Communication
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Many Ways to Communicate.
多种交流方式目录.
4 Communicating by Sound.
4由声音传播.
5 Communicating by Sight.
5由相克传播.
9 Communicating by Touch.
9由"触"来交流.
11 Communicating with Chemicals.
11 与化学品交流。
12 Communication Between Species.
12 物种间通信.
14 New Discoveries.
14"新发现".
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Many Ways to Communicate When people hear the word communication, they often think of human speech.
16 多种交流方式 当人们听到"沟通"这个词时,往往会想到人类的言论.
Although humans also have other ways to communicate—smiling and hugging among them—speech is one of the most important.
虽然人类也有其他的交流方式——在他们中间微笑和拥抱——口才是最重要的之一.
Speech requires skills, and often body parts, that other animals don’t have.
语言需要技能, 也往往需要身体部位,
Still, there’s no doubt that they communicate!
不过,
Nonhuman animals communicate in many ways.
非人类动物在许多方面交流.
The reasons usually relate to food, staying safe, finding mates, or alerting others to their presence.
原因通常与食物,安全,寻找伴侣,或提醒他人存在有关.
They have an amazing range of communication methods, and most species use more than one.
它们拥有惊人的交流方法范围,大多数物种使用不止一种.
Elephants trumpet when they are excited, angry, alarmed, surprised, or playful.
大象在兴奋,愤怒,惊恐,出其不意,或者玩弄时会发出小号.
Communicating by Sound Sound may be the most important way that vertebrates communicate.
通过声音进行交流 声音可能是脊椎动物沟通的最重要方式.
Sound travels farther than other forms of communication, and the receiver doesn’t need to be looking at the sender.
声音比其他交流形式要远,
Humans use their tongue, vocal cords, and other related body parts, along with their breath, to speak.
人类用舌头,声带,以及其他有关的身体部位,连同呼吸,来说话.
Chimpanzees, which are among humans’ closest relatives, have similar vocal structures.
在人类最亲近的亲属中,黑猩猩有着相近的声响结构。
Although chimps can’t use those structures with the same skill and speed as humans—or to express complex ideas—they still use them to communicate.
虽然黑猩猩不能用人类一样的技巧和速度来表达复杂的想法,
Chimps laugh while playing, scream when upset, and make a loud “waaa” when they come upon something dangerous or unusual.
黑猩猩在玩耍时会笑出声来,在不高兴时会叫出声来,当他们遇到危险或不寻常的事情时会发出响亮的"哇".
They also use barks, grunts, and other sounds to communicate important information, such as where to find food, over long distances.
他们也使用树皮,咕噜等声音来传播重要信息,如长途寻找食物的地方.
A pant-hoot is a form of long-distance communication.
口拍是长途通信的一种形式.
It starts as a low, breathy call that turns into a loud scream.
它开始是一个低沉而有气息的叫声, 变成一个响亮的叫声。
Each chimp has its own unique pant-hoot.
每只黑猩猩都有自己独特的口袋口
Elephants also produce many types of sounds to communicate with group members.
大象还产生出多种相声来与团体成员进行交流.
Trumpet calls involve forcing air through their trunks.
小号呼叫包括强迫空气通过他们的后备箱。
Other sounds, such as squeals and groans, involve their vocal cords.
其他声音,如叫声和呻吟,都涉及到了他们的声带.
So do infrasonic sounds, which are too low for humans to hear.
弱音也一样 人类听不到的声音太低了
These deep calls, which travel for miles, allow elephants to send messages over long distances.
这些远行数英里的深层呼叫,让大象长途发送信息.
Songbirds are another group of animals that use sound to communicate.
宋鸟是又一群用声音来交流的动物.
They are famous for their amazing melodies.
他们以惊人的旋律而出名.
Songbirds may sing to attract a mate, guard an area, check in with others, or ask for help.
松鸟会唱歌来吸引伴侣,守卫一地,与他人会合,或者请求帮助.
Their songs may also call attention to predators or food.
他们的歌曲也可能引起对捕食者或食物的关注.
Songbirds produce their fancy songs using a vocal organ called a syrinx.
歌鸟们用一个叫" s"的相声管风琴来制作出出自己的花哨歌曲.
Each side vibrates on its own when air moves over it, allowing songbirds to produce two different sounds at the same time.
当空气在它上方移动时,每个侧面都会自发地震动,使歌鸟可以同时产生出两个不同的声音.
Stringing the sounds together creates complex songs.
将声音串在一起会产生复杂的歌曲.
Vervet monkeys make three different kinds of alarm calls.
凡尔维特猴子发出三种不同的报警呼叫.
The calls not only warn other group members that a dangerous animal is nearby, but also communicate what kind of animal it is.
这些电话不仅警告其他成员说,附近有一只危险的动物,而且还传达它是什么动物。
Each call prompts a different response: • Snake calls prompt them to stand up and look around on the ground.
每通电话都会引起不同的反应: •Snake呼叫会促使他们站起身来,在地上环视.
• Leopard calls prompt them to run up trees.
• 豹式电话促使他们爬上树木。
• Eagle calls prompt them to hide in bushes.
• 支助 老鹰的呼唤促使他们躲入灌木丛.
Warning!
警告你们!
Whale communication is a popular subject for study.
鲸鱼传播是一个受欢迎的研究课题.
Scientists divide whales into two groups— toothed and baleen—based on how they catch food.
科学家根据鲸鱼捕获食物的方式,将鲸鱼分为两组——牙齿类和白鲸类。
The two groups also communicate with sound in different ways.
两组还以不同的方式用声音进行交流.
Most toothed whales, including dolphins, use echolocation, which involves making clicks that bounce off objects.
大多数齿鲸,包括海豚,都使用回声定位,这涉及点击可以弹出物体.
The sounds that come back from fish and other animals help these whales find food.
鱼和其他动物发出的声音 帮助这些鲸鱼找到食物
Sounds that bounce off the seafloor and other objects help them navigate.
弹出海底的声音 和其他物体能帮助他们航行
Toothed whales also produce calls, or whistles, to communicate with other whales of the same species.
牙鲸还产生呼叫,或口哨来与同种的其他鲸鱼交流.
These whales produce both types of sounds with structures called phonic lips, which sit just below their blowhole.
这些鲸鱼产生两种声音,结构上称为"发光唇"(phonic lips),它们就坐落在其吹口下方.
The whales force air from their lungs through the phonic lips.
鲸鱼从肺部通过发光的嘴唇产生出空气
When the phonic lips close, nearby fatty areas vibrate, creating sound, which moves forward in a beam.
当发声口闭合后,相邻的脂肪区会震动,产生出声,在一束中前进.
It flows through a fatty structure in the forehead that directs the beam of sound forward toward objects or another whale.
它通过前额的脂肪结构来流动,将声音的光束向物体或另一只鲸鱼前进.
Baleen whales, on the other hand, have no teeth.
而巴林鲸则没有牙齿.
Instead, the inside of their upper jaw is lined with baleen, which is similar to stiff bristles.
取而代之的是,它们的上下巴的内侧被花纹所衬住,而花纹与坚韧的花纹相类似.
Baleen traps tiny animals taken in with ocean water.
巴林捕捉到小动物 与海水。
Animal Kangaroos Male Crickets Male Pigeons Way to Communicate Thump hind feet Chirp by rubbing wing parts together Clap wings above body Purpose Warn other kangaroos of danger Attract a mate and keep other males away Announce interest in a female Baleen whales produce low sounds that include grunts and moans.
动物袋鼠 雄性板球 雄性鸽子沟通方式 通过将翅膀部分一起擦去身体上的后脚Chirp 警告其他危险的袋鼠 吸引一个伴侣 并让其他雄性远离 宣布对雌性巴林鲸的兴趣 产生低声,包括咕噜和呻吟
They also make higher cries, chirps, and whistles.
他们还发出更高的叫声,鸣叫和口哨.
For example, both male and female humpback whales make sounds.
例如,雄鲸和雌鲸都发出声音。
However, only the males produce long, repeating sounds known as singing.
然而,只有雄性才会产生长而重复的叫作"唱歌"的声音.
No one knows the purpose of these songs or how they’re produced.
没有人知道这些歌曲的目的,
In addition to sounds that involve the breath, animals also produce sounds in many other ways.
除了涉及呼吸的声音外,动物还以许多其他方式产生声音.
Here are a few.
这里有一些。
Other Kinds of Sounds Humpback whale songs can travel 161 kilometers (100 mi.)
其他的"声音"(Sounds Humpback)鲸鱼歌曲可以行走161公里(100 mi.
or more in the ocean and can last as long as half an hour.
或更多在海洋中 并且可以持续长达半小时。
Communicating by Sight Visual communication in the animal world takes many forms.
由视觉交流在动物界的交流有多种形式.
Tails come in especially handy for this purpose.
纹身特别方便
For example, male peacocks display their fancy tail feathers to attract females and declare their dominance to other males.
例如:雄性孔雀会展示出花哨的尾羽来吸引雌性并宣布自己对其他雄性的支配.
Dogs often wag their tails to express joy, but tail-wagging in cats usually means just the opposite.
狗经常会叫出尾巴来表达喜悦,但猫身上的尾巴花纹通常只是相反的意思.
Male rabbits show the white fur under their tail to get the attention of a female.
雄性兔子在尾巴下展示出白毛来得到雌性的注意.
However, a female rabbit shows the same fur to her young to say, “Follow me!”
然而,一只雌性兔子向她年轻时展示同样的皮毛,说“跟我来!”
Other body movements also send clear visual messages.
其他身体运动也发出清晰的视觉信息.
Bees do a “waggle dance” to let other bees know they’ve found nectar.
让其他蜜蜂知道它们已经找到花蜜。
Horses flatten their ears when they’re angry and paw the ground when bored, worried, or in pain.
愤怒的马会把耳朵扁平,
Many animals share their moods by making faces.
许多动物通过做脸来分享自己的心情.
Other primates, like humans, use many different facial expressions to communicate their emotions.
其他灵长类动物同人类一样,使用许多不同的面部表情来表达他们的情感.
Fireflies are experts at a different kind of visual communication— bioluminescence.
萤火虫是另一种视觉交流的专家——生物发光.
A chemical reaction in their light organ causes them to flash.
在它们的光器官中发生化学反应,使其产生闪光.
Animals may use bioluminescence to communicate with their own species, a different species, or both.
动物可能利用生物发光与自己的物种,不同的物种,或两者交流.
Young fireflies use it to warn predators that they don’t taste good.
年轻的萤火虫用它警告捕食者,
Some adult fireflies use it to recognize each other and choose mates.
一些成年萤火虫利用它来相认并选择伴侣.
Many ocean animals, including some jellyfish, octopuses, and sharks, also use bioluminescence to communicate.
许多海洋动物,包括一些水母,章鱼和鲨鱼,也使用生物发光来交流.
Some animals communicate with quick color changes.
有些动物用快速的颜色变化来交流.
Male panther chameleons use sudden color changes to attract a female and to chase away other males.
雄豹变色龙使用突然的颜色变化来吸引雌性并追赶其他雄性.
Panther chameleons change color depending on their moods.
黑豹变色龙视其心情而改变颜色.
Tiny crystals in their skin cells help control the color.
其皮肤细胞中的细晶体能帮助控制颜色.
Communicating by Touch Many animals communicate by touch to stay close.
通过触摸进行交流 许多动物通过触摸进行交流以保持接近.
People who are fond of each other may hold hands or walk arm in arm.
喜欢对方的人可以手牵手或手牵手.
Elephants touch each other with their trunks to express caring or comfort.
大象用树干相接来表达关怀或安慰.
Lions lick and rub up against each other.
狮子相舔相摩.
Many different kinds of animals care for each other’s bodies in a process called social grooming.
许多不同种类的动物在所谓的社交培养过程中互相照顾对方的身体.
Bees remove dust, pollen, and parasites from each other’s bodies in hard-to-reach places.
蜜蜂在相去不远的地方将相去相去去的尘埃,花粉和寄生虫从相去不远的地方取出.
Primates clean each other’s bodies of parasites, dead skin, and dirt.
原始人互相清理了寄生虫、死皮和泥土的身体。
These animals aren’t just cleaning each other— they’re also making their social bonds stronger.
这些动物不仅互相打扫,
Touch can communicate dominance instead of caring.
触摸可以传达统治而不是关心.
For example, male Komodo dragons battle each other over food and mates.
例如:雄克莫多龙相争取食物和伴侣.
Bull moose lock their huge antlers in fights over females.
公鹿在争夺雌鹿时锁起它们巨大的鹿角.
A toque maqaque (TOHK muh-KAK) monkey in Sri Lanka grooms another.
斯里兰卡的一头猴子(TOHK muh-KAK)为另一只新郎。
Communicating with Chemicals Animals also send messages to others of the same species through chemicals called pheromones.
与"化工动物"通讯也通过叫"费洛蒙"的化学物质向同种人发送信息.
These chemicals come from special glands on different parts of an animal.
这些化学品来自动物不同部位的特殊腺体.
They are usually detected through the sense of smell or taste and can communicate different kinds of information.
它们通常通过嗅觉或口感被检测出,并且能够传递出不同类型的信息.
Ants are well known for their use of pheromones.
蚂蚁以使用费洛蒙而出名.
One purpose is to lay scent trails that other ants follow to food.
一个目的就是铺设其他蚂蚁追随食物的气味痕迹.
Another is to make themselves known to other members of their colony.
另一种做法是让其他殖民地成员了解自己。
If they entered the colony of a different ant species, they would be attacked.
如果它们进入不同蚂蚁物种的聚居地,就会被攻击.
Many animals use pheromones to attract a mate.
许多动物会用花生来吸引伴侣.
In alligators, the males produce the pheromones.
在鳄鱼中,雄性产生花生.
Among moths, however, the females give off the pheromones.
然而在蛾科中,雌性会发出花粉.
Some male moths have such sensitive antennae that they can pick up the scent of a female from miles away.
一些雄性蛾有如此敏感的天线,可以从相距数英里的地方取出雌性的气味.
Male luna moths have extremely furry antennae that help them find female moths quickly.
雄性露娜蛾有极其毛茸茸的天线来帮助他们迅速找到雌性蛾.
They need to because the adult moths only live one week.
他们需要因为成年蛾只活了一个星期
Marking territory is another common use for pheromones.
标记地是费洛蒙的另一个常见用途.
A territory is an area that an animal protects against others of the same species.
一个领地是一个动物可以抵御同种动物的区域.
Scent marking with pheromones is a way to let others know that one “owns” the area.
用费洛莫内斯来作森特标记是让其他人知道一个人“拥有”该地区的一种方法。
The animal may try to keep others out to lessen competition for food, mates, or nest sites.
该动物可能试图阻止他人参与减少对食物、伴侣或巢穴地的竞争。
Rabbits, for instance, mark the ground with a clear liquid from glands on their chin.
例如,兔子在下巴上用从腺体取出的明确液体来标记地上.
Antelope place scent from their facial glands on leaves.
羚羊把面腺的气味放入叶子上.
Some animals mark an area with pheromones that mix with urine (pee) or dung (poop)—or both, in the case of hippos.
有些动物用花粉来标记一个与尿液(pee)或粪液(poop)相混合的区域,或者两者兼而有之,就河马而言。
Some freshwater fish produce a weak electrical signal to communicate and navigate.
一些淡水鱼产生微弱的通电信号来进行交流和通航.
An electric organ, usually located at the base of their tail, creates the signals, which may communicate information about mates, territories, or other topics.
通常位于尾部基部的电动管能产生信号,信号可以传递有关配体,领地等主题的信息.
These fish also have special cells in their skin that sense incoming signals.
这些鱼的皮肤也有特殊的细胞,能感应到传入的信号.
Electrocommunication Pronghorn antelope use their scent to mark territory and to warn other pronghorns of danger.
电子通信 普隆格霍恩羚羊用它们的气味来标记领地并警告其他的普隆格霍恩人有危险.
Communication Between Species People who raise cats and dogs together know that these animals can communicate and sometimes form strong bonds with each other.
物种之间的通信 一起养猫养狗的人知道这些动物可以互相交流,有时会形成很强的联系.
No one knows whether different species of wild animals communicate on purpose.
没有人知道不同种类的野生动物是否有意交流.
However, we do know that some animals pay attention to the communication of other species.
然而,我们确实知道,有些动物会注意其他物种的交流。
Scientists call this activity eavesdropping.
科学家称这一活动为偷听.
One species of lemur stays safe from hawks with the help of the warning calls of another kind of lemur and two kinds of birds.
在另一种狐猴和两种鸟类发出警告的帮助下,有1种狐猴能安全地远离鹰类.
When it hears any of those calls, it carefully scans the sky for danger.
当它听到任何这样的呼叫, 它仔细扫描天空的危险。
Some birds, monkeys, and other animals also eavesdrop on other species’ warning calls.
一些鸟类、猴子和其他动物也偷听其他物种的警告电话。
Scientists will likely discover other examples of eavesdropping as they continue to study wild animals.
科学家在继续研究野生动物时可能会发现其他偷听的例子.
Eavesdropping in nonhuman animals isn’t just about sounds.
偷听非人类动物并不只是声音。
A species of stingless bee eavesdrops on another species’ pheromone trails!
一群无刺的蜜蜂偷听另一个物种的花生踪迹!
It then avoids those trails, which are likely to lead to areas where the food has already been eaten.
然后它避免了这些小道,这些小道很可能导致食物已经被吃掉的地区.
Trail Tales This lemur listens in to stay alive.
轨迹故事 这狐猴听入活来.
New Discoveries Animal communication is a popular field of study, and the discoveries never end.
新发现动物交流是一个受欢迎的研究领域,发现永无止境.
Recent ones include the surprising fact that male mice sing to attract a mate.
近期的作品包括出人意料的公鼠会唱歌来吸引伴侣.
They make complex strings of sounds that are too high for humans to hear without special equipment.
它们制造出复杂的音串,这些音串对于人类来说太高,没有特殊设备听不到.
Scientists have compared these sound patterns to birdsong.
科学家们把这些声音模式与鸟类类类相提并论.
Recent research also found the source of a strange quacking sound in the Southern Ocean.
最近的研究还发现了南大洋中出自一股奇异的叫声的来源.
Scientists and sea travelers had been hearing the “bio-duck” sounds since the 1960s.
科学家和出海旅行者自1960年代以来就一直听到“生料”的声音。
In 2014, a research team finally figured out that the sound came from minke whales.
2014年,一个研究团队最终发现声音出自小貂鲸.
Scientists don’t yet know how or why these whales quack, but they will most likely find out as their research continues.
科学家还不知道这些鲸鱼是怎样或为什么出现,
Every discovery leads to new questions and a deeper understanding of, and appreciation for, the endlessly fascinating animal kingdom.
每一个发现都引来新的问题,对无休止迷人的动物王国有了更深刻的理解和欣赏.
Scientists have found that house mice make sounds that express several emotions, including fear, distress, and comfort.
科学家发现家鼠发出的声音会表达出几种情感,包括恐惧,痛苦和舒适.
Glossary bioluminescence (n.)
词汇:生物发光(n.)