The Judicial Branch
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Rule of Law.
目录 法治。
4 The Constitution and the Judicial Branch.
4 《宪法》和司法部门。
5 Organization and Operation of the Judicial Branch.
5 司法部门的组织和运作。
7 The Courts in Action.
7 法院采取行动。
11 Tinker v.
11 叮当诉德国。
Des Moines Independent Community School District.
德莫因独立社区学校区.
11 Gideon v.
11）吉迪恩
Wainwright.
温赖特.
12 Massachusetts v.
12 马萨诸塞州 v.
Environmental Protection Agency.
环境保护局.
12 Checks and Balances.
12张支票和余额。
13 Lady Justice.
13 正义女神。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 The Rule of Law In 1951, a group of African American parents brought a lawsuit against the school district in Topeka, Kansas.
16"法治" 1951年,一群非裔美国家长对堪萨斯州托佩卡的校区提起诉讼.
They were suing on behalf of their children, including third grader Linda Brown.
他们代表子女起诉,包括三年级的Linda Brown。
Topeka schools were segregated—black children were not allowed to attend school with white children.
Topeka学校被隔离,黑人儿童不得与白人儿童一起上学。
The case, Brown v.
此案为布朗诉美国案。
Board of Education of Topeka, went all the way to the United States Supreme Court.
托佩卡教育委员会,一路去美国最高法院.
The Supreme Court is the top court in the United States.
最高法院是美国最高法院.
In 1954, the court voted in favor of ending legal school segregation across the country.
1954年,法院投票支持结束全国各地的法律学校隔离.
It was an important victory in the struggle for equal rights for African Americans.
这是争取非裔美国人平等权利斗争中的重要胜利.
This legal case is an example of the judicial branch of the United States at work.
这个法律案件是美国司法部门在工作中的一个例子.
This branch of government watches over the country’s courts and legal system.
政府这个部门监督国家的法院和法律制度。
It interprets and enforces the laws that guide our government and society.
它解释和执行指导我们政府和社会的法律。
The children involved in the Brown v.
参与Brown v.
Board of Education case included Linda Brown, who stands in the middle of the group.
教育委员会案件包括Linda Brown,他站在小组中间。
The Constitution and the Judicial Branch In 1788, American leaders adopted the Constitution.
1788年"宪法"和"司法部门",美国领导人通过了"宪法".
It laid out a system of laws and principles to govern the young country.
它规定了管理年轻国家的法律和原则体系。
This system has changed over time but is still in use today.
这一制度随着时间的推移而发生变化,但今天仍在使用。
The Constitution splits the federal government into three branches, or parts.
《宪法》将联邦政府分为三个分支或部分。
The executive branch, led by the president, handles most government business and departments.
行政部门由总统领导,处理大部分政府业务和部门.
The legislative branch, consisting of the U.
立法部门由U组成.
S.
师曰.
Senate and House of Representatives, makes laws.
参议院和众议院制定法律。
The judicial branch watches over the U.
司法部门监视着U。
S.
师曰.
courts and the legal system.
法院和法律制度。
The three branches sometimes cooperate and compromise.
这三个分支有时合作并妥协.
At other times, they oppose each other.
其他时候,他们互相反对.
George Washington speaks at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
乔治·华盛顿在1787年的制宪会议上发言.
The Constitution is made up of seven sections.
宪法由七节组成.
One of these explains the role of the judicial branch and describes the kinds of legal cases the federal courts handle.
其中之一解释了司法部门的作用并描述了联邦法院处理的法律案件种类。
For example, they take cases for or against the U.
例如,他们为U或针对U的案件。
S.
师曰.
government, cases between states, cases that involve violations of the Constitution, and cases that involve breaking federal laws.
涉及违反《宪法》的案件和涉及违反联邦法律的案件。
The first three articles of the Constitution divide the U.
宪法前三条分出吴.
S.
师曰.
government into three branches, including the judicial branch.
包括司法部门。
Two Kinds of Law: Criminal and Civil Legal systems deal with two areas of law—criminal and civil.
两种法律:刑事和民事法律制度涉及两个法律领域——刑事和民事。
Criminal law deals with crimes, such as theft, assault, and property damage.
刑法处理盗窃、攻击和财产损失等罪行。
People found guilty in criminal court may be sent to prison.
在刑事法庭被判定有罪的人可能被送入监狱。
Civil law involves cases in which a person, business, or organization feels it has been harmed by someone else.
民法涉及个人、企业或组织感到受到他人伤害的案件。
Civil cases may end in settlements for money, for example, but no one is at risk of going to prison.
例如,民事案件可能以金钱结算而告终,但没有人有坐牢的风险。
Most legal cases—criminal and civil—are decided without ever going to trial.
多数法律案件——刑事和民事案件——未经审判就得到裁决。
How a Case Reaches the Supreme Court Organization and Operation of the Judicial Branch The judicial branch consists of the system of federal courts.
案件如何送达最高法院组织和司法部门的运作 司法部门由联邦法院系统组成。
They include district courts, U.
它们包括地区法院,U.
S.
师曰.
court is managed by one or more judges.
法院由一名或多名法官管理。
Most federal cases start in a U.
大多数联邦案件都是从U开始的
S.
师曰.
district court.
地区法院。
There are eighty-nine U.
有八十九乌.
S.
师曰.
district courts across the United States, at least one in every state.
美国各地的地区法院,每个州至少有一个.
There are also five district courts in U.
U还设有5个地区法院.
S.
师曰.
-controlled territories.
- 控制区
Some federal cases result in a trial by jury, in which a group of citizens hear the case and make a judgment.
一些联邦案件导致陪审团审判,一群公民审理案件并作出判决.
Other trials, known as bench trials, involve the judge acting as both judge and jury.
其他审判,即审判庭审判,涉及法官兼任法官和陪审团。
Cases can move up through the lower federal courts, shown in the left column, to the U.
案件可以通过下级联邦法院向上移动,如左栏所示,可以到U.
S.
师曰.
Supreme Court.
最高法院。
They can also come from state courts, shown in the right column, if a case deals with a federal law.
如果案件涉及联邦法律,也可以来自州法院,如右栏所示。
U.
吴.
S.
师曰.
Federal Courts of Appeals (13 courts) U.
联邦上诉法院(13个法院) 吴.
S.
师曰.
Federal District Courts (94 courts) U.
联邦地区法院(94个法院) 吴.
S.
师曰.
Supreme Court Highest State Court of Appeals State Appeals Court Local Trial Courts The losing side may not agree with the court’s final decision.
最高法院最高州上诉法院 败诉一方可能不同意法院的最后裁决。
Once a ruling is made, lawyers for the losing side may ask a court of appeals to reconsider the decision.
一旦作出裁决,败诉一方的律师可以要求上诉法院重新考虑裁决。
Thirteen U.
13 U. (英语).
S.
师曰.
courts of appeals exist across the country.
全国各地都有上诉法院。
The purpose of the appeals courts is not to redo the trial.
上诉法院的目的不是重审。
Instead, a panel of three judges reviews decisions from the district court.
相反,由三名法官组成的小组审查地区法院的裁决。
They decide whether each case was handled properly.
他们决定是否妥善处理每个案件。
Depending on what they find, they may uphold the ruling.
根据发现的情况,他们可以支持裁决。
In U.
在乌.
S.
师曰.
courts of appeals, the side that seeks an appeal is called the petitioner.
上诉法院,上诉一方称为请愿人。
The side that argues against the petitioner’s case is called the respondent.
反对请愿人案件的一方称为被告。
The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.
美国最高法院,位于华盛顿特区.
C.
C组
, acts as the top appeals court.
担任最高上诉法院。
Each year, thousands of people ask this top court to consider their appeals, but very few are taken.
每年有上千人要求这个最高法院考虑他们的上诉,但很少人被采纳.
The Supreme Court judges, known as justices, carefully study each case they agree to hear.
最高法院的法官被称为法官,仔细研究他们同意审理的每一个案件。
They also take part in arguments in which they listen to lawyers for each side and ask questions.
她们还参加辩论,听取各方律师的意见并提问。
They later vote on the case to decide the winning side.
他们后来对案件进行表决,以决定胜方.
The Supreme Court often deals with the most challenging legal cases.
最高法院经常处理最具挑战性的法律案件。
A Supreme Court decision can help shape the U.
最高法院的裁决可以帮助塑造U.
S.
师曰.
government and even American society.
政府甚至美国社会
Math Minute Each year, the Supreme Court receives about 7,500 requests to consider a case.
数学分钟 最高法院每年收到约7,500份审理案件的请求。
Of those cases, the court usually hears fewer than 150.
在这些案件中,法院审理的案件通常少于150起。
Using those numbers—7,500 and 150—what fraction of these cases does the Supreme Court actually hear?
利用这些数字——7,500起和150起——最高法院实际审理这些案件的比例是多少?
Simplify the fraction.
简化分数.
Answer: 1/50 Notable Chief Justices Nine justices are on the Supreme Court today, including the chief justice.
答复:1/50 知名首席大法官 今天最高法院有九名法官,包括首席法官。
Important justices who have been on the high court include: x John Jay (served 1789–1795): Jay served as the first chief justice of the U.
在高等法院任职的重要法官包括:x John Jay(服务于1789–1795年): 杰出任U第一任首席大法官.
S.
师曰.
Supreme Court.
最高法院。
John Marshall (served 1801–1835): The longest- serving chief justice in Supreme Court history, Marshall helped establish early American law.
约翰·马歇尔(1801–1835): 马歇尔帮助建立了早期的美国法律
William Howard Taft (served 1921–1930): The former U.
威廉·霍华德·塔夫特(1921–1930年服务): 前乌.
S.
师曰.
president is the only person to have held both offices.
总统是唯一一个担任过这两个职务的人。
Louis D.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Louis D.
Brandeis (served 1916–1939): Brandeis became the Supreme Court’s first Jewish justice.
布兰代斯(服务于1916–1939年):布兰代斯成为了最高法院的第一位犹太法官.
Earl Warren (served 1953–1969): Under Warren’s leadership, the court oversaw expansions in civil rights and federal power.
厄尔·沃伦(英语:Earl Warren (service 1953–1969):在沃伦的领导下,法院监督民权和联邦权力的扩张.
Thurgood Marshall (served 1967–1991): Marshall became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court.
瑟古德·马歇尔(1967-1991年保留):马歇尔成为最高法院首位非裔美国法官.
Sandra Day O’Connor (served 1981–2006): O’Connor became the first female Supreme Court justice.
桑德拉·戴·奥康纳(1981-2006年保留): 奥康纳成为第一位女性最高法院法官.
Sonia Sotomayor (served 2009–): Sotomayor is the first Hispanic Supreme Court justice.
索尼娅·索托马约尔(2009-): 索托马约尔是第一位西班牙最高法院法官.
The Courts in Action Most Americans only experience the U.
大部分美国人只经历过U.
S.
师曰.
of landmark Supreme Court cases.
最高法院的标志性案例。
Tinker v.
(原始内容存档于2018-09-21). Tinker v.
Des Moines Independent Community School District In 1965, the parents of three teenagers sued a school district in Iowa.
德莫因独立社区学校区 1965年,3名青少年的父母起诉了爱荷华州的一个校区.
The students had been suspended for wearing black armbands to school.
这些学生因戴着黑色臂章被停课。
The armbands were meant to protest American involvement in the Vietnam War.
臂章意在抗议美国参与越南战争.
The students argued that the school district violated their right to free speech by suspending them.
学生们争辩说,该校区中止了他们的言论自由权利。
In 1969, the Supreme Court sided with the students.
1969年,最高法院支持学生。
The decision ruled that students have the right to free speech in school as long as it is not disruptive.
该决定裁定,只要不造成干扰,学生就有权在学校自由发表言论。
Mary Beth Tinker (right) and her brother Paul (center) sport their anti-war armbands.
玛丽·贝斯·丁克(右翼)和她的弟弟保罗(中翼)运动了他们的反战臂章.
Gideon v.
Gideon诉意大利案
Wainwright In 1961, Clarence Gideon was arrested for breaking into a Florida pool hall and stealing.
温莱特 1961年,克拉伦斯·吉迪恩因闯入佛罗里达州一桌球厅并偷窃而被捕.
Gideon was too poor to hire a lawyer, and the court turned down his request for one.
吉迪恩穷得无法聘请律师,法院拒绝了他提出的一个请求.
He was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison.
他被判有罪并被判处五年监禁。
He wrote to the Supreme Court, arguing that the Constitution states that any person accused of a crime should have the help of a lawyer.
他写信给最高法院,认为《宪法》规定,任何被指控犯罪的人都应得到律师的帮助。
The Supreme Court ruled in his favor.
最高法院裁决支持他。
Gideon had a new trial and was found not guilty.
吉迪恩重新受审,被判无罪.
From then on, all U.
从那时起,所有的U。
S.
师曰.
courts needed to provide a lawyer for people who could not afford one.
法院必须为无力负担律师费用的人提供律师。
Massachusetts v.
马萨诸塞州 v.
Environmental Protection Agency In 2003, Massachusetts and other states asked the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) to regulate gases that play a part in global warming.
2003年,马萨诸塞州等州要求美国环境保护局(EP A)监管在全球变暖中起一定作用的气体.
The EP A refused.
EP A拒绝了.
Massachusetts sued the EP A, saying it had a duty to regulate these gases under the Clean Air Act.
马萨诸塞州起诉EP A,表示根据"清洁空气法",它有义务管制这些气体.
This law was passed in 1963 to control pollution.
这项法律于1963年通过,以控制污染。
The EP A argued that the law did not apply to these gases.
总统 有人争辩说,法律不适用于这些气体。
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the states by a vote of 5-4.
最高法院以5-4的表决结果裁定支持各州.
The EP A was then required to regulate these gases.
然后要求EPA对这些气体进行调节.
Checks and Balances The judicial branch also provides checks and balances in the federal government.
检查和结余 司法部门还在联邦政府中提供制衡。
In the 1780s, the creators of the Constitution feared that one person or group might try to gain control of the government.
在1780年代,宪法的创造者担心一个人或团体可能试图获得对政府的控制权.
To guard against that possibility, they built in checks and balances between the three branches.
为了防止这种可能性,他们建立了三个分支之间的制衡。
In other words, the executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch have ways to limit each other’s powers.
换句话说,行政部门、立法机构和司法部门可以限制彼此的权力。
The executive and legislative branches mainly check the judicial branch by choosing federal judges.
行政和立法部门主要通过选择联邦法官来检查司法部门。
As head of the executive branch, it is the president’s duty to choose these judges.
作为行政部门负责人,选择这些法官是总统的职责。
Nominees must then be confirmed by the U.
提名必须经过U确认。
S.
师曰.
Senate (part of the legislative branch).
参议院(立法部门的一部分)。
This role gives the Senate the power to block the president’s choices.
这一角色赋予了参议院阻止总统选择的权力.
In this way, the legislative branch can check both the judicial and executive branches.
这样,立法部门可以检查司法和行政部门。
President Obama named Sonia Sotomayor (center) to the Supreme Court in 2009.
奥巴马总统于2009年将索尼娅·索托马约尔(英语:Sonia Sotomayor (center))提名为最高法院法官.
Once confirmed, federal judges serve for life.
一旦确认,联邦法官终身任职.
In other words, they cannot be fired by anyone in the executive or legislative branch.
换句话说,行政或立法部门的任何人都不能解雇他们。
This is a check against the other two branches.
这是对另外两个分支的检查
It prevents leaders from firing judges for political reasons.
它阻止领导人出于政治原因解雇法官。
Judges can be impeached by the U.
法官可以被U弹劾.
S.
师曰.
Senate for illegal or dishonest behavior, however.
但是,参议院对非法或不诚实的行为。
This serves as another check on the judicial branch.
这是对司法部门的又一检查。
Only fifteen federal judges have been impeached—one of them a Supreme Court justice.
只有15名联邦法官被弹劾,其中一人是最高法院法官。
Eight of the judges were ultimately found guilty and removed from office.
其中8名法官最终被判有罪并被免职。
Judicial review is another power of the judicial branch.
司法复议是司法部门的又一权力.
The courts are able to review laws passed by the legislative branch or actions taken by the executive branch.
法院可以审查立法部门通过的法律或行政部门采取的行动。
If a law or action is found to violate the Constitution, the courts can strike it down.
如果发现某项法律或行动违反《宪法》,法院可以予以撤销。
U.
吴.
S.
师曰.
District Court Judge Thomas Porteous sits at his impeachment trial in 2010 for charges including payoffs and lying under oath.
2010年,地区法院法官托马斯·波尔特乌斯(Thomas Porteous)参加了他的弹劾审判,罪名包括支付和宣誓撒谎等.
Lady Justice One of the symbols of the judicial branch is Lady Justice.
女正义 司法部门的标志之一是女法官.
She holds a set of scales and a sword, and she wears a blindfold.
她拿着一套天平和一把剑,还戴着眼罩.
She represents the values of weighing facts and listening for the truth without prejudice.
她代表着不带偏见地权衡事实和倾听真相的价值。
She also represents the power to protect when necessary.
她还代表着在必要时提供保护的权力。
The creators of the Constitution knew that a strong justice system was important to a healthy society.
《宪法》的制定者知道,强有力的司法制度对于一个健康的社会很重要。
It offers people peaceful ways to deal with conflicts.
它为人们提供了和平解决冲突的途径。
It also protects the basic rights of all Americans.
它还保护所有美国人的基本权利。
The judicial branch acts as a check on the powers of the executive and legislative branches as well.
司法部门还负责检查行政和立法部门的权力。
The American justice system is not perfect.
美国的司法制度并不完善.
However, the principles of the judicial branch are well-founded and can result in true justice when used fairly.
然而,司法部门的原则是有根据的,如果得到公平使用,可以带来真正的正义。
Lady Justice originates in Roman mythology and art.
女法官起源于罗马神话和艺术.