Katherine Johnson
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Eyes on the Future.
《未来之眼目录》。
4 The Math Whiz.
(原始内容存档于2017-03-27). The Math Whiz.
6 Trajectories.
6 轨迹.
8 The Space Race.
8"太空竞赛".
10 Reaching for the Stars.
10 到达星际。
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Eyes on the Future In early October 1957, people around the world looked up, hoping to catch a glimpse.
16 《未来之眼》 1957年10月初,世界各地人们抬头一看,希望看到一眼。
They were searching for a pinpoint of light traveling rapidly across the star-dotted sky.
他们正在寻找快速穿越星空的光线
Called Sputnik, it was the first satellite people had ever put into space.
被称为"人造人造人",是第一位将卫星投入太空的人.
Few Americans were happy about the achievement, though.
不过,很少有美国人为这一成就感到高兴。
Sputnik had been launched into orbit by the Soviet Union.
苏联将人造卫星送入了轨道。
At that time, the Soviet Union was a great political and military rival of the United States.
当时苏联是美国的一个伟大的政治和军事对手.
Many feared it meant the Soviets had taken the lead in rocket technology.
许多人担心这意味着苏联在火箭技术方面领先.
Observers in France look for Sputnik in 1957.
1957年法国观察员寻找人造卫星.
The Russian satellite weighed 184 pounds (83.
俄罗斯卫星重184磅(83.
5 kg) and circled Earth every ninety minutes.
5公斤)并每90分钟环绕地球.
Among the people looking up on those nights was a young Katherine Johnson.
在那些夜晚的人中,有一个年轻的凯瑟琳·约翰逊。
Known as Katherine Goble at the time, she was a research mathematician at NACA.
她当时被称作"凯瑟琳·高布尔"(Katherine Goble),是一名NACA的研究数学家.
NACA was the National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics.
NACA曾是国家航空咨询委员会.
In 1958, it would be renamed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA.
1958年,将更名为美国国家航空航天局(NASA).
Katherine’s job was to analyze the all- important numbers that guided the ideas, plans, and tests of aircraft designs.
凯瑟琳的工作是分析指导飞机设计理念、计划和测试的所有重要数字。
Katherine had already overcome many challenges to do the work she loved.
凯瑟琳已经克服了许多挑战来完成她所爱的工作.
She was a woman.
她是一个女人。
She was also African American.
她也是非裔美国人。
At that time, few women were expected to have a career, especially not one in science or mathematics.
当时,很少有妇女有望有职业,特别是在科学或数学领域。
Black women faced even tougher challenges due to discrimination.
由于歧视,黑人妇女面临更严峻的挑战。
They were often ignored or treated with scorn by the men, almost all white, who dominated engineering and the sciences.
他们常常被那些统治工程和科学的男子,几乎都是白人所忽视或轻视.
The United States, however, was behind in the race to space.
然而,美国在太空竞赛中落后.
The country needed the best minds to create technology that had never been dreamed of before.
国家需要最优秀的人才来创造前所未有的技术。
Katherine Johnson had one of the best mathematical minds around.
凯瑟琳・约翰逊有一个最好的 数学头脑周围。
Johnson’s career at NACA started in 1953 in the Guidance and Navigation Department.
约翰逊在NACA的生涯始于1953年的"指导与导航系".
The Math Whiz Katherine Johnson was born Katherine Coleman in 1918.
数学惠兹·凯瑟琳·约翰逊于1918年生于凯瑟琳·科尔曼.
Much of her youth was spent in the small town of White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.
她的青春大多被花在了西弗吉尼亚州小城白硫泉.
Her mother was a teacher, and her father was a farmer.
她的母亲是教师,她的父亲是农民.
They regularly reminded their children that they were no better than anyone else, and no one was better than them.
他们经常提醒自己的孩子,他们比任何人都好,没有人比他们好。
From an early age, Katherine loved learning, especially numbers.
凯瑟琳从小就喜欢学习,尤其是数字.
She counted everything—the steps she walked, the plates she washed, the books she read.
她数了一切——她走过的台阶,她洗过的盘子,她看的书。
By age six, she was already in second grade.
到6岁时,她已经上了二年级。
By age ten, she was ready for high school.
到了十岁,她已经准备好上高中.
White Sulphur Springs did not offer equal schooling for black and white students.
白色硫磺 Springs没有为黑人和白人学生提供平等的学校教育.
They were required to go to separate schools.
他们必须去分开的学校。
The school for black students only went up to eighth grade.
黑人学生的学校只升到八年级.
The Coleman family rented a home in Charleston, West Virginia, so their children could continue their education.
科尔曼一家在西弗吉尼亚州的查尔斯顿租了一座住宅,这样他们的孩子就可以继续他们的教育.
Katherine completed high school at age fourteen.
凯瑟琳14岁完成高中学业.
She then studied at West Virginia State College, an African American college.
她后在西弗吉尼亚州立学院,一所非裔美国学院学习.
Katherine was so good at math that her professor designed an advanced course just for her.
凯瑟琳擅长数学,以至于她的教授专门为她设计了高级课程.
She graduated at age eighteen with highest honors.
她18岁毕业,获得最高荣誉.
The choice of careers for African American college graduates was limited, however.
然而,美国黑人大学毕业生的职业选择有限。
For black women, becoming a schoolteacher was one of the few options.
对于黑人妇女来说,成为一名学校教师是少数选择之一。
That is what Katherine Coleman did.
凯瑟琳·科尔曼就是这么做的
But she soon left teaching after falling in love and marrying James Goble in 1939.
但是她很快就在恋爱后离开了教职,并于1939年与詹姆斯·高布尔结婚.
The following year, though, West Virginia University contacted her.
次年,虽然西弗吉尼亚大学与她进行了联系.
The president of the university personally invited her to enroll as one of only three African American graduate students.
大学校长亲自邀请她作为仅有的三名非裔美国研究生之一入学.
She left the mathematics program, however, after becoming pregnant; she and James would go on to have three daughters.
然而她怀孕后离开了数学课程;她和詹姆斯会继续生出三个女儿.
She eventually returned to teaching.
她最终返回教学.
Jim Crow Laws In 1865, the government ended slavery in the United States following the Civil War.
吉姆·克罗定律 1865年,政府在南北战争后结束了美国的奴隶制.
Virginia and other states passed Jim Crow laws, which enforced separation between white and black people.
弗吉尼亚州等州都通过了吉姆·克罗(Jim Crow)法律,强制实行白人和黑人的分立.
They were not allowed to attend the same schools, eat at the same restaurants, use the same bathrooms, or work at the same jobs.
他们不得在同一所学校上学,不得在同一餐厅吃饭,不得使用同一浴室,也不得在同一工作岗位工作。
Black people were also prevented from voting.
黑人也被禁止投票。
It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that the United States began to overturn these inequalities.
直到1950年代和1960年代,美国才开始推翻这些不平等.
Separate water fountains were once a common sight.
隔开的水泉曾经是常见的景色.
Trajectories In 1952, the Goble family was in Virginia for a wedding.
轨迹 1952年,高布尔一家在弗吉尼亚举行婚礼.
Katherine’s brother-in-law told her about a government job there.
凯瑟琳的姐夫告诉她在那里从事政府工作。
They needed mathematicians and were hiring black women.
他们需要数学家 并正在雇用黑人妇女。
Katherine Goble started at NACA ’s Langley Research Center in 1953.
凯瑟琳 高布尔于1953年从NACA的兰利研究中心开始.
She was part of a pool of “computers.”
她参加了一个“计算机”项目。 “
Today’s computers are quite different from the computers of Katherine’s time.
今天的电脑与凯瑟琳时代的电脑大相径庭。
Mathematicians like Katherine were called “computers” because they computed calculations using a pencil, paper, and simple calculators.
Katherine这样的数学家被称为“计算机”,因为他们使用铅笔、纸张和简单的计算器计算计算。
At Langley, “West Area Computing” was actually a group of black female math experts.
在兰利,“西部地区计算”实际上是一组黑人女性数学专家。
They were responsible for doing the calculations for many NACA engineers.
他们负责为许多NACA工程师进行计算.
Before long, Katherine was assigned to a research team that studied aircraft design and flight.
不久后,凯瑟琳被分配到一个研究飞机设计和飞行的研究小组.
She was the only woman and the only African American in their group.
她是他们组里唯一的女人 也是唯一的非裔美国人
Her expertise was in the area of analytical geometry.
她的专长是分析几何学领域.
This type of geometry shows shapes and locations in terms of mathematical formulas.
这种几何学在数学公式上显示了形状和位置.
In the fields of engineering and flight, it allows designers to solve design problems using math.
在工程和飞行领域,它允许设计者利用数学解决设计问题.
Katherine earned the respect of others on the team.
凯瑟琳赢得了团队中其他人的尊重.
She also gently but firmly insisted on being included in top-level meetings.
她还轻而易举地坚定地坚持要参加高层会议。
More and more, her colleagues turned to her when the most important calculations were needed.
在需要最重要的计算时,她的同事越来越多地转向她.
In addition, Katherine refused to follow rules about racial segregation at Langley.
此外,凯瑟琳拒绝遵守关于兰利种族隔离的规则.
She always insisted on being treated with dignity.
她一直坚持要受到有尊严的待遇.
Katherine used the same bathroom as white women.
凯瑟琳和白人女人使用同样的浴室.
She refused to eat in the “colored” area in the cafeteria.
她拒绝在食堂的 " 有色 " 地区吃东西。
In 1956, Katherine’s husband, James Goble, died of brain cancer, leaving her to raise their three daughters by herself.
1956年,凯瑟琳的丈夫詹姆斯·高布尔(James Goble)因脑癌而去世,留下她独自抚养三个女儿.
(She would marry James A.
(她会嫁给James A.
Johnson in 1959.)
约翰逊于1959. )
A year later, the Soviets put Sputnik into orbit, igniting the space race.
一年后,苏联将斯普特尼克送入轨道,引发了太空竞赛.
Katherine’s career took off in a new direction— toward space.
凯瑟琳的生涯走向了一个新的方向——太空.
The Space Race In 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited Earth.
1961年"太空跑车",苏联宇航员尤里·加加林环绕地球出轨.
That same year, NASA blasted astronaut Alan Shepard Jr.
同年,美国宇航局对宇航员小艾伦·谢帕德(Alan Shepard Jr.)进行爆破.
into space as part of Project Mercury, which had the goal of putting an American astronaut in orbit.
作为水星计划的一部分进入太空 其目标是让美国宇航员进入轨道
However, NASA had yet to achieve that.
然而,美国航天局尚未实现这一目标。
The United States still trailed the Soviet Union in the space race.
美国在太空竞赛中仍然跟随苏联.
Katherine Johnson’s greatest strength was her ability to calculate the flight paths, or trajectories, of space vehicles.
凯瑟琳·约翰逊的最大力量是她能够计算出太空飞行器的飞行路径或轨迹.
She would analyze a rocket’s launch point and where the capsule was supposed to splash down.
她会分析火箭的发射点 以及太空舱应该落下的地方
Then she would come up with the mathematical equations to show how to make that mission a success.
然后她会想出数学方程式来说明如何使这个任务获得成功.
She had to take into account the effects of gravity, weight, distance, and many other factors.
她必须考虑重力、重量、距离和许多其他因素的影响。
The responsibility was huge.
责任重大。
When an astronaut rocketed toward space, his or her life depended on NASA ’s experts.
当宇航员向太空发射时,他或她的生命取决于美国航天局的专家。
Johnson and her colleagues worked together to check, test, and confirm their calculations.
约翰逊和她的同事一起检查,测试,确认他们的计算.
In 1962, NASA was ready to put a person into orbit at last.
1962年,NASA终于准备将一个人送入轨道.
John Glenn was chosen for the critical mission.
约翰·格伦被选入关键任务.
He was one of the most capable, hardworking astronauts in Project Mercury.
他是水星工程中最能干,最勤奋的宇航员之一.
A new, powerful electronic computer had been used to plan and control his flight around Earth.
新的、强大的电子计算机被用来规划和控制他的地球飞行。
Glenn felt uneasy about depending on a machine, though.
不过格伦对依赖机器感到不安.
He wanted a human expert to check the calculations.
他希望一位人类专家检查计算结果.
He insisted on Katherine Johnson.
他坚持凯瑟琳·约翰逊.
Johnson crunched the numbers, rechecking all of her calculations for the mission.
Johnson计算了数字 重新检查了所有任务计算结果
She informed the NASA team that the calculations checked out—they were ready for launch.
她告诉美国国家航空航天局小组,计算结果已经核实,准备发射。
Katherine Johnson poses with her NASA colleagues in 1970.
1970年凯瑟琳·约翰逊与她的NASA同事一起出场.
John Glenn Math Minute On February 2, 1962, astronaut John Glenn orbited Earth three times.
约翰·格伦数学分钟 1962年2月2日,宇航员约翰·格伦三次环绕地球运行.
He traveled a total of about 81,000 miles (130,357 km).
他总共出行了约81,000英里(130,357公里).
The time from launch to splashdown was 4.
从发射到溅出的时间为4个.
93 hours.
93小时。
What was his average speed for the entire mission?
他整个任务的平均速度是多少?
Calculate the answer in miles or kilometers per hour.
以时速英里或公里计算答案.
Answer: About 16,430 miles per hour, or 26,442 kilometers per hour On February 20, 1962, John Glenn blasted out of Earth’s atmosphere.
回答:大约每小时16,430英里,即每小时26,442公里 1962年2月20日,约翰·格伦从地球大气层中爆出.
He orbited the planet three times and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.
他绕了三圈行星 飞向大西洋
Finally, it seemed that the U.
最后,它看起来是U。
S.
师曰.
space program had matched the Soviets’.
太空计划与苏联相当。
Soon NASA ’s technology for piloted space travel would surpass theirs.
美国航天局的试飞空间旅行技术很快将超过它们。
Katherine Johnson’s research continued to be instrumental to NASA ’s missions.
Katherine Johnson的研究仍然对NASA的飞行任务有帮助。
Her calculations helped take astronauts to the Moon in the late 1960s as part of the Apollo Program.
她的计算帮助了1960年代后期将宇航员送入月球,作为"阿波罗计划"的一部分.
She figured out the trajectories for the mission.
她想出了任务的方向
She calculated the meeting of the lunar lander and the space capsule that would carry the astronauts home again.
她计算出月球着陆器和太空舱的相会,这些太空舱将再次将宇航员带回家.
Katherine was honored with an American flag that the crew had taken to the Moon.
凯瑟琳以一面美国国旗被授予荣誉,船员们将这面旗帜带到了月球.
Johnson later supported the space shuttle program by calculating shuttle trajectories.
约翰逊后来通过计算穿梭轨迹来支持了航天飞机计划.
She retired from NASA in 1986.
1986年她从NASA退休.
When asked about her job with the space program, she simply said how much she loved the work.
当被问及自己在太空计划上的工作时,她只是简单地说她是多么地热爱这部作品.
Katherine Johnson’s Contributions to NASA Katherine Johnson was involved in many major events in NASA’s history.
凯瑟琳·约翰逊对NASA的贡献 凯瑟琳·约翰逊参与了NASA历史上的许多重大事件.
She was part of a team of mathematicians whose calculations were relied upon for successful missions.
她是一个数学家团队的成员,他们的计算是成功任务所依赖的.
Oct.
10月号.
1, 1958: NASA became a new government agency.
1,1958年:NASA成为了一个新的政府机构.
Its purpose was to advance aircraft technology and space exploration.
其目的是推进飞机技术和空间探索。
Dec.
12月号.
18, 1958: The United States put its first satellite, a communications satellite, into orbit.
18, 1958年:美国将第一颗卫星即通信卫星送入轨道.
May 5, 1961: Alan B.
1961年5月5日:艾伦·B.
Shepard Jr.
小谢帕德.
became the first American to fly in space.
成为第一个在太空飞行的美国人.
Feb.
二月会
20, 1962: John Glenn flew in Friendship 7, becoming the first American to orbit Earth.
20, 1962年:约翰·格伦在"友谊"7号飞行,成为第一个绕地球轨道飞行的美国人.
July 20, 1969: People walked on the Moon for the first time as part of the Apollo 11 mission.
1969年7月20日:作为阿波罗11号任务的一部分,人们第一次在月球上行走.
April 17, 1970: Damage to the spacecraft nearly caused disaster during the Apollo 13 mission.
1970年4月17日:在阿波罗13号任务中,航天器受到的破坏几乎造成了灾难.
Remarkable teamwork at NASA brought the three astronauts back to Earth safely.
NASA的杰出团队合作使三名宇航员安全地回到了地球.
April 12, 1981: Columbia was the first shuttle to blast into space.
1981年4月12日:哥伦比亚号是第一艘发射入太空的航天飞机.
The Saturn 5 rocket launches the crew of Apollo 13 into space from Cape Kennedy, Florida, in 1970.
土星5号火箭于1970年从佛罗里达州肯尼迪角将阿波罗13号的乘员发射入太空.
Apollo 13 Moon walk Reaching for the Stars Katherine Johnson tackled a different mission after retirement.
阿波罗13号月球行走为"星际迷航"凯瑟琳·约翰逊(英语:Stars Katherine Johnson)在退役后处理了不同的任务.
She traveled to schools to talk to young people about her career.
她去学校跟年轻人谈谈她的事业.
She also wanted to share her enthusiasm for science and math.
她还想分享自己对科学和数学的热情.
In 2015, she was invited to the White House at the age of ninety-seven.
2015年,她九十七岁被邀请入选白宫.
There, President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country’s highest civilian honor.
总统奥巴马向她颁发了总统自由勋章,
He spoke of her as a “pioneer who broke the barriers of race and gender.”
他称她为“打破种族和性别障碍的小偷”。 “
He also honored her for showing “that everyone can excel at math and science and reach for the stars.”
他还向她表示荣幸,因为她展示了“每个人都能出色地掌握数学和科学,并能接触到星星。 “
President Obama presents Katherine Johnson with the Presidential Medal of Freedom award in 2015.
奥巴马总统送来 凯瑟琳·约翰逊于2015年获得总统自由勋章奖.
In 2017, NASA honored her in yet another way.
2017年,NASA以另一种方式向她致敬.
They opened the Katherine G.
他们打开了凯瑟琳G。
Johnson Computational Research Facility at Langley Research Center.
约翰逊计算研究设施 兰利研究中心。
Her abilities were once doubted because she was a black woman.
她的能力一度被怀疑,因为她是黑人女性.
Now she is celebrated for her contributions to some of the country’s greatest scientific achievements.
现在,她因对国家一些最伟大的科学成就的贡献而得到庆祝。
Katherine G.
凯瑟琳·G.
Johnson poses in front of the NASA research facility named for her.
约翰逊在为她取名的NASA研究设施前摆出姿势.