Mudslides
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents When the Earth Moves..................... 4 The Buildup............................... 6 The Danger Zone.......................... 8 The Aftermath........................... 10 Preparing for Mudslides....................13 Unpredictable Disasters.................... 15 Glossary................................. 16 When the Earth Moves In December 1999, mud and debris (duh- BREE) rushed down mountain slopes in Vargas, Venezuela, during one of the worst mudslides ever recorded. Soft, thick, wet mud called sludge buried entire neighborhoods. Multiple mudslides and flash floods pounded the area for three days. People in tall apartment buildings watched as mud filled the lower levels. They spent days on the roof waiting for help. More than 150,000 people suddenly had no place to live. Around 25,000 people died in what is now known as the Vargas tragedy. Mudslides reached 3.
地球移动时目录 . 4 《汇编》。 6 危险区 8 事后报告。 10 为泥石流做准备. 13 无法预测的灾害. 15 词汇表. 16 1999年12月,当地球移动时,委内瑞拉瓦加斯的泥地和残块(duh-BREE)冲下山坡,这是有史以来记录到最糟糕的泥地之一。 柔软又厚又湿的泥土 叫做淤泥 埋了整个街区 多起泥石流和山洪袭击了该地区三天. 高楼楼层的人看着泥土填满了下层。 他们在屋顶上等了好几天 超过15万人突然无所住. 大约25,000人在被称作"瓦加斯"的悲剧中丧生. 泥石流达到3个.
5 meters (11.
5米(11.
5 ft.)
5平方公尺) f.
during the Vargas tragedy, leaving boulders on the building’s second floor.
在Vargas惨案期间,大楼二楼留下了巨石。
Mudslides are also called mudflows or debris flows. They are a type of landslide—a natural disaster that occurs when a disturbance such as an earthquake or drought affects the natural stability of a slope. In the case of mudslides, an accumulation of water causes the land on slopes to become unstable. Mudslides cause soil erosion, which is the gradual destruction of land. Once the land on a slope starts to shift, disaster can strike. Moving downhill at fast speeds, mudflows gain momentum quickly. Chaos, danger, and an enormous amount of damage often result. How a Mudslide Happens When mudslides occur, land on a slope becomes soaked.
泥石流也叫泥流或碎片流. 它们是山体滑坡的一种 -- -- 当地震或干旱等干扰影响山坡自然稳定时发生的自然灾害。 在泥石流的情况下,积水会使坡地地变得不稳定. 泥石流造成土壤侵蚀,即土地被逐渐破坏. 一旦山坡上的土地开始转移,灾难就会发生. 以快快的速度向下行走,泥流迅速获得势头. 混乱,危险, 和巨大的损害 经常导致。 泥石流是如何发生的 泥石流发生后,一地坡地会被湿透.
The land starts to shift, eventually breaking loose and moving downhill.
地势开始转动,最终松散并下坡.
Original area Moving land The Buildup Mudslides are an example of how dangerous and unexpected the forces of nature can be. Researchers are studying why these natural disasters happen and how to keep people safe when they do. They have found that mudslides only occur under very specific conditions. First, a significant amount of water must accumulate on the ground. This can happen during or following a heavy rainfall. Mudslides can also develop due to rapidly melting snow. In all cases, mudslides begin when the ground becomes so saturated with water that it starts to loosen and shift. The ground transforms into a river of mud and debris called a slurry. Mudslides often form quickly and without much warning. More than one hundred vehicles got stuck during a mudslide on a highway in California in 2015.
原区域 迁移土地 积聚出泥石流是自然力量多么危险和出乎意料的例子. 研究人员正在研究这些自然灾害的发生原因,以及如何在灾害发生时保障人们的安全. 他们发现泥石流只在非常特殊的条件下发生. 第一,地面必须积累大量的水。 这可能在暴雨期间或之后发生。 由于雪迅速融化,泥石流也可以得到发展. 在所有情况下,泥石流开始于地上被水饱和而开始松动并转向. 地上会变成泥浆和碎屑的河流,称为"浆". 泥石流往往形成得很快,而且没有多少警告. 2015年加利福尼亚州一条高速公路上发生泥石流,100多辆车被卡住.
Mudslides flow downward on slopes at average speeds of 16 kilometers per hour (10 mph). In extremely steep areas, mudslides can flow as fast as avalanches—up to 130 kilometers per hour (80 mph). Mudslides vary in consistency; some are mainly watery mud, while others are made of extremely thick mud filled with rocks and boulders. The fast-moving buildup of debris and mud can travel over long distances, gathering trees, sand, cars, and other materials and objects in its path. The longer a mudslide flows, the larger it grows. Mudslides can become so intense that their momentum can destroy bridges and other large structures. Mudslides destroyed homes in a Colombia neighborhood in 2017.
泥石流下行于坡地上,平均时速为16公里(10 mph). 在极其陡峭的地区,泥石流能快到雪崩-可达每小时130公里(80 mph). 泥石流在一致性上各有不同;有的主要是水生泥土,有的则由被岩石和巨石填充的极其厚的泥地所形成. 快速地积聚出碎片和泥土,可以长途跋涉,在路径上聚集树木,沙地,汽车等材料和物体. 泥石流流越长,生长越多. 泥石流会变得如此剧烈,以至于其动力会摧毁桥梁和其他大型结构. 2017年,泥石流摧毁了哥伦比亚一街区的住宅.
Within these danger zones, the highest risk locations include slopes and the areas below them, the bottoms of canyons, and places where mudslides have previously occurred. Streams and channels are also susceptible to mudslides. They fill up quickly as mudslides grow in volume and intensity. An especially risky area is land that has been burned by wildfires. After a large wildfire, no brush remains, and the ground is completely bare. Without plant roots to hold the soil together, erosion is more likely to occur. When enough water builds up, a mudslide can begin. Other risky areas are those near volcanoes. Mudslides often accompany the heavy rains that follow volcanic eruptions. A firefighter walks up a slope in California after a wildfire burned for almost a month, making the land more vulnerable to mudslides.
在这些危险区中,风险最高的地点包括坡地和下方区域、峡谷底和以前曾有泥石流的地方。 溪流和河道也容易被泥石流所影响. 随着泥石流体积和强度的提高,它们迅速填满. 一个特别危险的地区是被野火烧毁的土地. 一次大野火后,没有刷子留下,地上已完全裸露. 没有植物根来将土壤凝结在一起,侵蚀的可能性就更大了。 当足够多的水积起时,会开始出泥石流. 其他危险地区是火山附近。 火山爆发后的暴雨经常伴有泥石流. 一场野火烧毁了近一个月后,一名消防员走上加利福尼亚州的山坡,使这片地更容易遭受泥石流.
The Aftermath When a large mudslide occurs, people nearby are often evacuated, until the area can be secured. They must wait in shelters for an unknown period of time. Internet or television connections may not work, so survivors rely on radio or emergency personnel to get information. They may not know what happened to their homes for weeks. Even if the buildings in an area remain intact, mudslides and their aftermath can disrupt infrastructure such as roads, bridges, tunnels, trains, electric and gas lines, and water. Therefore, people often can’t go back to their homes or businesses for some time. Workers begin to repair a road that collapsed in Austria after mudslides occurred in 2018.
后泥石流发生后,附近的人经常被疏散,直到该地区安全为止. 他们必须在收容所等候一段时间,时间不明。 互联网或电视连接可能行不通,因此幸存者依靠无线电或应急人员获取信息。 他们可能几周来不知道家里发生了什么。 即使某一地区的建筑物仍然完好无损,泥石流及其后果也会破坏诸如道路、桥梁、隧道、火车、电力和天然气线路以及水等基础设施。 因此,人们往往在一段时间内不能回到自己的家或企业去。 工人开始修复2018年泥石流后在奥地利倒塌的一条道路.
After a mudslide occurs, survivors may face repeat mudslides and continued flooding, especially if rain continues. In particularly dangerous or sloped areas, the water and shifting ground can create a snowball effect. The buildup of rain causes a mudslide. Then, displaced water builds up in a new location, causing another mudslide. This can keep happening for a long time, especially during an intense storm. When the disaster is finally over, new troubles arise. Standing water from mudslides may remain for a long time, creating mold that can rot the walls and floors of buildings. It can even spread disease. A search-and-rescue dog looks for survivors after a 2018 mudslide in California.
泥石流发生后,幸存者可能面临再起的泥石流并持续被洪水淹没,特别是在雨水持续的情况下. 在特别危险或有斜坡的地区,水和地移会形成雪球效应. 积雨起起起出出出出出出出泥. 然后,流出的水堆积在一个新的地点,造成又一泥石流. 这可以持续很长时间,特别是在强烈风暴期间. 当灾难终于结束时,新的麻烦就出现了. 泥石流产生的站立取水可能长期存在,产生可腐烂建筑物墙壁和地层的模具. 它甚至可以传播疾病。 一条搜救犬在2018年加州泥石流后寻找幸存者.
The mudslides in Vargas, Venezuela, for instance, resulted in extreme flooding. Water built up during the mudslides and caused the flow of debris to spread. It seeped inside homes and businesses that hadn’t been swept away. A similar disaster happened in August 2017 in the West African country of Sierra Leone. The mudslides themselves claimed five hundred lives. The flash floods that followed drew disease- carrying insects such as mosquitos. The insects left survivors battling malaria, cholera, and other deadly diseases. A river of mud flows in Sierra Leone as the result of a 2017 mudslide.
例如,委内瑞拉Vargas的泥石流造成极端洪灾。 泥石流中积出出出水来并造成出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出 它渗入没有被扫荡的房屋和企业。 2017年8月,西非国家塞拉利昂也发生了类似的灾难. 泥石流本身也夺走了500人的生命. 随后的山洪引发了疾病——携带蚊子等昆虫. 这些昆虫使幸存者与疟疾、霍乱和其他致命疾病作斗争。 由2017年泥石流造成的塞拉利昂一道泥河.
Rescuers look for survivors after a mudslide hit a Chinese town in 2018.
2018年中国一城镇被泥石流袭击后,救援人员寻找幸存者.
Preparing for Mudslides Though a mudslide can happen with little to no warning, some early signs can help people spot one ahead of time. Before a mudslide, the ground might be wet where it is usually dry. It could also be sunken or full of unexpected holes. Dangerous water buildup can create cracks or bulges in concrete or pavement on roads or sidewalks. Massive amounts of water can also lead to shifting ground and foundations. Windows and doors might tilt, making them stick and unable to open. Water levels in creeks and rivers may rise or fall rapidly. Heavy rains and a mudslide caused a river to overflow in Switzerland, flooding part of a nearby town in 2000.
准备泥石流 虽然泥石流几乎不会发生, 在泥石流之前,通常干燥的地方,地可能湿了. 它也可能被沉入或充满出乎意料的洞. 危险的积水可以在混凝土中产生裂缝或凸起,或在道路或人行道上铺设人行道. 大量水还会导致地面和地基的改变。 视窗和门可能倾斜,使它们被粘住并无法打开. 溪道和河流的水位可能迅速上升或下降. 暴雨和泥石流导致瑞士有一条河流溢出,于2000年淹没了附近一城镇的一部分.
The powerful force of a slurry can smash down walls. Moving the flow away from buildings to a safer area can prevent damage and is more effective than trying to stop it. Careful landscaping as well as stones, ditches, and walls are all preventative measures that help divert mudslides away from structures. Other steps include planting vegetation to prevent soil erosion. Local emergency departments help people living in danger zones protect themselves with safety measures and evacuation plans in the event of a mudslide. They may also provide access to sandbags. People stagger sandbags like bricks to create a seal of protection in hopes of redirecting the flow of water and mud. In 2009, a man set up sandbags to prevent flooding in his California house (left).
泥浆的强大力量可以摧毁墙壁. 将流量从建筑物移到更安全的地区可以防止损坏,而且比试图阻止损坏更有效. 谨慎的景观美化以及石头、地沟和墙壁都是预防措施,有助于转移泥石流对建筑物的注意力。 其他步骤包括种植植被以防止水土流失。 地方应急部门帮助隐患区居民采取安全措施和泥石流后疏散计划来保护自己. 它们也可能提供取用沙袋的机会。 人相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相相接相相接相 2009年,一名男子在其加州住宅(左)设置了防洪沙袋.
Workers repair sandbag walls in Sri Lanka in 2017 (right).
2017年斯里兰卡工人修沙袋墙 (右).
A 2010 mudslide destroyed a large area of land in China.
2010年一起泥石流摧毁了中国大片土地.
Unpredictable Disasters Mudslides are incredibly dangerous natural disasters that begin with one simple ingredient: water. Once water builds up, it can destabilize the ground, pulling more and more mud and debris into its flow. Mudslides often strike without much notice, but it is still important to recognize warning signs, especially in mountainous areas near coasts where the risk of mudslides is highest. People who inhabit areas prone to mudslides need to be prepared and stay alert. After mudslides run their course, they leave behind immense damage as a reminder of nature’s power. Glossary accumulation (n.)
无法预测的灾害 泥石流是极其危险的自然灾害,从水这一简单成分开始。 一旦水积出,它就会破坏地上的稳定,把越来越多的泥土和碎片拉入水流. 泥石流袭击时往往没有太多的注意,但仍需要识别出警示信号,特别是在泥石流风险最高的沿海地区. 常住地有泥石流易发地的人,要做好防汛准备并保持警惕. 泥石流过后,它们留下了巨大的破坏来提醒大自然的力量。 词汇积累(n.)
a piling up of material over time (p. 5) dangerous (adj.)
a 材料随时间推移而堆积(第5页)危险(adj.)
able or likely to cause harm (p. 6) debris (n.)
(第6页)
scattered pieces of something that are left after the rest has been destroyed or is gone (p. 4) disrupt (v.)
所留下的零散的碎片,其余的被破坏或已经消失(p. 4) 干扰(v.
to damage, break apart, or change drastically (p. 10) evacuated (v.)
(第10页)
moved people out of danger (p. 10) intense (adj.)
使人们脱离危险(第10页) 剧烈(adj.
extreme, forceful, or existing to a high degree (p. 7) momentum (n.)
(第7页)
the strength or force that keeps something moving or increasing over time (p. 5) natural disaster (n.)
(第5页)