Groundwater
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents When the Water Runs Out.
水流出时目录 。
4 What and Where Is Groundwater?
4 地下水在哪里?
5 Too Many Straws.
5 太多的草丛。
7 Water Fights.
7水战.
9 Staying Out of Trouble.
9"远离麻烦".
11 Farming Smarter.
11"养殖智能".
12 Future Focus.
12"未来焦点".
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 When the Water Runs Out Picture getting up one morning, turning on the faucet, and getting nothing but a gurgle.
16,当"出水"的图片起来 一天早上,打开了水龙头, 得到的任何东西,只是一个gurgle。
This happened in 2014 in a part of California famous for its fruits and vegetables.
这发生在2014年加利福尼亚州以水果和蔬菜出名的一地.
Years of drought there meant little rainfall, so to irrigate their crops, farmers pumped huge amounts of groundwater from under the land.
多年的干旱意味着降雨量很少,因此为了灌溉农作物,农民从地底抽取了大量的地下水.
The result?
结果?
Some two thousand dry wells.
约二千口干井.
Even with rain, experts warn that the shortage of groundwater there will not end soon.
即使下雨,专家们也警告说,那里的地下水短缺不会很快结束。
Unfortunately, California isn’t the only place with a water crisis.
加州并非唯一有水危机的地方。
Groundwater fills the spaces and cracks between rocks, sand, and soil underground.
地下水填充了地上岩石,沙地和地上土壤之间的空间和裂缝.
Surface water 0.
地表水 零点。
3% Ground ice and permafrost 0.
3%地冰和永久冻土0.
7% What and Where Is Groundwater?
7%的地下水在哪里?
Many of us glance at a globe and are fooled into thinking the planet holds plenty of water for all our needs.
我们许多人看一看全球,被愚弄,以为这个星球有足够的水满足我们的所有需要。
Most of Earth’s water is in our oceans, however.
然而,地球的大部分水都在我们的海洋中。
Its salt content makes it undrinkable and useless for watering crops.
其含盐量使其不能饮用,对取水作物无用.
Freshwater keeps us alive, yet less than 3 percent of Earth’s water is fresh.
淡水让我们活下来,然而地球不到3%的水是淡水。
Of that small percentage, polar ice caps and glaciers lock up almost 70 percent.
在这个小比例中,极地冰盖和冰川几乎锁定了70%。
The surface water in our rivers, lakes, and ponds makes up just 0.
我们河流、湖泊和池塘的地表水只有0.
3 percent of our freshwater supply.
我们淡水供应的3%。
Scientists estimate that a whopping 99 percent of Earth’s usable water is groundwater.
科学家估计99%的可用水是地下水。
Groundwater is freshwater that flows slowly underground.
地下水是地下流动缓慢的淡水.
Most of it is stored beneath land in aquifers, underground layers of rock, gravel, and sand that retain groundwater like huge sponges.
大部分储存在地下的地下蓄水层、地下岩层、砾石和沙地中,这些地块保留着像大海绵一样的地下水。
Rain and melting snow percolate very slowly into the surface soil and rock to feed the aquifers.
降雨和融雪会缓慢地渗入地表土壤和岩石,为含水层提供食物。
All water on Earth Usable 1% Groundwater 99% Unusable 99% Water We Can Use Source: U.
地球上所有可用水 1% 地下水 99% 无法使用 99% 我们能够使用水 来源: U.
S.
师曰.
Geological Survey Aquifers can reach down thousands of feet and extend for thousands of miles.
地质调查局的含水层可达数千英尺以下并延伸数千英里。
They feed our rivers, lakes, and wetlands.
它们养活我们的河流、湖泊和湿地。
Their freshwater also irrigates the best farming regions in the world.
它们的淡水还灌溉了世界上最好的农业地区。
For more than a century, people have been pumping billions of gallons of water from underground to drink, grow crops, and meet other needs.
一个多世纪以来,人们从地下抽取了数十亿加仑的水来饮用,种植农作物,并满足了其他需要.
Even during droughts, communities and farms located above aquifers can draw groundwater to survive and thrive.
即使在干旱期间,位于含水层上方的社区和农场也能抽取地下水来生存和繁荣。
This water source keeps much of humanity from going hungry and thirsty.
这种水源使人类大部分人不会挨饿和口渴。
The trouble is groundwater levels are falling fast.
麻烦是地下水位迅速下降。
Water crises threaten food supplies and peace.
水危机威胁到粮食供应与和平。
People near and far must conserve this life-giving resource.
附近和远处的人必须保护这种维持生命的资源。
Center-pivot irrigation makes farming possible in many dry regions.
中枢灌溉使许多干燥地区的农业成为可能。
Too Many Straws Research now shows people are pumping groundwater faster than nature can replace it.
草条太多了 现在的研究表明,人们抽取地下水的速度快于大自然能够取而代之的速度.
According to experts, water levels have declined in almost two-thirds of the wells across the United States since 1995.
据专家说,自1995年以来,全美国近三分之二的水井的水位已经下降。
Experts predict that the Ogallala Aquifer, below the Great Plains, could be 70 percent depleted by the year 2060.
专家预测,到2060年,大平原以下的奥加拉含水层可能耗尽70%.
Wyoming -0.
怀俄明-0 (英语).
4 ft.
4英尺长
Nebraska -0.
内布拉斯加州-0.
9 ft (-0.
9英尺 (-0.
27 m) S.
27米) S.
Dakota 0 ft.
达科他0英尺.
(0 m) New Mexico -15.
(0米) 新墨西哥 - 15.
1 ft.
1英尺长.
Ground level 0 Colorado -13.
地上0级科罗拉多-13.
2 ft.
2英尺长.
Kansas -22.
堪萨斯22分
8 ft.
8英尺长.
95 m) Texas -36.
95米)德克萨斯州-36.
7 ft.
7英尺长.
19 m) Oklahoma -12.
19米) (中文(简体) ). 俄克拉荷马州 - 12。
3 ft.
3英尺长
75 m) Water-level changes in the aquifer, 1950 to 2010 Source: U.
(单位:千美元) 1950至2010年含水层水位变化 资料来源:U。
S.
师曰.
Geological Survey The water level in one Texas well has plunged more than 120 feet (36.
地质调查局. 德克萨斯州一口井的水位已跌出120多英尺(36.
6 m).
(单位:千米)
Ups and (Mostly) Downs: The Ogallala Aquifer The Ogallala (a.
上下 (最多) 下: 奥加拉拉含水层 奥加拉拉(a.
k.
(单位:千美元)
a.
(单位:千美元)
High Plains) Aquifer waters the wheat fields of America—but that water can’t last forever.
(高平原) 水淹没了美国的麦田,
This map shows state-by- state changes in the water level of the Ogallala Aquifer over a span of about sixty years.
本图显示奥加拉拉含水层水位在大约60年内逐州变化。
In some places, water levels are largely unchanged today; in others, they have crashed.
在有些地方,水位今天基本没有变化;在另一些地方,水位已经崩溃。
Feet underground Competition for groundwater is causing conflict in some farming areas.
脚在地下 对地下水的竞争正在一些农作地区造成冲突。
In Northern California, for example, winemakers grow acres of grapes, which require large amounts of water.
例如在北加利福尼亚州,酿酒者会种植出一亩葡萄,这需要大量的水.
Many of these growers have drilled deep wells to make sure they can get the groundwater they need.
许多这些种植者已经钻取了深井,以确保能得到所需的地下水.
Without it, they might go out of business.
没有它,他们可能会 退出业务。
Many smaller farmers and homeowners nearby, though, blame these vineyards for sucking up too much of the groundwater they all share, while their shallower wells go dry.
不过,附近许多较小的农民和房屋所有者却责备这些葡萄园吸取了他们共同分享的地下水太多,而更浅的水井会干涸.
In many cases, these smaller property owners cannot afford to drill deeper wells for themselves.
在许多情况下,这些较小的财产所有者无法为自己钻取更深的水井。
It’s as if everyone has their straws in the same drink, but some farms and businesses can pay for more and longer straws.
但有些农场和企业可以支付更多更长的吸管。
This situation raises big questions: Who owns groundwater?
这一情况提出了大问题: 谁拥有地下水?
How much usage is fair?
多少使用是公平的?
Sonoma Valley in California is famous for its vineyards.
加利福尼亚的索诺马谷以其葡萄园而出名.
Water Fights Halfway around the world, Pakistan’s available water has dropped by almost 75 percent in the last sixty years.
巴基斯坦的供水量在过去60年中下降了近75%。
Many in Pakistan put the blame on India, their neighbor to the south.
巴基斯坦的许多人都怪罪于印度,
They accuse India of building dams that block river water that would normally flow to them.
他们指责印度建造了拦河堤坝,挡住通常流向他们的河水。
They say this has forced farmers in Pakistan to pump more groundwater.
他们说这迫使巴基斯坦农民抽取更多的地下水.
Indian officials say Pakistan has only itself to blame.
印度官员说巴基斯坦只能怪自己.
They say Pakistan has managed its water poorly.
他们说,巴基斯坦的用水管理不善。
These two countries have fought four wars in the past.
这两个国家过去曾进行过四次战争.
Today, both face water shortages and increasing competition for freshwater.
今天,两者都面临缺水和日益激烈的淡水竞争。
India China United States Pakistan 112 km3 year 251 km3/year 1,225 million 1,341 million 310 million 174 million 112 km3 year 65 km3 year Compare China’s population to the United States’.
印度 中国 巴基斯坦 112 km3 年 251 km3 年 12.25亿 13.41亿 3.10亿 1.74亿 112 km3 年 65 km3 年 中国人口与美国相比.
Now compare their water use.
现在比较一下他们的用水情况。
Per person, which country is using more water?
每个人,哪个国家使用更多的水?
One cubic kilometer (km3) = 1,000,000,000,000 liters (264,172,052,358 gal.)
1立方千米(平方千米)=1,000,000,000升(264,172,052,358 gal.
That would fill about 400,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.
这将填补约40万个奥运大小游泳池。
KEY Irrigation Domestic use Population Industry Source: Margat, J.
资料来源:Margat,J.。
, and J.
还有J.
van der Gun.
范德刚.
Groundwater around the World.
环绕世界的地下水.
CRC Press/Balkema Top Four Global Water Users The United Nations predicts such battles over water will only grow worse.
《儿童权利公约》(CRC) 新闻/Balkema全球四大水用户 联合国预测,这种为取水而战只会加剧。
If nothing changes, it estimates the world will fall 40 percent short of its water needs by the year 2030.
如果不发生任何变化,它估计到2030年世界将比水需求减少40%。
Nearly two billion people worldwide could face severe water shortages, leading to food shortages and famine.
全世界近20亿人可能面临严重的缺水问题,导致粮食短缺和饥荒。
In time, shortages like these can even lead to war, experts warn.
专家警告说,这种短缺在时间上甚至会导致战争。
In some places, lack of water has already forced large numbers of people to leave their homes.
在有些地方,缺水已经迫使许多人离开家园。
In Syria, for example, drought drove rural people into cities.
例如,在叙利亚,干旱将农村人口推入了城市。
Evidence suggests that this movement, in turn, helped start a civil war in 2011.
有证据表明,这一运动反过来帮助了2011年发动了内战.
As a result, many Syrians have died.
因此,许多叙利亚人已经死亡.
In many places, groundwater is that important—the difference between green farms or dusty fields, a matter of life or death.
在许多地方,地下水是重要的——绿色农场或有尘土的田地之间的区别,生死攸关。
Without water supplies that people can rely on, violence and great suffering threaten to spread as people fight for water resources.
没有人民可以依靠的供水,暴力和巨大苦难就有可能在人民为水资源而战时蔓延。
A Syrian refugee girl arrives in Jordan in 2013.
2013年,一名叙利亚难民女孩抵达约旦。
Staying Out of Trouble There is an old saying: “It is easier to stay out of trouble than get out of trouble.”
远离麻烦 有一句老话说: “远离麻烦比摆脱麻烦容易。 “
This is true about the world’s supply of groundwater.
世界地下水的供应情况就是这样。
Dealing with this crisis now will be much easier than dealing with it after aquifers run dry.
现在处理这一危机要比在含水层干涸后处理这一危机容易得多。
Addressing the crisis requires us to plan ahead, however.
然而,解决危机需要我们提前规划。
One growing threat to the world’s groundwater supply is climate change.
气候变化是对世界地下水供应的一个日益严重的威胁。
Almost all scientists who study the Earth now agree that it’s getting hotter.
几乎所有研究地球的科学家现在都认为地球越来越热了。
Climate change may also mean changes in weather patterns.
气候变化还可能意味着天气模式的变化。
For example, regions that rely on regular rainy seasons may see those seasons shift.
例如,那些依赖定期雨季的地区可能会看到这些季节的变化。
They may see a change in the amount of moisture those seasons deliver.
他们可能会看到这些季节产生的水分量的变化。
Freshwater may be harder to come by.
淡水可能更难通过。
Another huge challenge is population growth.
另一个巨大挑战是人口增长。
More than seven billion people live on our planet now.
现在有70多亿人生活在我们的星球上。
That figure is expected to reach eleven billion by the year 2100.
预计到2100年这一数字将达到110亿。
All of us will need water to drink and grow our food.
我们大家需要水来饮用和种植食物。
We must manage our groundwater now, and we can.
我们现在必须管理地下水,而且我们可以。
Ongoing drought in California led to a series of wildfires in 2015.
加利福尼亚州持续干旱导致2015年发生一连串野火.
Farming Smarter Our best hope is water conservation—finding ways to use less water and keep more groundwater in the ground.
更聪明的农民 我们最大的希望是节水——寻找减少用水和将更多的地下水留在地上的方法。
Improving the way we farm is by far the most important action we can take to conserve groundwater.
改善我们耕作的方式是迄今为止我们为保护地下水能够采取的最重要行动。
Experts estimate that about 65 percent of the fresh groundwater Americans pump to the surface is used to irrigate crops, yet many forms of irrigation waste water.
专家估计,大约65%的美国新鲜地下水泵通到地表用于灌溉农作物,然而许多形式的灌溉废水.
They spray and sprinkle water on the surface, where much of it is lost to evaporation.
他们在地表喷出并喷出水,其中大部分被蒸发所损失.
More farmers now accept that they cannot keep pumping so much groundwater.
更多的农民现在承认,他们无法继续抽取如此多的地下水。
They are using new methods to make sure every drop counts.
他们正在使用新的方法 确保每滴数。
New meters monitor moisture in the soil and turn the irrigation on and off automatically, wasting less water.
新的水表监测土壤中的水分,并自动打开和关闭灌溉,减少水的浪费。
Many fruit and nut orchards now bury irrigation pipes.
许多水果和坚果园现在埋有灌溉管道。
Buried pipes deliver water closer to the tree roots and waste less water.
埋入的管子提供更靠近树根的水和较少的浪费水.
Planting different crops can also help conserve groundwater.
种植不同的作物也有助于养护地下水。
In states such as Kansas and Iowa, some farms are switching from corn to other crops because corn requires a lot of water.
在堪萨斯州和爱荷华州等州,一些农场因为玉米需要大量的水而从玉米转为其他作物.
However, corn crops earn more money, so many farmers don’t want to change.
但玉米作物赚得更多钱,
Farmers need new ways to farm.
农民需要新的耕作方式。
If they do not conserve water voluntarily, empty aquifers will one day force them to.
如果它们不自愿地节水,那么有一天会迫使空的含水层。
Since 2002, NASA has been monitoring changes in groundwater from space.
自2002年以来,美国航天局一直在监测空间地下水的变化。
Called the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), its two satellites respond to Earth’s gravity field.
被称作"重力回收和气候实验"(GRACE),其两颗卫星对地重力场做出响应.
They can measure shifts in water volume on and under the planet’s surface.
它们可以测量地球地表和地表下水量的变化。
NASA data gathered over a ten-year period (2003–2013) shows trends for Earth’s largest aquifers.
美国航天局在十年期间(2003-2013年)所收集的数据表明了地球最大含水层的趋势。
About one-third of these aquifers are dangerously depleted.
这些含水层中约有三分之一已严重枯竭。
The View from Space On the scale, deep-red aquifers are those that have been depleted most rapidly; deep-blue aquifers are those gaining the most water, usually by weather events such as floods.
空间视图 从规模上看,深红含水层是那些被消耗最快的含水层;深蓝含水层是获得最多水的含水层,通常是由洪水等天气事件造成的。
ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEANAFRICA ASIA Future Focus Record drought forced California to conserve water.
印度洋 未来焦点记录干旱迫使加利福尼亚州节水.
At one point, cities there could fine people five hundred dollars a day if they failed to follow restrictions on washing cars or watering lawns.
有一点,如果城市里的人不遵守对洗车或取水草坪的限制,他们一天可以罚款500美元.
As a result, water use there dropped.
结果,那里的用水量下降。
In just six months, people in California went from using as much as 140 gallons (530 L) per person to just 67 gallons (254 L) a day, on average.
在短短的六个月里,加州的人从每人使用高达140加仑(530升)到平均每天只使用67加仑(254升).
The Trouble with Toilets Gallons per household per day toilet shower, bath faucet clothes washer dishwasher, leaks, other Did you know that toilets use more water than anything else in your house?
每户人每天洗个厕所 洗洗浴水龙头 洗碗机 漏水 还有你知不知道厕所用水比别的东西多?
They do, according to a 2016 study of water use inside 23,749 homes spread throughout the United States—but not as much as they did in a similar 1999 study.
根据2016年对美国各地23 749所房屋用水情况的研究,
Newer, more efficient toilets help send less water into the sewer.
更新,更有效率的厕所有助于将更少的水送入下水道.
Some families also practice selective flushing.
有些家庭还实行选择性冲水。
That means they don’t flush the toilet each time they use it.
他们不会每次使用厕所,
Source: De Oreo, W.
资料来源:De Oreo, W.
B.
毕.
, P.
页:1
Mayer, B.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Mayer, B.
Dziegelewski, and J.
(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Dziegelewski, and J.
Kiefer.
基费尔.
Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2.
住宅用水, 第2版.
Project #4309A.
第4309A号工程。
Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation.
Denver, Colo:水研究基金会.
©2016 Water Research Foundation.
©2016水利研究基金会.
Reprinted with permission.
经许可再版.
Nationwide, 57 percent of American households rely on groundwater.
全国57%的美国家庭依靠地下水。
In rural areas, that figure is more than 90 percent.
在农村地区,这一数字超过90%。
Fortunately, small changes in plumbing and water use can save hundreds of gallons in the average American home each week.
所幸的是,管道和用水的微小变化可以节省美国平均每周的数百加仑.
By installing low-flush toilets and taking shorter showers, we can use less groundwater.
通过安装低浮马桶并取出更短的淋浴,我们可以使用更少的地下水.
In addition, property owners can save water by replacing thirsty grass lawns with yards that need less water.
此外,地产所有者可以通过将渴渴的草地取而代之以需要较少水的院子来节约取水.
The motto in California for letting lawns die is pretty catchy: “Brown is the New Green.”
加州的口号是让草地死去, “
Saving our groundwater isn’t easy.
拯救地下水并不容易。
People need to drink.
人们需要喝酒。
Farmers need to irrigate crops to grow our food.
农民需要灌溉农作物来种植我们的粮食.
Still, we can be smarter about how we use this resource, both now and far into the future.
然而,我们可以更明智地看待我们如何使用这种资源,无论是现在还是将来。
In the dry summer of 2014, some Los Angeles homeowners swapped grass for plants that can thrive on less water.
在2014年干燥的夏天,一些洛杉矶屋主将草地交换给能以较少水为生的植物.