Prehistoric Trade
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Long-Distance Trade.
4"长相贸易".
5 Copper.
5铜.
9 Obsidian.
九毗多罗.
13 Shells.
13贝壳.
16 Birds and Animals.
16 鸟兽.
19 Conclusion.
19 结论。
21 Glossary.
21 词汇表。
23 Introduction As soon as the bell rang, Robert stuffed that night’s homework into his backpack.
23 导言 当钟响起,罗伯特把那晚的功课塞入他的背包。
He ran for the front steps of the school.
他跑到学校前台
Every day, Robert and his friends sat and played a trading card game.
每天,罗伯特和他的朋友们都坐着玩一款交易卡游戏.
Robert, William, and Rudolfo liked to play, but sometimes they would just sit and trade cards.
罗伯特,威廉和鲁多尔福都喜欢打球,但有时他们只是坐着打牌.
William often got good cards from his cousin in California, and Rudolfo got cool cards from his family’s shop downtown.
威廉经常从他加州的堂弟那里得到好牌,而鲁多尔福从他家的市中心的店里得到了好牌.
Robert always liked to trade, but today was special.
罗伯特总是喜欢贸易 但今天很特别
There was a new student in the class who had just moved from Japan, and Haruki liked to trade cards, too.
班上有个刚从日本搬来的新学生,春日也喜欢打通通通卡.
Haruki wanted to trade cards with William, and had cool cards from Japan that William had never seen!
春希想和威廉交换卡片,还有威廉从未见过的从日本来的酷卡!
All of Haruki’s cards were in Japanese, and no one at Robert’s school had them.
春木的牌都是用日文写的,罗伯特的学校里没有人有.
Haruki traded cards to William that William had never played with, and William gave Haruki some cool cards in return.
春木向威廉交换了威廉从未玩过的牌,而威廉给了春木一些凉爽的牌作为回报.
Haruki shared these English language cards with his friends in Japan.
春日与日本朋友分享了这些英语卡.
People play in a Yu-Gi-Oh!
人们玩的优酷!
tournament.
锦标赛
Long-Distance Trade Trade is an exchange of one thing for another.
长距离 贸易 贸易是一件事情的交换
Trade can involve doing work in return for an object, or trading valuable items, just like William and Haruki traded game cards.
贸易可以涉及为取回物品而做活,或者交易有价值物品,就像威廉和春木交易游戏卡一样.
If people didn’t trade, every family would have to grow its own food, sew its own clothes, and build its own house.
如果人们不进行交易,每个家庭都必须自己种出食物,缝好衣服并建造自己的房子。
Trade is a basic human activity that makes it possible to enjoy products from all over the world.
贸易是人类的一项基本活动,它使人们有可能享受来自世界各地的产品。
Now, everyday objects can come from anywhere in the world.
现在,日常物品可以来自世界任何地方。
Things in your backpack might have been made in your hometown.
你背包里的东西可能是在家乡做的
They also might come from Canada, Mexico, Australia, China, France, or even Brazil!
他们也可能来自加拿大,墨西哥,澳大利亚,中国,法国,甚至巴西!
Stop & Think Where do the objects in your bedroom come from?
停止思维( T) 你卧室里的物体是从哪里来的?
Read the labels on your clothes or toys and look at a map.
读取你衣服或玩具上的标签 看看地图
How far has your clothing traveled?
你的衣服走了多远?
Ancient people, who lived thousands of years before us, also traded objects over long distances.
远古人在我们之前已经活了几千年,他们也长途交易物品。
In Europe, men would spend months crossing oceans and traveling up rivers to trade swords or hairpins.
在欧洲,男人会花几个月的时间穿越海洋,并游上河流去交换剑或发夹.
In North and South America, people lived and traded for thousands of years before meeting Europeans.
在北美和南美,人们在与欧洲人相会之前生活并交易了上千年.
Prehistoric North American trade is a perfect example of how people moved valuable objects thousands of miles to trade them for other special objects.
史前北美贸易是人们如何移动上千英里珍贵物品,以换取其他特殊物品的完美例子.
(Prehistoric means it happened before those people made written records, such as books.)
("史前"指发生在那些人做成书等书面记录之前.
Asia Australia Africa S.
亚洲 澳大利亚 非洲 S.
America N.
美国 N.
America PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN Europe INDIAN OCEAN Antarctica sea routes land routes KEY These are just some examples of the routes ancient people used to trade goods, such as silk, gold, olive oil, gems and minerals, and more.
美国 太平洋 大洋洲 欧洲 印度洋 南极海道 陆道 关键 这些只是古代人用来交易商品的路线的一些例子,例如丝绸,黄金,橄榄油,宝石和矿物等等.
How can we learn about prehistoric trade?
我们怎样才能学到史前的贸易?
One way is through oral tradition.
一种方式是通过口述传统.
Oral tradition is the set of stories that one generation tells to the next.
口述传统是一代人向下一代讲述的一套故事.
Because many people like to add things to stories to make them more exciting or easier to understand, stories that are part of oral tradition change over the years.
因为许多人喜欢在故事中加入一些东西,让故事更令人兴奋或更容易理解,所以这些年来作为口述传统的一部分的故事会有所改变.
Another way to learn about prehistoric trade is through archaeology.
另一种学习史前贸易的方法是通过考古学.
Archaeology is the study of people through the things they leave behind.
考古学是研究人们通过留下来的东西.
By looking at the remains of buildings, graves, and especially the trash people leave behind, we can learn about what people did.
通过观察建筑物的残骸,坟墓,特别是垃圾留下的人,我们可以了解人们做了什么。
How can archaeology help figure out how prehistoric North American people traded?
考古学如何帮助查清史前北美人是如何交易的?.
If an archaeologist finds a broken seashell in the trash of an ancient village in Colorado, she knows those people in Colorado traded with people who lived near an ocean.
如果考古学家在科罗拉多州一个古老村庄的垃圾中发现了被打破的贝壳,她知道科罗拉多州的人与生活在海洋附近的人交易.
Archaeologists dig through buildings from about 1,000 years ago.
考古学家从大约1000年前的建筑中挖掘出.
Think about William and his trading cards.
想想威廉和他的交易卡
If William’s family moved houses, and someone found a Japanese card in his old room, that person would know that, somehow, William was trading with Japan!
如果威廉的家人搬了房子,有人在他的旧房间发现了一张日本卡片,那个人就会知道,不知何故,威廉正在同日本交易!
If the person who found the card didn’t know about Haruki, she might think lots of different people traded the card, bringing it from Japan to William.
如果发现卡片的人不知道春木的事,她可能会认为有很多不同的人把卡片换了,从日本带到了威廉.
But since it’s impossible to buy Japanese cards anywhere near William’s hometown, it must have come from Japan.
但既然无法在威廉家乡附近购买日本卡片,
People often travel farther for a rare and valuable commodity.
人们常常为了一种稀有而宝贵的商品而走得更远。
A commodity is something that is traded, such as gold, seashells, or a trading card.
商品是指被交易的东西,如黄金,贝壳,或交易卡.
Commodities that were traded in prehistoric North America include copper, shells, and animals.
在史前北美交易的商品有铜,贝壳和动物等.
In prehistoric North America, people traveled long distances on foot or by boat.
在史前北美,人们步行或乘船长途跋涉.
Because of this, trade commodities were usually light, valuable objects that would not spoil.
因此,贸易商品通常是轻而易举而有价值的物品,不会被破坏。
Japan Nevada PACIFIC OCEAN Asia North America Miles Kilometers How might Japanese trading cards make the trip to Nevada?
日本内华达州 太平洋 亚洲 日本贸易卡怎么才能去内华达?
Copper Objects made from the reddish metal called copper are found in many North American archaeological sites.
由红地金属所制取的铜器被称作"铜",在许多北美考古遗址中被找到.
An archaeological site is a place where people have left behind evidence of their lives, such as trash or parts of buildings.
考古遗址是人们留下生活证据的地方,如垃圾或部分建筑.
Objects found on these sites are called artifacts.
在这些遗址上发现的文物称为"文物".
An artifact is an object that has been shaped or changed by people.
文物是被人所塑造或改变的文物.
Whole copper artifacts have been found in graves in archaeological sites, and broken objects have been found in old garbage.
在考古遗址的坟墓中已经发现了完整的铜器文物,在旧的垃圾中也发现了破碎的物品.
Copper artifacts found in North America include fishhooks, knives, jewelry, and bells.
北美出土的青铜文物有"鱼蹄","刀","首饰"等.
Some of the copper used to make those artifacts was mined in the area around the Great Lakes, particularly around Lake Superior.
用于制作这些文物的一些青铜器被开采到大湖周边地区,特别是苏必利尔湖一带.
In most of North America, it was hard for prehistoric people to make metal because metal is often mixed up in rock and that rock is only found in certain areas.
在北美的大部分地区,史前人很难做出金属来,因为金属经常被混入岩石中,而岩石只在某些地区被找到.
Rock with metal in it is called ore.
里面有金属的岩石叫做矿石.
To get the metal out of the ore, people have to get it really hot.
为了把金属从矿石中取出,人们必须把它弄得非常热.
This is called smelting metal.
这叫做冶炼金属。
Gold and copper artifact from Peru, South America Near Lake Superior, there were very large deposits of native copper.
出自秘鲁,南美洲相邻苏必利尔湖的金铜文物,出土的铜矿储量非常之多.
Native copper is special because it is very pure copper that can be found in large chunks or as sheets in cracks of rocks.
本地铜之所以特殊,是因为非常纯的铜可以被大块地或作为岩石裂缝中的活板来发现.
Native copper also does not need smelting.
原生铜也不需要熔炼.
Hundreds of thousands of tons of native copper were mined in this area.
这一地区出土了数十万吨铜矿.
Artifacts made from native copper have been found in areas on either side of the Mississippi River and far downstream.
在密西西比河两岸和下游很远的地区已经发现了由土生土长的铜制成的活体.
We can tell that this copper was traded great distances in several ways.
我们可以分辨出,这种铜在几个方面被交易了很远的距离.
Many sites where archaeologists find copper artifacts have no natural copper nearby, so we know the copper must have come from far away.
考古学家发现有铜文物的很多遗址附近没有天然出土的铜器,所以我们知道出土的铜器一定出自远方.
Also, by examining copper through a microscope, or examining small amounts of chemicals in the copper, we can tell native copper from smelted copper.
另外,通过显微镜来检查出铜,或者检查出铜中少量的化学物质,我们可以从冶炼出铜中分辨出出本土的铜.
Copper ore needs to be smelted before the metal in the rock can be used.
铜矿石需要先被冶炼后再用到岩石中的金属.
Native copper does not need to be smelted before the metal can be used.
原生铜在可以使用金属之前不需要被冶炼.
A different example of long-distance copper trade involves copper bells.
长途铜贸易的一个不同的例子涉及铜钟.
Copper bells found at sites in Arizona and New Mexico were made from smelted copper.
在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州遗址所发现的铜钟由冶炼出铜制成.
Ancient people living in Mexico and Central America made copper bells.
生活在墨西哥和中美洲的古代人会制作出铜钟.
We know this because we have found tools used to smelt copper and make bells like these in Mexico and Central America, but not in Arizona or New Mexico.
我们之所以知道这一点,是因为我们在墨西哥和中美洲发现了用来冶炼出铜和制作这样的钟的工具,但在亚利桑那州或新墨西哥州却没有.
This is evidence that these copper bells were traded.
这是这些铜铃被交易的证据.
Copper artifacts found in North America came from different places.
在北美发现的青铜文物出自于不同的地方.
What if William (from the beginning of this book) had trading cards in both Spanish and Japanese?
如果威廉(从本书起)有西班牙语和日语的贸易卡呢?
The fact that they aren’t in English doesn’t mean they all came from Japan.
他们并非来自日本,
Spanish cards might come from Mexico or Europe, while the Japanese cards would come from Japan.
西班牙卡可能来自墨西哥或欧洲,而日本卡则来自日本.
William has quite the collection!
威廉有相当的收藏!
This ancient copper bell was made in Mexico.
此古铜钟出自于墨西哥.
Stop & Think Designs on archaeological artifacts help us figure out where those artifacts come from.
停止关于考古文物的思考设计帮助我们找出这些文物的来源.
Do you have a T-shirt or sweatshirt with words or designs that tell people where you’ve been?
你有T恤或汗衫,
Obsidian Obsidian is a glassy volcanic rock.
地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地平地
Many tools in prehistoric North America were made by chipping flakes off rock to make sharp edges.
许多史前北美的工具都是由碎片从岩石上取出来作尖端的.
Obsidian is much better for making sharp edges than regular rock because it has been through a heating process.
相较于常态岩石,欧比德比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特比特多多多出力特比特比特比特特比特比特多出出力特比特比特比特比特比特比特多出出力特比特比特比特多多出力特比特比特多出力强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强强
It can make sharper and harder blades than ordinary glass.
它能比普通玻璃更锋利更硬的叶片.
Obsidian is found in places that had volcanic activity, and obsidian from different areas has different, tiny amounts of chemicals.
在有火山活动的地方发现有异多异多,不同地区有异多异少的化学物质。
We can guess where it came from by examining the chemicals in obsidian, just as we can with the chemicals in copper.
我们可以通过检查杂草中的化学物质来猜测它来自何处, 就像我们在铜中的化学物质一样。
Obsidian rock from Panum Crater in northeastern California Obsidian sculpture People can learn about many objects, not just copper or obsidian, based on trace chemicals.
来自加利福尼亚州东北部的帕努姆克勒特(Panum Crateer)的奥克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯克勒斯
For example, the type of paper used in William’s trading cards, or the kind of ink used to print his cards might reveal where a card comes from.
例如,威廉交易卡中使用的纸张类型,或者印出他卡片的墨水类型,可能揭示出卡片的来源.
Prehistoric North American people living in the Northwest could easily find obsidian.
生活在西北地区的史前北美人很容易找到旁遮普人.
Obsidian came from areas such as Washington, Oregon, Northern California, and western Canada.
欧比迪安出自华盛顿,俄勒冈,北加州和加拿大西部等地.
Obsidian deposits are often in areas that have volcanoes.
Obsidian矿床往往分布在有火山的地区.
Many of the tallest mountains in the Northwest are volcanoes, such as Mt.
西北地区高地多为火山等地.
Rainier near Seattle, Washington, and Mt.
华盛顿州西雅图和山附近的兰尼埃.
Saint Helens.
圣海伦斯.
When a volcano erupts and the conditions are right, lava that cools rapidly can form obsidian.
当火山喷发,条件合适时,迅速冷却的熔岩可以形成斜面.
Obsidian was traded all the way across North America, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
欧比迪安被交易到北美各地,包括美国,加拿大,墨西哥.
Obsidian artifacts have been found in the United States throughout the Mississippi River Valley.
美国已发现整个密西西比河谷有欧比多式文物.
The appearance and trace chemicals in these obsidian artifacts tell us that the obsidian came from northwestern North America.
这些杂物中的外观和痕量化学物质告诉我们,杂物来自北美西北部.
Mt.
t山.
St.
圣会.
Helens Mt.
海伦斯山.
Rainier Obsidian Cliff MEXICOPACIFIC OCEAN GULF OF MEXICO CANADA Bedford Mound Panum Crater Missouri River Mississippi Riverareas of volcanic activity in the past 2,000 years possible maj or trade r o u t e Obsidian Trade Shells Shells from the ocean are beautiful and can be used for many purposes.
兰尼埃·奥比西地崖 密西西比州贝德福德 密苏里河沿岸 过去2 000年中火山活动的河流地区可能来自海洋的maj或贸易r o u t e Obsidian贸易壳是美丽的,可用于许多目的。
Humans have used shells for jewelry, as small plates, and even as musical instruments.
人类曾将贝壳用作首饰,作为小板子,甚至用作乐器.
At archaeological sites near the ocean, huge piles of shells can be found in trash heaps.
在靠近海洋的考古遗址,可以从垃圾堆中找到大量的贝壳.
Often these piles are the garbage left over after eating the meat in the middle of shellfish.
通常这些堆是吃贝类中间肉后留下的垃圾.
We know that seashells found in the Arizona desert or the upper Mississippi River Valley are not from food, because it would have taken too long to carry shellfish that far inland before it would have become rotten and dangerous to eat.
我们知道在亚利桑那沙漠或密西西比河河谷上游发现的海贝并非出自食物,因为要将远至内陆的贝类运输到太长的时间才会腐烂而危险地吃.
An archaeologist examines seashells found in an ancient trash heap.
一位考古学家检查了在古老的垃圾堆中发现的海贝.
How do we know that some shells found on archaeological sites were used for jewelry?
我们怎么知道在考古遗址上发现的一些贝壳被用于珠宝?
Many of the shells have small holes, usually in the same place.
许多外壳有小孔,通常同处.
By placing the shells on a string, they could have been made into a necklace.
将贝壳放入绳上,就可以被制成项链.
Also, some people wore jewelry when they were buried.
另外,有些人被埋葬时还戴有珠宝.
Many people were buried with their valuable possessions.
许多人被用他们宝贵的物品埋葬.
When an archaeological site includes ancient graves, archaeologists sometimes find objects in them that were traded great distances.
当一个考古遗址包括了古墓葬时,考古学家有时会在其中发现被交易相去甚远的物品.
In undisturbed graves, shells have been found in the pattern of a necklace.
在未受干扰的坟墓中,从项链的图案中发现了炮弹.
The string may be gone, but the shells are in the same place they would have been if there had been a string.
弦可能已去去去,但弹壳所在的位置与有弦时原本会去的地方相同.
These prehistoric shell earrings were found in northern Arizona.
这些史前外壳耳环被发现于亚利桑那州北部.
Shells can be helpful in identifying trade connections.
贝壳有助于确定贸易联系。
Some types of shellfish only live in certain areas.
某些种类的贝类只活在某些地区.
For example, if a type of shell from a shellfish that lived in the Gulf of Mexico is found in Colorado, we know that the people in Colorado traded with someone from near the Gulf of Mexico.
例如,如果一种生活在墨西哥湾的贝类的贝壳在科罗拉多州被找到,我们知道科罗拉多州人民与墨西哥湾附近的某个人交易.
Stop & Think Many grocery stores have a counter where seafood is sold.
停止和思考 许多杂货店有一个卖出海鲜的柜台.
Where does the fish you eat come from?
你吃的鱼从哪里来?
Read the labels or ask someone at the seafood counter where the store’s fish comes from.
阅读标签,
Birds and Animals All over the world, animals are a common trade item.
鸟类和动物 世界各地的动物都是常见的贸易项目.
When Europeans first came to North America, they brought horses.
当欧洲人第一次来北美时,他们带来了马.
Horses can be used for transportation or to pull and carry things.
马可以用于运输或牵引和搬运物品.
After European contact, many animals became part of transatlantic trade.
欧洲接触后,许多动物成为了跨大西洋贸易的一部分.
Valuable animals were transported across the Atlantic Ocean.
珍贵的动物被运输过大西洋.
Sometimes we find the bones of birds and other animals in archaeological sites.
有时我们在考古遗址中会发现鸟类和其他动物的骨骼.
The bones of animals that live in the area, particularly those that are used as food, are common.
生活在该地区的动物的骨骼,尤其是被作为食物的动物的骨骼是常见的.
For example, in eastern North America, deer bones are often found at sites where ancient people lived.
例如,在北美东部,鹿骨常出土于古人所住地.
The bones of a dog uncovered in an ancient Israeli cemetery Sometimes we find the bones of exotic animals in an archaeological site.
一只狗的骨头在古老的以色列墓地被揭开 有时我们在考古遗址中发现了异地动物的骨头
Exotic animals are those that come from a different place.
异想天开的动物是那些来自另一个地方的动物.
An elephant is an exotic animal in North America, but normal in parts of Africa.
大象是北美的一种异地动物,但在非洲部分地区是正常的.
Exotic animals are evidence of trade.
外出动物是贸易的证据。
For an elephant to come to a zoo in North America, it needs to be traded from a faraway place.
一只大象要来到北美的动物园,需要从遥远的地方进行交易.
Archaeological sites in the Southwest, such as Arizona, sometimes have bones from parrots.
亚利桑那等西南部的考古遗址有时有鹦鹉出产的骨骼.
Parrots are exotic animals because they ordinarily only live in Central or South America.
鹦鹉是异地动物,因为它们通常只活在中南美洲.
Archaeologists think these birds were valued for their colorful feathers.
考古学家认为这些鸟被重视为多彩的羽毛.
The remains of birds, such as parrots, being found thousands of miles north of where they usually live is evidence of long- distance trade.
在通常栖息地以北数千英里处发现的鸟类,如鹦鹉等残骸,是长距离贸易的证据.
Conclusion In prehistoric North America, some people traveled thousands of miles to trade.
结论 在史前北美,一些人出行了上千英里进行贸易.
Many times, traders used boats to travel along rivers or on the coast.
贸易商多次使用船只沿河或沿海出行.
For example, the Mississippi River was an important trade route that connected much of North America.
例如,密西西比河是连接北美大部分地区的重要贸易路线.
Other times, people had to walk.
有时,人们不得不走。
Crossing mountain ranges, such as the Rocky or Appalachian Mountains, could take weeks of difficult walking.
穿越山脉,如洛基山脉或阿巴拉契亚山脉,可能需要数周的艰难行走.
Today, it is easier to transport heavy trade goods long distances.
今天,长途运输重贸易货物比较容易。
Ships, trucks, trains, and planes are all used to carry trade goods among the countries of the world.
船舶、卡车、火车和飞机都被用来运送世界各国的贸易货物。
Containers full of trade goods travel by barge.
满载贸易货物的集装箱通过驳船出行。
Trade doesn’t require a truck full of valuable objects such as televisions.
贸易不需要一辆装满电视等有价值物品的卡车。
Trade can occur when one person gives another person something in exchange for something else.
当一个人给另一个人一些东西以换取其他东西时,贸易就可能发生.
Remember how William got his Japanese trading cards?
记得威廉是怎样拿到他的日本交易卡的吗?
Next time you take a trip, think about all the things you take with you.
下次你旅行时 想想你带走的一切
Afterward, think about the things you left behind.
之后,想想你留下的东西
Did you exchange gifts with someone?
你和别人交换礼物了吗?
Did you buy something you couldn’t get at home?
你买的是你家里买不到的东西吗?
That’s just what the prehistoric people of the world did.
世界史前的人们就是这样做的。