Machu Picchu
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Mysterious Place.
内容表 A 神秘之地.
4 Understanding the Inca.
4个 悟入印迦经.
6 Why They Built.
6 为何建造。
8 Building Machu Picchu.
八建马丘比丘.
10 The Spanish Conquer the Inca.
10 西班牙征服印加.
14 Machu Picchu Today.
今十四马丘比丘.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Location of Machu Picchu PACIFIC OCEAN Peru Brazil Chile Bolivia SOUTH AMERICA Urubamba River A Mysterious Place Nestled in the towering Andes Mountains of Peru—2,350 meters (7,710 ft.)
16 马楚比丘的位置 太平洋 玻利维亚 南美洲 乌鲁班巴河 位于秘鲁高耸的安第斯山脉 -- -- 2 350米(7 710英尺)
above sea level— a priceless treasure awaits visitors.
在海平面上——一个无价之宝等待着游客。
Machu Picchu, an ancient city of the Inca, is one of the most mysterious and haunting places in the world.
马楚比丘是印加人的一个古城,是世界上最神秘和被缠绕的地方之一.
Hidden by forest trees and vines, Machu Picchu remained unknown to most of the world for more than four hundred years.
被林木和藤木所隐藏,马丘比丘在四百多年间一直无人知晓.
Then, in 1911, a history professor named Hiram Bingham rediscovered it.
后于1911年由史学教授希拉姆·宾汉重新发现.
Bingham traveled to South America on a hunch that he might find an ancient Inca city somewhere in the Andes Mountains.
宾汉姆前往南美洲的直觉是他可能在安第斯山脉某地找到一个古老的印加城市.
Once there, a local farmer told him of a city high in the mountains that had been abandoned long ago.
一次在那里,一个当地农民告诉他一个在山地上被废弃的城市.
Hiram Bingham was born in Hawaii in 1875 and died in 1956 in Washington, D.
1875年希拉姆·宾汉姆生于夏威夷,1956年逝世于华盛顿.
C.
C组
Bingham made the steep and difficult climb up the long, overgrown path and was amazed at what he saw when he reached the top.
宾汉姆使陡峭而艰难地爬上了漫长而繁衍的路径,并对他的到达顶部时所见所闻感到惊讶.
Through the tangled trees, he found a ruin—a beautiful example of Inca architecture.
通过被缠绕的树木,他发现了一个废墟——印加建筑的美丽典范.
He saw expertly made stone walls, irrigated farming areas, sacred temples, and ancient paved roads.
他见到了专家制作的石墙,灌溉的农地,圣殿和古老的铺路.
He knew these early ruins could provide a key to understanding the Inca people—a group that flourished in South America during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
他知道这些早期的废墟可以为了解印加人——15和16世纪在南美洲兴起的一个群体——提供关键。
Bingham wanted to explore the site and learn more.
宾汉姆想探索该网站,并学习更多.
Understanding the Inca It is not easy to learn about the Inca because many experts think they had no written language.
理解印加 了解印加人并不容易,因为许多专家认为他们没有书面语言.
However, archaeologists and historians can make educated guesses about them.
然而,考古学家和历史学家可以对他们作出有教养的猜测.
Some historians think that the Inca began as a small clan of cave dwellers.
一些历史学家认为,印加人开始是一个由洞穴居民组成的小部族.
They were one of many groups living in the Andes Mountains.
他们是生活在安第斯山脉的众多群体之一.
By 1400 ce, the Inca began to conquer other groups that lived in the area.
到1400ce,印加人开始征服居住在这一地区的其他群体.
The emperor Pachacuti (pah-chah-KOO-tee) ruled the Inca from 1438 to 1471 and led them during some of their most successful years.
皇帝帕查克提(英语:pah-chah-KOO-tee)从1438年到1471年统治了印加人并领导了他们一些最成功的年代.
Machu Picchu was most likely built for Pachacuti.
马丘比丘最有可能是为帕查克提而建.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Experts think Inca warriors threw bola stones at the legs of enemies to trip and catch them.
专家认为印加战士向敌人的腿上投掷了bola石块来绊倒并抓住.
A fierce warrior, Pachacuti commanded a strong army, and they defeated many neighboring kingdoms.
一个凶猛的战士,帕查克提指挥了一支强大的军队,他们打败了许多相邻的王国.
Under his leadership the empire stretched beyond the borders of present-day Peru to include present-day Ecuador.
在他的领导下,这个帝国超越了当今秘鲁的边界,把当今的厄瓜多尔包括在内。
Over time the Inca Empire grew to include about twelve million people.
随着时间的推移,印加帝国发展到包括了大约1200万人.
Pachacuti means “he who remakes the world” in the Inca language.
Pachacuti在印加语中意为“重塑世界的人”。
He did, indeed, remake the Inca world into an empire.
他确实把印加人的世界 重塑为一个帝国
Why They Built No one knows why the Inca built Machu Picchu.
为什么他们建造 没有人知道为什么印加人建造了马丘比丘.
Archaeologists have theories, though— many different theories.
考古学家有理论,不过——许多不同的理论.
Bingham first thought Machu Picchu was the birthplace of Inca society.
宾汉最初认为马楚比丘是印加社会的发源地.
He later changed his mind and thought it was the last refuge of the Inca, where Inca rulers battled Spanish conquistadors.
他后来改变主意并认为这是印加人的最后避难所,印加统治者与西班牙征服者作战.
Today, archaeologists know that refuge was actually in the jungle, many kilometers from Machu Picchu.
今天,考古学家们知道,避难地点实际上是丛林中,距离马丘比丘多公里.
Dozens of other theories have been put forth about Machu Picchu.
有数十种其他论相出相说入于马丘比丘.
Different scholars thought it was a prison, a trade hub, a women’s retreat, a place to crown kings, or a station for testing new crops.
不同的学者认为是监狱,贸易枢纽,妇女退会,王冠之地,或者测试新作物的站所.
Today, many archaeologists think that Machu Picchu served as a royal estate for Inca emperors.
今天,许多考古学家认为马楚比丘是印加皇帝的皇家地产.
Archaeologists excavate Machu Picchu in 2016.
考古学家于2016年出土了马楚比丘.
Whatever its purpose, experts think the Inca chose the spot for the city because of its strategic location.
不论目的为何,专家认为印加人因为城市的战略位置而选择了该地.
They could observe people moving below in the valley, but those below could not see that there was a city on top!
他们可以观察到人们在山谷下行走,但下面的人看不到上面有一座城市!
Even if they had, the location would have been easy to defend.
即便有,地点也很容易防守.
Another advantage to its location would have been access to natural resources.
其所在地的另一个好处是获得自然资源。
Although the Urubamba River flows far below Machu Picchu, a rain-fed spring feeds the area.
虽然乌鲁班巴河流出地远低于马楚比丘,但一阵以雨为生的泉水为该地区取食.
A stone foundation still stands today where the water emerges from the ground.
一块石地今天仍然矗立着 从地上出水的地方
The Inca built a system for collecting spring water into the hillside.
印加人建立了取出泉水入山坡的系统.
A canal carried river water to fountains, which were used for drinking and bathing.
一条运河将河水运入喷泉,用于饮用和洗澡.
The location is also near a granite quarry, so workers would not have had to carry heavy boulders from a great distance.
地点也靠近花岗岩采石场,因此工人不必从很远的地方搬运重石.
Fountains at Machu Picchu still flow today.
于今马丘比丘所出泉还流.
The Temple of the Three Windows also has three walls.
三道道道场也设有三道墙.
Its windows are the largest-known in Incan architecture.
它的窗户是印加建筑中最出名的.
Building Machu Picchu The Inca most likely began construction of Machu Picchu in the mid-1400s.
建造马丘比丘 印加人最有可能在1400年代中期开始建造马楚比丘.
They may have used wooden wedges to carve the stones.
他们可能用木制楔来雕刻石头.
This method involved drilling holes into rocks and inserting wet wooden wedges into them.
这种方法包括将洞钻入岩石并插入湿木楔入其中。
Next, builders waited until the wedges froze.
接下来,建造者等待 直到楔子被冻结。
The ice forced the rock apart.
冰块迫使岩石分开。
This method can’t explain the perfect bricks, however.
但这种方法无法解释完美的砖块。
How builders shaped huge blocks of granite remains a mystery.
建造者如何塑造花岗岩的巨大地块仍然是个谜.
Carving granite is tough even with today’s technology.
雕刻花岗岩即使用今天的技术也很难。
It may have taken them many months to complete one wall.
他们可能花了好几个月才完成一堵墙。
However they built them, the Inca are known for their tightly interlocking walls, which are seen in few other places in the world.
然而他们建造了它们,印加人以其紧密相接相接的城墙而出名,这些城墙在世界上其他少数地方都可以看到.
The Inca fit stones together so well that nothing was needed to hold them in place.
印加人把石头拼凑在一起 不需要什么来支撑它们
Today, if you tried to slip a knife between the stones, it would not fit.
今天,如果你试图在石头之间滑出一把刀,那就不适合了.
After standing on the mountaintop for centuries, the walls of Machu Picchu are still in remarkably good shape.
站在山顶上几个世纪后,马丘比丘的城墙仍然保持出众的状态.
Temple of the Sun Temple of the Sun Royal Palace Main Temple Machu Picchu Features Royal Palace farming areas homes open space Archaeologists think the city was built for rich and powerful Inca in the 1450s.
太阳王宫正殿太阳殿 马楚比丘地貌 皇家宫廷农活区 开阔空间 考古学家认为这座城市建于1450年代,是为富裕而强大的印加.
It was a royal spot where the ruler could relax and entertain important visitors.
这是一个皇家地点,统治者可以放松和招待重要的访客.
A total of about 150 homes were built at Machu Picchu.
在马楚比丘共建造了约150所住宅.
The royal palace and home of the Inca emperor, Pachacuti, was perhaps the grandest of all.
皇家宫殿和印加皇帝帕查克提的家,也许是最宏伟的.
Bingham found that the Inca divided Machu Picchu into two areas, one urban and one agricultural.
宾汉姆发现印加人将马楚比丘分为一城一地和一农一地.
The urban area contains the main temples and other buildings.
城区有主殿等建筑.
Some of these buildings were the living quarters of the emperor, and others were for the workers and their families.
这些建筑中有些是皇帝的住地,有的是为工人及其家属.
Experts think the urban area’s Temple of the Sun might have been used as a solar observatory.
专家认为城区太阳庙可能被用作太阳观测站.
On the winter solstice—in late June in the Southern Hemisphere—sunlight enters a window and shines on a large rock in the middle of the room.
6月下旬,在南半球的冬天,太阳照入一扇窗户,并照亮了房间中部的一块大石头。
The agricultural area is a series of terraces where crops were grown.
农业区是一系列种植作物的梯田.
Machu Picchu receives a great deal of rainfall.
马丘比丘受大雨.
The Inca knew that large amounts of water running downhill could easily erode the soil.
印加人知道从下坡流出的大量水很容易侵蚀出土壤.
Inca engineers designed the agricultural area so rainwater would drain on either side of the terraces and into the forest below.
印加工程师设计了农业地区,这样雨水就可以排入梯田的两侧和下方的森林.
How did the Inca farm on steep hillsides?
在陡峭的山坡上的印加农场怎么样?
They built short stone walls that kept layers of soil in place.
他们建造了短石墙,使地层土壤保持原地.