夏季往往比较干燥.
Plants grow in three layers instead of four, with no emergent layer.
植物生长分三层而不是四层,没有新生地层.
The tallest canopy trees grow to roughly 90 meters (300 ft.)
最高的树冠树长到约90米(300英尺).
tall.
高个子。
Temperate rainforests have far fewer species of trees and other plants than tropical rainforests.
温带雨林的树木和其他植物种类远少于热带雨林.
In the Northern Hemisphere, evergreens with needle-shaped leaves are common in the canopy.
在北半球,常绿阔叶针形花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花序花.
Mosses and deciduous shrubs—shrubs that drop their leaves in winter—grow in the understory.
蚊子和腐殖质的灌木 -- -- 在冬天会落叶 -- -- 在地底生长。
In the Southern Hemisphere, broadleaf evergreens grow in the canopy, and evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees are found in the understory.
在南半球,阔叶常绿地生长于花冠地上,常绿地上分化的灌木和树木也出现在花冠地上.
Epiphytes are generally limited to ferns and mosses.
叶生地一般限于叶生地和苔藓.
Temperate rainforests have many animals living on the forest floor, where they are sheltered from rain and wind.
温带雨林多栖息于林地上,并避雨和风.
Animals include tree frogs, squirrels, raccoons, deer, black bears, bobcats, wolves, mountain lions, and a variety of insects and spiders.
动物有树蛙,松鼠,浣熊,鹿,黑熊,花鼠,狼,山狮等多种昆虫和蜘蛛.
Redwood trees and ferns grow in the temperate rainforest of Northern California.
红杉树和花生在北加州温带雨林中生长.
Some redwoods live up to two thousand years.
有的红杉活了两千年
People in Rainforests Native peoples have lived in rainforests for thousands of years, and an estimated fifty million still live there.
雨林中的人们 土著人民在雨林中生活了几千年,估计仍有5 000万生活在雨林中。
The changes caused by European settlers have had a significant impact on most traditional lifestyles, and some groups no longer exist.
欧洲定居者所引发的变化对大多数传统生活方式有重大影响,一些群体已不复存在.
The largest number of remaining Native peoples live in the Amazon rainforest.
剩下的土著民族中,生活在亚马逊雨林中的人数最多。
In recent years, many people have moved to rainforests and cleared land of trees to start small farms and ranches.
近年来,许多人移居到雨林并清理了树木之地来起跑小农场和牧场.
Logging and mining have also caused significant areas of forest to be cleared.
伐木和采矿也导致大量森林被清除。
Tropical rainforests provide a vast number of resources for modern life, including food, spices, wood, medicines, and minerals.
热带雨林为现代生活提供大量资源,包括食物,香料,木材,药品和矿物等.
Tourism in rainforests, especially in the Amazon, is very popular because of the diversity of wildlife.
雨林,特别是亚马逊地区的旅游由于野生动物的多样性而非常受欢迎.
The Huli people of Papua New Guinea’s rainforests are known for their headgear and face painting.
巴布亚新几内亚雨林中的胡利人以头盔和相貌画而出名.
There are about ninety thousand Huli today.
今有约九万胡利.
A Celebration of Abundance Life exists almost everywhere on Earth— from Antarctica to the Sahara desert and from the ocean floor to Mount Everest.
从南极洲到撒哈拉沙漠,从洋底到珠穆朗玛峰,地球上几乎到处都有丰盛生命的庆祝活动。
However, conditions in many places present challenges for living things.
然而,许多地方的条件给活物带来了挑战.
Those places may be cold for much or all of the year, or they may lack shelter or a steady water supply.
这些地方一年多或全年都可能是寒冷的,或者可能缺乏住所或稳定的供水。
Rainforests are different—nothing is lacking.
雨林是不一样的,
They offer so much water, warmth, and shelter that life erupts in abundance.
它们提供大量水、暖和和住所,使生命大量爆发。
To get a sense of this biome’s biodiversity, think about this: more kinds of ants live on a single bush in the Amazon rainforest than in the entire United Kingdom.
为了了解这个生物群落的生物多样性, 想想这个:亚马逊雨林中的单一灌木丛中,
Rainforests are among Earth’s most precious jewels, where nature shines in all its glory.
雨林是地球上最珍贵的宝石之一,大自然在这里闪耀出它的光辉。
A cave opening frames a misty view of the tropical rainforest in Borneo, a large island in Southeast Asia.
洞穴开口框是东南亚大岛婆罗洲热带雨林的雾景.
Glossary abundant (adj.)
词汇丰富(adj.)
present in large amounts (p.
数量大(p.
4) adaptations (n.)
4) 适应 (n.
(n.)
(无)
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).