Independence
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Honoring Freedom.
荣誉自由目录.
4 The First People in Mexico.
4 墨西哥第一人种.
5 Spanish Rule.
5 西班牙规则。
10 Revolution!
10个革命!
13 Republic.
13共和国。
18 Celebration!
庆祝18!
19 Independence Timeline.
19 独立时间线.
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Explore More.
23 探索更多。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 Honoring Freedom If you’re ever in Mexico on September 16, you’ll find yourself in the middle of a big celebration.
24 荣誉自由 如果你在9月16日到墨西哥,
You’ll see parades, fireworks, food, confetti, toys, horseback riders, rodeos, bullfights, and many happy people!
你会看到游行、烟花、食物、相片、玩具、骑马、骑马、斗牛等,
September 16 is Mexican Independence Day; Mexicans are honoring their country’s freedom.
9月16日是墨西哥独立日;
What Is Independence?
独立是什么?
It is self-rule.
这是自治。
As you get older, you will have more independence and responsibility.
随着年龄的增长,你会有更多的独立性和责任.
You will rely on yourself, decide what’s important to you, and make rules to live by.
你将依靠自己,决定什么对你很重要,制定生活的规则。
In the case of Mexico, when the country won its independence, Mexicans were responsible for making their own laws.
就墨西哥而言,当该国赢得独立时,墨西哥人有责任制定自己的法律。
Freedom like that is worth much sacrifice and work.
这样的自由值得牺牲和努力。
The First People in Mexico The land that we now call Mexico, long before Mexico became a country, was occupied by groups of people living in tribes.
墨西哥第一人民组织 早在墨西哥成为一个国家之前,我们现在称之为墨西哥的土地就被生活在部落中的一群人所占领。
These people were the native people of Mexico who were born there before people from other lands arrived.
这些人是墨西哥的原住民,他们在来自其他土地的人到达之前就在那里出生.
This book is about the people of Mexico and their fight for independence.
这本书是关于墨西哥人民和他们争取独立的斗争.
There were three major groups or civilizations in early Mexico.
墨西哥早期有三个主要群体或文明。
Each group had a particular way of living.
每个群体都有特定的生活方式。
For many years, they hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food.
多年来,他们猎取了动物并收集了野生植物来取食.
Eventually, they began to farm to feed the people in their villages.
最终,他们开始耕种来养活自己村庄的人民.
Their most important crop was maize, or corn.
他们最重要的作物是玉米或玉米。
The first great civilization was the Olmec (OL-mek).
第一个伟大的文明是奥尔梅克人(OL-mek).
They lived in the coastal lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico.
他们生活在墨西哥湾沿岸低地.
The climate in that area allowed the Olmecs to grow and harvest maize twice a year.
该地区的气候使得奥尔梅克人能够每年种植并收割玉米两次.
The abundant food production allowed the civilization to grow strong.
丰富的粮食生产使文明得以壮大.
No one knows exactly why the Olmec civilization ended around 200 bc.
没有人知道为什么奥尔梅克文明在200bc左右结束.
The next major civilization, which started around ad 300, was the Mayan.
下一个开始于广告300左右的主要文明是玛雅人.
By around ad 900, the Maya were thriving.
到900年左右,玛雅人已经兴旺了。
They excelled in architecture and art.
他们擅长建筑和艺术
They also made astronomy tables that were quite accurate, and developed a mathematical system that included zero.
他们还制作了相当准确的天文学表,并开发出包含0的数学系统.
(Zero was an advanced concept for that time.)
(Zero是当时的先进概念).
Unlike the Olmecs, the Mayans left written records of their lives, so we know much more about them.
与奥尔梅克人不同的是,玛雅人留下了他们生活的书面记录,所以我们更了解他们.
But like the Olmecs, the Mayans were another advanced civilization that suddenly and mysteriously disappeared.
但和奥尔梅克人一样,玛雅人是另一个突然神秘地消失的先进文明.
The third great Mexican civilization was the Aztec (AZ-tek).
第三个伟大的墨西哥文明是阿兹特克人(AZ-tek).
By 1430, the Aztecs ruled the Valley of Mexico, and then they spread over the entire country.
至1430年,阿兹特克人统治了墨西哥河谷,后又遍及全国.
They built an impressive city called Tenochtitlán (tay-nohch-teet-LAHN), which was essentially Mexico’s capital city.
他们建造了一个令人印象深刻的城市叫特诺克蒂特兰(tay-nohch-teet-LAHN),这个城市基本上是墨西哥的首都.
Tenochtitlán was on an island in Lake Texcoco (tex-KOH-koh).
特诺克蒂特兰在特克斯科克湖(tex-KOH-koh)的一个岛上.
The city had 200,000 residents, with 400,000 more living nearby.
该市有20万居民,附近居住了40万人.
In the early 1500s, there were about 1.
在1500年代初,大约有一.
2 million people living in the Valley of Mexico, the area Mexico City now occupies.
居住在墨西哥河谷的200万人,墨西哥城现在占领的地区。
Ruins such as this pyramid tell much about Mayan civilization.
像金字塔这样的废墟 讲述了玛雅文明
In 1517, a Spanish ship led by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (frahn-SEES-co er-NAHN- dez deh COR-doh-ba) sailed from Spain to Mexico.
1517年由弗朗西斯科·埃尔南德斯·德·科尔多瓦(frahn-SEES-co er-NAHN-dez deh COR-doh-ba)率领的西班牙舰只从西班牙开往墨西哥.
Mexico’s native peoples had never seen white- skinned people, sailboats, cannons, gunpowder, or horses.
墨西哥原住民从未见过白皮人、帆船、大炮、火药或马匹。
They believed the Spaniards were gods who were led by Quetzalcoatl (keht-sahl- KOH-ahtl), a god of the tribes that the Aztecs had conquered.
他们相信西班牙人是被克萨尔科亚特尔(克特-萨赫-克奥赫特尔-克奥赫特尔)所领导的神,阿兹特克人所征服的部落之神.
The Aztec emperor, Montezuma (mon-tuh-ZOO-muh), gave the Spaniards gifts of jewelry made of precious stones, silver, and gold.
阿兹特克皇帝蒙特祖马(英语:Montezuma (mon-tuh-ZOO-muh))向西班牙人赠送了由宝石,银和黄金所制作的珠宝.
The gifts only made the Spaniards greedy for more riches.
礼物只会让西班牙人贪得无厌
Before returning to Spain, they fought native tribes to take even more riches back home.
在回到西班牙之前,他们与原住民部落争相夺回了更多的财富.
More Spaniards arrived by sea in April 1519—this time they were led by Hernán Cortés (er-NAN kor-TEZ).
更多的西班牙人于1519年4月从海上抵达——这次他们由埃尔南·科尔特斯(er-NAN kor-TEZ)率领.
Cortés hoped to take Mexican land for himself.
科特斯希望自己夺取墨西哥土地.
Spanish Rule When Cortés and his men, along with native enemies of the Aztecs, marched into Tenochtitlán, they were amazed by the city’s beauty, with every building painted white.
西班牙语规则 当科尔特斯和他的部下们同阿兹特克人的本土敌人一起进军特诺克蒂特兰时,他们对这座城市的美丽感到惊讶,每栋建筑都被涂上白色.
Montezuma gave dinner parties for the Spaniards and invited them to stay.
蒙特祖马为西班牙人举办了晚宴并邀请他们留下来.
Cortés repaid Montezuma’s hospitality by imprisoning the Aztec ruler.
科特斯通过监禁阿兹特克统治者来偿还蒙特祖马的款待.
Cortés’s men killed the Aztec leaders.
科特斯的手下杀害了阿兹特克领导人.
Later, Montezuma was killed, either by the Spaniards or by his own men who were angered at his weakness.
后来,蒙特祖马被西班牙人或他自己的人所杀,他们对他软弱感到愤怒.
Soon more Spanish arrived to fight the Aztecs.
很快又有西班牙人来与阿兹特克人作战.
In the meantime, the Aztecs began dying of smallpox, a disease brought to Mexico by the invaders.
在此期间,阿兹特克人开始死于天花,这种疾病被入侵者带到了墨西哥.
The Aztecs had no defenses against the disease.
阿兹特克人对此病没有防守.
By the time the Spaniards conquered the Aztecs, two-thirds, or about 130,000, of the people of Tenochtitlán were dead.
到了西班牙人征服了阿兹特克人的时候,特诺克蒂特兰人中有三分之二或约13万人已经死亡.
By 1550, the Spanish ruled Mexico.
到1550年,西班牙人统治了墨西哥.
Diseases such as smallpox brought from Europe weakened the natives.
来自欧洲的天花等疾病削弱了原住民.
There were about 20 million native people in Mexico when Spain conquered the country.
当西班牙征服墨西哥时,墨西哥约有2000万原住民.
One hundred years later, there were only about 1.
一百年后,只有一岁左右.
2 million natives left in all of Mexico.
墨西哥全国有200万本地人
Spain ruled for three centuries, calling the area New Spain.
西班牙统治了三个世纪,称该地区为"新西班牙".
The conquerors’ main goal was wealth, so they stole Mexican treasures.
征服者的主要目标是财富,所以他们偷走了墨西哥的宝藏.
They also set up a system in which Spanish immigrants owned the land, and they made the natives their slaves.
他们还建立了西班牙移民拥有土地的制度,他们使原住民成为奴隶.
This created two classes of people in Mexico: the very rich and the very poor.
这在墨西哥产生了两个阶层的人:非常富有和非常贫穷的人.
Over the years, the Spanish immigrants married the natives of Mexico.
多年来,西班牙移民与墨西哥原住民结婚.
Their children were a mix of Spanish and native blood.
他们的孩子是西班牙和本土血统的混合体.
As time went by, these mixed-blood people became the majority.
随着时间的流逝,这些混血人成为了多数.
They considered themselves true Mexicans, not Spaniards or natives.
他们认为自己是真正的墨西哥人,而不是西班牙人或原住民.
By the beginning of the 1800s, the Mexican people yearned for their country to become independent.
到1800年代初,墨西哥人民渴望国家独立.
They were inspired by the way other countries fought to win freedom.
他们受到其他国家为赢得自由而斗争的方式的启发.
Mexicans no longer wanted Spain to rule their country; they wanted to be a free country led by Mexicans.
墨西哥人不再想让西班牙统治他们的国家;他们希望成为一个由墨西哥人所领导的自由国家.
For that, they’ d need a revolution, or a fight to replace the Spanish rulers with their own form of government.
为此,他们需要一场革命,或一场斗争,以自己的政府形式来取代西班牙统治者。
Catholic churches in Mexico are reminders of Spain’s religious influence.
墨西哥的天主教会是西班牙宗教影响力的提醒.
Today, people are free to protest in the streets of Mexico.
今天,人们可以自由在墨西哥街头抗议.
Revolution!
革命! 革命吗?
The Creoles (KREE-ols) were the first group of Mexicans to think about revolution.
克里奥尔人(KREE-ols)是最早考虑革命的墨西哥人群体.
They were born in Mexico to parents from Spain who had settled in Mexico.
他们出生于墨西哥,父母是来自墨西哥定居的西班牙人。
Compared to people living in Mexico and born in Spain, the Creoles were regarded as second-class citizens.
与生活在墨西哥并生于西班牙的人相比,克里奥尔人被视为二等公民.
They didn’t have the same privileges as those born in Spain.
他们没有在西班牙出生的特权。
They were unhappy with their lack of political power and began to plan a revolution.
他们对缺乏政治权力感到不快并开始策划革命.
The Spaniards learned of their plans and the Creoles were forced to begin the revolution ahead of schedule.
西班牙人得知了他们的计划,克里奥尔人被迫提前开始革命.
Very early on September 16, 1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (mee-GEL ee-THAL-go ee kos-TEE-ya) rang the bell of his church in the town of Dolores.
1810年9月16日很早,一位名叫米格尔·伊达尔戈·克斯特利亚(英语:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (mee-GEL ee-THAL-go ee kos-TEE-ya))的神父在多洛雷斯镇敲响了他的教堂的钟.
He yelled: “Viva México!”
他喊道:“墨西哥万岁!”
(BEE-ba MEH- hee-coh) and “Viva la independencia!”
(BEE-ba MEH-he-coh)和"独立万岁!
(BEE-ba la in-deh-pen-DEN-see-ah).
(BEE-ba la in-deh-pen-DEN-see-ah.) (中文(简体) ).
This is known as the cry of independence.
这被称为独立的呼声.
Hidalgo was calling out to Mexicans, urging them to fight Spanish rule and to reclaim Mexico for their own.
伊达尔戈向墨西哥人发出呼声,敦促他们同西班牙统治进行斗争,并收复墨西哥为己有.
By the end of October 80,000 people had joined Hidalgo’s army.
到10月底,有8万人加入了伊达尔戈的军队.
Hidalgo’s soldiers conquered two large cities and a few others, but they were defeated in the biggest city—Mexico City.
Hidalgo的士兵征服了两个大城市和其他几个城市,但他们在最大的城市——墨西哥城被击败.
In 1811, Hidalgo was captured and killed by the Spanish, but the fight for independence continued.
1811年,伊达尔戈被西班牙人俘虏并被杀死,但争取独立的斗争仍在继续.
The next leader of the rebellion was another priest, named José María Morelos y Pavón (ho-ZE ma-REE-a mo-REH-los ee pah-BON).
叛乱的下一位领导人是另一位牧师,名叫何塞·玛丽亚·莫雷洛斯·伊·帕冯(ho-ZE ma-REE-a mo-REH-lose pah-Bon).
He issued the first formal call for independence at a congress he held in 1813.
他在他于1813年举行的一次大会上发出了第一次正式的独立呼吁.
He wrote up a constitution for a Mexican republic.
他为墨西哥共和国写了一部宪法.
However, in 1815, Morelos was also captured and killed by the Spanish.
然而,1815年,莫雷洛斯也被西班牙人俘虏并杀害.
“Lord, if I have done well, thou knowest it; if ill, to thy infinite mercy I commend my soul.”
我的主啊!如果我做了善事,你必定知道,如果有病,我必定赞颂我的灵魂。 “
For the next five years, there was no real leader for Mexican independence, and by 1816, Spanish soldiers had killed most of the rebels.
在接下来的五年中,墨西哥独立没有真正的领导人,到1816年,西班牙士兵已经杀死了大部分的叛军.
Spain’s king forced Mexicans to pay taxes, and the king’s harsh actions caused many Mexicans who hadn’t taken part in the revolution to now turn against Spain.
西班牙国王强迫墨西哥人纳税,而国王的严厉行动使得许多没有参加革命的墨西哥人现在转而反对西班牙.
In 1820, there was a revolution in Spain, and the Creoles believed this would be a perfect time to try again for independence.
1820年,西班牙发生了一场革命,克里奥尔人认为这将是再次尝试独立的最佳时机.
In 1821, a Spanish colonel named Agustín de Iturbide (ah-gus-TEEN deh ee-tur-BEE-deh) was sent with 2,500 Spanish soldiers to stop a Mexican rebellion in central Mexico.
1821年,一名名叫Agustín de Iturbide (ah-gus-TEEN deh ee-tur-BEE-deh)的西班牙上校被派去与2500名西班牙士兵一起阻止墨西哥在墨西哥中部的叛乱.
A group of powerful Creoles approached Iturbide and convinced him to betray his Spanish commander.
一群强大的克里奥尔人接近了伊图尔比德并说服他背叛了自己的西班牙指挥官.
He agreed to fight alongside them with his army in the Creoles’ fight for independence.
他同意在克里奥尔人争取独立的斗争中与他们的军队并肩作战。
In exchange, Iturbide was to have the power to dictate the terms of Mexico’s independence.
作为交换,伊图比德拥有支配墨西哥独立条件的权力.
In September of 1821, Iturbide led troops to conquer Mexico City, the center of Spanish government.
1821年9月,伊图尔比德率领军队征服了西班牙政府中心墨西哥城.
He declared himself the head of the new independent government of Mexico.
他宣布自己是墨西哥新的独立政府的首脑.
Spanish officials escaped and returned to Spain.
西班牙官员出逃并返回了西班牙.
Spanish troops enter Mexico City.
西班牙军队进入墨西哥城.
Mexico’s National Palace is built on the site of Montezuma’s palace.
墨西哥国家宫建于蒙特祖马宫遗址上.
Mexico was now independent!
墨西哥现在独立了!
The Mexicans fought for their freedom for 11 years.
墨西哥人为自由而战了11年.
They may have lost as many as 600,000 lives.
他们可能损失了多达60万人的生命。
At last, their long years of sacrifice had paid off—they were free and independent.
最后,他们多年的牺牲都得到了回报,他们是自由而独立的。
But the Creoles couldn’t agree on how Mexico’s government should work.
但克里奥尔人无法认同墨西哥政府应该如何运作。
Some people wanted a monarchy, ruled by a king.
有些人想要君主制,由国王统治.
Others desired a republic like the United States, governed by Mexico’s citizens.
其他人则希望像美国那样由墨西哥公民管理。
Iturbide decided for everyone in 1822 when he established a monarchy by declaring himself Emperor Agustín I.
伊图尔比德在1822年通过宣布自己为阿古斯丁一世皇帝,建立了君主制,为所有人做出了决定.
He was not a good ruler, and the people turned against him.
他不是个好统治者,百姓纷纷反对他.
By 1823, he was dethroned.
至1823年被废.
Republic After Iturbide was dethroned, a congress was established.
共和国被伊图尔比德解冻后,成立了大会.
This congress wrote a constitution for a democratic country, similar to the United States.
这次大会为一个民主国家写了一部宪法,类似于美国.
However, there were still major disagreements.
然而,仍然存在重大分歧。
One group wanted a strong central government and wanted Roman Catholicism to be the national religion.
有一个团体希望有一个强大的中央政府,并想让罗马天主教成为国教.
Another group wanted the states to have more power, and they wanted to be free to worship as they wished.
另一个团体想让各州拥有更多的权力,他们想按照自己的意愿自由崇拜.
At last in 1824, the groups reached a compromise, and Mexico became a republic.
最终在1824年,各团体达成妥协,而墨西哥成为一个共和国.
They formed a national government led by a two-house congress.
他们组成了由两院代表大会领导的国民政府.
A governor and a legislature led each state.
每个州都有一个州长和一个立法机构领导.
The first president was Guadalupe (hwah- dah-LOO-peh) Victoria.
首任会长为瓜达卢佩(英语:Hwah-dah-LOO-peh)维多利亚.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Mexico’s national flag was created in 1821.
墨西哥国旗创建于1821年.
Green represents independence, white is for religious purity, and red stands for the Spanish who joined Mexicans in the fight for independence, plus the blood of Mexican heroes.
绿色代表独立,白色代表宗教纯洁,红色代表加入墨西哥人争取独立斗争的西班牙人,外加墨西哥英雄的鲜血.
Celebration!
庆祝!
The Mexican people will never forget the people and events that led to their country’s independence.
墨西哥人民永远不会忘记导致国家独立的人民和事件。
Mexican Independence Day is a huge celebration, or fiesta, every year throughout Mexico.
墨西哥独立 一天是一个巨大的庆祝活动, 或庆祝, 每年在墨西哥各地。
Each year, the celebration begins on the night of September 15.
每年的庆祝活动从9月15日晚上开始.
People all over Mexico gather in town centers.
墨西哥各地的人聚集在城镇中心.
In Mexico City, around half a million people crowd into the city square.
在墨西哥城,大约50万人挤入了城市广场.
Everyone watches the clock.
每个人都看钟。
At exactly 11:00, the crowd quiets.
正好11点,人群安静。
Mexico’s president comes out of the palace onto the balcony.
墨西哥总统出宫上阳台.
He wears a sash of red, white, and green, and carries a large Mexican flag.
他身穿一面由红,白,绿三色组成的纱布,并悬挂一面墨西哥大旗.
The president rings the same liberty bell that Hidalgo rang when he called the people to fight against the Spanish for their freedom.
总统呼唤人民为自由与西班牙人进行斗争时, 敲响了同样的自由钟声。
As Hidalgo did so many years ago, the president shouts, “Viva México!”
正如伊达尔戈在多年前所做的那样,总统大叫“墨西哥万岁!
and “Viva la independencia!”
以及“独立万岁!
His voice booms through loudspeakers.
他的声音通过扬声器而发作.
Cinco de Mayo Cinco de Mayo (SEEN-ko deh MY-oh), May 5th, is not Mexican Independence Day.
5月5日是墨西哥独立日,
It celebrates the victory of a small group of Mexicans over the French army at the Battle of Puebla.
它庆祝一小撮墨西哥人在普埃布拉战役中战胜了法国军队.
Mexicans gather in city squares to celebrate.
墨西哥人聚集在城市广场来庆祝.
The crowd screams “Viva México!”
人群尖叫着“墨西哥万岁!
and “Viva la independencia!”
以及“独立万岁!
while they toss confetti and blow on their horns.
当他们抛出孔雀并吹 在他们的角上。
Everyone sings Mexico’s national anthem.
每个人都唱墨西哥国歌.
Red, white, and green fireworks light the sky.
红色,白色,和绿色的烟花点亮了天空.
Similar ceremonies take place all over Mexico at the same time.
类似的仪式同时在墨西哥各地举行.
The next day, September 16, is Independence Day.
次日"9月16日"为"独立日".
Mexicans celebrate with parades, feasts, rodeos, bullfights, and horseback riding competitions.
墨西哥人以游行,宴会,骑马,斗牛等形式庆祝,并举行骑马比赛.
Statues of Hidalgo are decorated with red, white, and green flowers.
伊达尔戈的斯达图斯以红花,白花和绿花为装饰.
It’s a fine celebration in honor of Mexico’s long, hard, yet rewarding fight for independence.
这是为纪念墨西哥漫长而艰难但值得为独立而奋斗的佳作。
Independence Timeline By 15,000 bc: First native inhabitants known to be living in Mexico 1200-200: Olmec civilization prospers ad 300-900: Mayan civilization prospers 1300-1520: Aztec civilization prospers 1325: Aztec city of Tenochtitlán founded on the island in Lake Texcoco 1520: Hernán Cortés conquers Tenochtitlán for Spain.
独立时间线 15 000 bc:已知居住在墨西哥的第一土著居民1 200-200: 奥尔梅克文明繁荣 广告300-900: 玛雅文明繁荣 1300年-1520年: 阿兹特克文明繁荣 1325年:阿兹特克城市特诺克蒂特兰在特克斯科克湖(英语:Texcoco 1520:Hernán Cortés Convers Covers Tenochtitlán for Spain)在岛上建立.
1520-1810: Mexico is a colony of Spain.
1520-1810:墨西哥是西班牙的殖民地.
leads the revolution against Spain.
领导反抗西班牙的革命
independence.
独立。
Mexico wins independence.
墨西哥赢得独立.
1822: Iturbide is Mexico’s first emperor.
1822年:伊图尔比德是墨西哥的第一位皇帝.
Guadalupe Victoria is Mexico’s first president.
瓜达卢佩·维多利亚是墨西哥首任总统.
Traditional clothing is just part of the Independence Day festivities.
传统服装只是独立日庆典的一部分.
Glossary anthem a song of national pride (p.
名词歌是一首国歌(p.
21) civilizations groups of people with a certain way of living (p.
21) 有某种生活方式的文明人群 (p.
6) compromise a decision in which both sides of an argument give up certain things to reach an agreement (p.
6)妥协了一项让争论双方放弃某些事情以达成协议的决定(p.
18) Creoles people born in Mexico whose parents were born in Spain (p.
18) 出生于墨西哥的克里奥尔人,父母生于西班牙 (p.
13) dethroned removed from power (p.
13)被解去权力(p.
18) fiesta Spanish word for “festival” (p.
18) 关于"节日"(p.
19) immigrants people who move into one country from another (p.
19) 从一国迁入另一国的移民(p.
11) independence freedom from the control, influence, support, or help of others (p.
11) 独立不受他人的控制,影响,支持或帮助(p.
4) native belonging to a location by birth (p.
4)因出生而属于原地(p.
5) republic a government in which power belongs to the citizens (p.
5) 共和国政府,权力属于公民(p.
14) revolution removing one government from power to replace it with another (p.
14)革命把一个政府从权力中除去,取而代之(p.
12) Index Agustín de Iturbide, 15-17 Aztecs, 8-10 celebration, 4, 19-21 classes, 11 congress, 14, 18 Creoles, 13, 15-17 disease, 10-11 fight, 10, 14 flag, 18, 20 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, 9 freedom, 4, 12, 17, 20 government, 12, 17-18 Guadalupe Victoria, 18, Gulf of Mexico, 6 Hernán Cortés, 9-10, 22 independence, 4-5, 13-16, 18-19, 21-22 José María Morelos y Pavón, 14 Lake Texcoco, 8, 22 Mayas, 7, 22 Mexico City, 5, 8, 14-16, 19 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, 13-14, 20-22 Montezuma, 9-10 native, 5, 9-12 New Spain, 11 Olmecs, 6-7, 22 president, 18, 20, 22 Quetzalcóatl, 9 religion, 18 republic, 14, 17-18, 22 revolution, 12-13, 15, 22 September 16, 4, 13, 19 Tenochtitlán, 8, 10, 22 Valley of Mexico, 8 Explore More On the Internet use www.
12) Index Agustín de Iturbide, 15-17 Aztecs, 8-10庆典, 4, 19-21等, 11名代表大会, 14, 18名克里奥尔人, 13名, 15-17名疾病, 10-11名格斗, 10, 14名旗帜, 18, 20名弗朗西斯科·埃尔南德斯·德·科尔多瓦, 9名自由, 4, 12, 17, 20名政府, 12, 17-18名瓜达卢佩·维多利亚, 18名墨西哥湾, 6名埃尔南·科尔特斯, 9-10名, 22名独立, 4-5, 13-16名, 18-19名, 21-22名何塞. 玛利亚·莫雷洛斯和帕文,14个特克斯科克湖,8个22个玛雅人,7个22个墨西哥城,5个8个14-16个19个米格尔·伊达尔戈和科斯蒂利亚,13-14个20-22个蒙特祖马,9-10个土著,5个9-12个新西班牙,11个奥尔梅克斯,6-7个22个总统,18个20个克萨尔科特尔,9个宗教,18个共和国,14个14个17-18个22个革命,12-13个15个9月16日,4个13个19个特诺克蒂特兰,8个10个22个墨西哥谷,8个探索更多. 互联网上使用www.
google.
Google (英语).
com to find out more about topics presented in this book.
了解更多本书中介绍的主题
Use terms from the text, or try searching for glossary or index words.
使用文本中的术语,或者尝试搜索词汇或索引词.
Searches to try: Mexican history or independence.
寻找尝试:墨西哥历史或独立.