Cliff Dwellers
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Four Corners.
内容表 四角.
4 Evidence.
4 证据。
5 Paleo-Indians.
5 帕利奥-印度人。
6 Archaic People.
6个考古人物.
7 Ancient Puebloans.
7名古老的普韦拉人。
8 Making Baskets.
8出篮.
9 Building Larger Houses.
9所建筑规模较大的房屋.
12 Moving to the Cliffs.
12 移动到崖上。
14 Building Dwellings.
14号楼住宅.
16 Daily Life.
16"每日生活报".
17 Spiritual Life.
17 灵活.
18 Leaving the Cliffs.
18号离开"崖"
19 Modern-Day Descendants.
19 现代代后人.
21 Protecting the Cliff Dwellings.
21"保护崖居".
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Explore More.
23 探索更多。
24 Index.
24 指数。
24 The Four Corners Mesa Verde National Park, founded in 1906, is the first national park in the United States established to honor human accomplishments.
24 四角梅萨维德国家公园成立于1906年,是美国为纪念人类成就而建立的第一个国家公园.
Located where the states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet, the park contains many cliff dwellings that are among the most striking examples of early human architecture in North America.
公园位于犹他州,科罗拉多州,亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州相会之处,公园内有许多悬崖式住宅,是北美早期人类建筑最出名的例子.
The builders used great skill, creating these unusual dwellings without the aid of modern tools or machines.
建造者运用了高超的技巧,在没有现代工具或机器的帮助下创造了这些不寻常的住宅.
Who lived in these structures, and how did they live?
谁住在这些建筑里,他们是如何生活的?
Why did they make their homes in the cliffs?
他们为什么要在悬崖上建家?
Why did they leave, and where did they go?
他们为什么离开,他们去了哪里?
These are some of the questions we will explore.
这些是我们将要探讨的一些问题。
Arizona New Mexico Colorodo Utah Four Corners Do You Know?
亚利桑那州新墨西哥州 克罗多犹他州 四个角落 你知道吗?
Mesa Verde National Park is located in the Four Corners area, the only place in the United States where the corners of four states meet.
梅萨维德国家公园位于"四角"地区,是美国唯一一个四个州角相会的地方.
The marker indicating the point is a tourist attraction.
标点标志为旅游景点.
Paleo-Indians To understand the story of the cliff dwellers, we need to go back in time.
古印度人 为了了解悬崖居民的故事,我们需要回到过去.
Scientists believe that at least 14,000 years ago, during the Ice Age, ancient people crossed a land bridge from northern Russia to Alaska in North America.
科学家认为,至少在一万四千年前,在冰河时代,古人从俄罗斯北部越过了一座陆地桥去北美阿拉斯加.
Hundreds of years later, some of their descendants traveled far enough south to reach the Four Corners area.
数百年后,他们的一些后人向南旅行到足以到达"四角"地区.
The first Four Corners people were called Paleo-Indians, and they survived by hunting and gathering.
最初的"四角人"被称作"帕莱奥-印度人"(Paleo-Indians),他们通过狩猎和采集活了下来.
Men used large spears to hunt huge herd animals, including elephant-like animals called mammoths and mastodons, and giant bison.
男人用大长矛来猎取巨大的群生动物,包括大象类的叫"猛象"和"马斯通"的动物和"巨野牛".
Women gathered nuts, berries, and other wild plants.
女性聚集了坚果,浆果等野生植物.
The Paleo-Indians did not have permanent homes.
帕莱奥-印度人没有永久住房。
Instead, they moved from place to place following the animals they hunted.
相反,他们随所猎取的动物而从一地迁徙到一地.
They camped in caves or built simple shelters.
他们露营于洞穴中或建造了简单的避难所.
Evidence The early people who lived in the Four Corners area are called prehistoric because they left no written records.
证据 早期居住在"四角"地区的人们因没有留下书面记录而被称为"史前".
We know about them because we’ve found many remains of their culture buried in the ground.
我们了解他们,因为我们发现许多他们的文化遗迹被埋在地上。
Mesa Verde is located in a high, flat desert surrounded by mountains.
梅萨维德地处高地平坦被山所包围的沙漠中.
The arid, or dry, conditions at Mesa Verde are ideal for preserving skeletons, mummies, dwellings, tools, and trash piles.
梅萨的干旱或干燥条件 佛得角是保存骨架、木乃伊、住宅、工具和垃圾堆的理想国家。
These remains have helped archaeologists to study the lives of the early people who lived in the area.
这些遗迹帮助考古学家研究了生活在该地区的早期人的生活.
Other remains include pictographs, or paintings on stone, and petroglyphs, or pictures carved in stone.
其他遗迹有象形图,或石上绘画,和石刻,或用石刻出的照片.
Early Tools The first grinding stones and bowls were made during the Archaic people’s time.
早期工具 最早的磨石和碗是阿查克人时期所制造.
Similar tools are still used by their descendants in the Southwest.
相类似的工具在西南地区仍然被他们的后人所使用.
Archaic People When the Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago, temperatures became warmer, causing the extinction of many large animals and turning large grasslands into deserts.
冰块时的古人 年龄在一万多年前就已终止了,气温逐渐变暖,导致许多大型动物灭绝,将大型草地变成沙漠.
The Four Corners people had to adapt to these changes and find new ways to survive.
四角人必须适应这些变化,并找到新的生存方式.
Archaeologists call these people the Archaic people.
考古学家称这些人为"考古人".
Like their Paleo-Indian ancestors, the Archaic people were hunters and gatherers.
和他们的古印度祖先一样,阿查克人也是猎人和采集者.
But the animals they hunted were smaller and provided less meat than the ones their ancestors hunted.
但是他们猎取的动物比祖先猎取的更小,提供的肉也更少.
The Archaic people began to rely more on plants for food.
阿查克人开始更多地依靠植物来取食.
The Archaic people made different tools from those of the Paleo-Indians—smaller spear points for hunting deer and bighorn sheep, and nets and traps for catching rabbits and birds.
Archaic人制作的工具与Paleo-Indians人不同的——猎取鹿和大角羊的更小的矛点,以及捕捉兔子和鸟类的渔网和陷阱.
Women used special tools for chopping and grinding roots, seeds, nuts, and wild plants.
妇女使用特殊工具来切割和打磨根子、种子、坚果和野生植物。
Ancient Puebloans By about 2,000 years ago, life in the Four Corners had changed in important ways.
古老的人民 至2000多年前,"四角"的生活发生了重要变化.
People had learned to grow their own food instead of relying on wild animals and wild plants.
人们学会种植自己的食物,而不是依赖野生动物和野生植物。
Agriculture changed their way of life.
农业改变了他们的生活方式。
These people were called the Ancient Puebloans.
这些人被称为"古人".
The earliest Ancient Puebloans still relied mostly on hunting and gathering.
最早的古老人民仍然主要依靠狩猎和采集。
However, growing their own food, such as corn and squash, on the open flat land allowed them to feed a larger group of people.
然而,在开阔平地上种植自己的粮食,如玉米和壁球,使他们能够养活更多的人。
It also gave them a source of food they could depend on.
这也给了他们可以依赖的食物来源.
Making Baskets As the Ancient Puebloans grew more food, they found ways to store it.
篮子制作 随着古人种出更多的食物,他们找到了储存食物的方法.
Women began to use plant fibers and tree bark to make baskets.
妇女开始用植物纤维和树皮来做篮子.
Some baskets held food, while others were woven so tightly that they could hold water.
有些篮子拿着食物,而另一些篮子被织得非常紧,以至于可以拿起水来.
Because baskets could not be placed over a fire, women cooked by placing hot rocks into baskets filled with water.
由于篮子不能被放入火上,妇女们通过把热石头放入装满了水的篮子来烹饪.
The women also began making sandals from plant fibers.
妇女们也开始用植物纤维做凉鞋.
Over time, the Ancient Puebloans relied more on agriculture to feed their growing population.
随着时间的推移,古老的人民更多地依靠农业来养活不断增长的人口。
By about 1,500 years ago, they grew beans in addition to corn and squash.
大约在1500年前,他们除了种植玉米和壁球外,还种植出豆子.
Having a reliable food source from farming allowed them to stay in one place.
有了可靠的农业食物来源,他们得以留在一个地方。
They built temporary houses, called pit houses, near their fields.
他们在田地附近建造了临时房屋,取名"坑地房屋".
These houses were built on top of shallow pits dug in the ground.
这些房屋建在地上挖出浅坑上.
The sides and ceilings were constructed of tree branches, bark, and soil.
侧面和天花板由树枝、树皮和土壤构成。
Archaeologists believe the Ancient Puebloans were a peaceful people because no weapons of war have been found.
考古学家认为古代人民是一个和平的民族,因为没有找到任何战争武器.
Also, the location of their houses suggests that they did not feel threatened by enemies since houses built in the open are hard to defend.
另外,他们的房屋位置表明,他们没有感到被敌人所威胁,因为在空地上建造的房屋很难保卫.
As the Ancient Puebloans grew more crops and made more tools and baskets, they moved around less.
随着古老的Puebla人种植了更多的作物并制造出更多的工具和篮子,他们移动得更少.
Even as agriculture became more important to the Ancient Puebloan way of life, men continued to hunt using spears and nets.
即使在农业对古老的人民生活方式更加重要的时候,男子仍然继续用长矛和网来打猎。
During this time, they lived in caves along cliffs and canyon walls.
在此期间,他们住在悬崖和峡谷墙边的洞穴中.
Yucca plant (right) and sandals made of yucca fibers (top) Pit houses could be from 9 to 25 feet (2.
尤克卡植物(右)和由尤克卡纤维(上)制成的凉鞋坑屋可能从9到25英尺(2.
62m) in diameter.
直径62米。
The walls were typically made of branches and brush or grass covered in a layer of clay or mud.
墙壁一般由树枝和刷子或被一层粘土或泥土覆盖的草所成.
Another important change during this time was the production of pottery.
这段时间的另一个重要变化是出产陶器.
Tribes from Mexico taught the Ancient Puebloans pottery making.
来自墨西哥的部落教授古代人民陶器制作。
Although women continued to make baskets, using clay pots allowed them to cook over an open fire.
虽然妇女们继续做篮子,但使用粘土锅使她们能够做饭过明火.
Clay pots also stored food better.
克莱锅也储存了更好的食物.
Men started using bows and arrows during this time, which was easier and more successful than spear hunting.
男子在这段时间开始使用弓箭,这比猎取长矛更容易和成功.
These changes allowed the population to continue growing as food became more plentiful.
由于这些变化,随着粮食日益丰富,人口得以继续增长。
The Ancient Puebloans also used animal hair twisted with cotton string to make warm socks and leg coverings.
古人还用被棉绳扭曲的动物发来做温暖的袜子和腿部遮盖.
Sometimes they also wove feathers and string made from yucca plants to make clothing.
有时它们也用由yucca植物所制作的羽毛和弦来做衣服.
Building Larger Houses Around 1,300 years ago, the population had grown so much that the Ancient Puebloans were living in larger groups.
大约在1300年前, 人口增长如此之多,
They built rectangular houses completely above ground.
他们完全在地上建造了长方形房屋.
They used tree limbs and bark for a frame, then covered the wood with adobe (soil containing clay).
他们用树肢和树皮作框架,然后用地豆(含粘土的土壤)将木材覆盖.
Over time, they started building houses with sandstone blocks stacked and held together with adobe.
随着时间推移,他们开始用堆放并和adobe在一起的砂岩块来建造房屋.
The houses were built side by side, creating large buildings called pueblos.
这些房屋相并相并而建,创造了被称作pueblos的大型建筑.
Pueblo is a Spanish word that means “town” or “village.”
Pueblo是一个西班牙语词,意思是“town”或“村庄”。 “
The Ancient Puebloans also built underground circular structures called kivas, which were used for holding ceremonies.
古人还建造了地下圆形结构,称为kivas,用于举行仪式.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Chaco Canyon, in northwestern New Mexico, was an important cultural center made up of 12 large pueblos.
查科峡谷(Chaco Canyon)位于新墨西哥州西北部,是一个由12个大型pueblos所组成的重要文化中心.
The largest, Pueblo Bonito, housed about 1,000 people.
最大的是Pueblo Bonito,住着大约1 000人。
Archaeologists believe that Chaco Canyon was a trade center for surrounding communities.
考古学家认为查科峡谷是周边社区的贸易中心.
Pueblo Bonito The first pottery of the Ancient Puebloans, although simple, changed their way of life.
博尼托人民组织 古老的活人所出的第一个陶器虽然简单,但改变了他们的生活方式.
The Ancient Puebloan culture thrived for several hundred years.
古老的人民文化繁荣了几百年。
The people developed new ways to help their crops grow.
人民发展出新的方法来帮助他们的作物种植.
They built dams, reservoirs, and terraces to manage water for their fields.
他们建造了水坝、水库和梯田来管理田地的水。
Successful crops allowed them to feed their growing population.
成功的作物使得它们能够养活不断增长的人口。
The types of pottery they made changed.
他们制作的陶器种类有所改变.
Women made everyday pottery that was used for cooking and storing food.
妇女制作日常陶器,用来做饭和储存食物。
Everyday pottery was gray with a rough outer texture that helped heat the food inside.
每天的陶器是灰色的 有粗糙的外表纹理 帮助给里面的食物加热
They also made pottery that was rubbed and polished to create a smooth surface for decoration or trade.
他们还制造了被打磨和打磨的陶器来为装饰或交易创造一个平滑的表面.
They decorated this pottery with complex, colorful designs using paint made from wild plants.
他们用由野生植物所制作的颜料来装饰这道陶器,设计复杂多彩.
Moving to the Cliffs Around 900 years ago, the Ancient Puebloans moved from open land to protected ledges on cliffs and canyon walls.
九百年前左右,古人从开阔地迁入了悬崖和峡谷墙上被保护的山脊.
The cliff dwellings found at Mesa Verde and other places in the Four Corners area are typical of this time period.
在梅萨维德和四角地区其他地方发现的悬崖住宅是这一时期的典型.
These houses were up to five stories tall, providing housing for hundreds of people.
这些房屋高达5层高,为上百人提供住房.
The cliff dwellers used ladders and ropes to get to their homes.
悬崖居民用梯子和绳子到家中.
They also cut finger and toe holds into the rocks for climbing up the walls.
他们还将手指和脚趾切入岩石上去爬上墙.
About 600 cliff dwellings are located in Mesa Verde National Park.
大约600所悬崖式住宅位于梅萨维德国家公园.
Cliff Palace, the largest, had 217 rooms and 23 kivas.
最大的克利夫宫有217个房间和23个基瓦.
The smallest rooms may have been storage rooms rather than living quarters.
最小的房间可能是储藏室而不是生活区。
Cliff Palace Corrugation, painted designs, and glossy black interiors show how pottery changed for trade and decoration.
克利夫宫被腐蚀了,被涂上图案,和光泽的黑色内饰展现出陶器在贸易和装饰上是如何变化的.
Archaeologists were puzzled by the Ancient Puebloans’ move from open areas to cliff dwellings.
考古学家对古代人民从空地迁入悬崖住宅感到困惑。
They believe that as the Ancient Puebloan population grew, more farmland was needed.
他们认为,随着古老人民人口的增加,需要更多的农田。
Moving to cliff dwellings freed more flat land for growing crops.
迁入悬崖式住宅为种植农作物腾出了更平地.
The Ancient Puebloans also may have needed to create new fields to replace old fields that were overused and had lost the ability to grow food well.
古老的Puebla人也许还需要创造出新的田地来取而代之,这些地地地被过度地使用并丧失了良好地种植粮食的能力。
Another possible reason for the move might have been for warmth during winter.
迁移的另一个可能原因可能是冬季的温暖.
The weather was getting colder during this time.
这期间天气越来越冷.
Most cliff dwellings face south or southwest, where the sun’s rays could warm the rock walls of their homes.
大部分悬崖住宅面临南或西南,
Building Dwellings Building the cliff dwellings was a huge challenge for the Ancient Puebloans, who lacked machines and used only stone tools.
建筑住宅 建造悬崖住宅对古老的人民来说是一个巨大的挑战,他们缺乏机器,只使用石头工具。
They were skilled at designing structures that made the best use of the space.
他们精通设计最佳利用空间的结构。
The builders made walls from large stones chipped into shape and held together with adobe.
建造者用大块石头将墙砌成形状,并用相接相接相接.
They covered the walls with adobe, sometimes painting designs on the insides of the walls.
他们用道具将墙上覆盖,有时会将墙内壁上的设计画出.
Builders made upper floors by laying large wooden poles across the tops of walls and placing smaller poles across the beams.
建筑工通过在墙上方铺放大木杆来制造上层,再将更小的柱子放入横梁上.
Next a layer of sticks or bark was piled on.
下一层的棍子或树皮被堆上。
Then they added a thick layer of adobe to hold it together.
然后他们又加了一层厚厚的斗士来把它粘在一起.
A Safety Issue?
安全问题?
Some archaeologists believe the Ancient Puebloans were being attacked by other tribes and needed homes they could easily defend.
一些考古学家认为古人被其他部落所攻击,需要他们可以轻易地保卫的家园.
Many cliff dwellings could only be reached with ladders.
许多悬崖住房只能用梯子才能到达。
The people in them could pull their ladders inside, leaving their enemies no way to enter.
里面的人可以把梯子拉入里面 让敌人无法进入
Although this idea makes sense, there is little evidence that this was the reason for the move.
虽然这个想法是有道理的,但几乎没有证据表明这是行动的原因.
Ruins of adobe walls This dwelling once had two floors.
墙壁被破坏 这座住宅曾经有两层.
Daily Life The Ancient Puebloans probably spent most of their time outside working together in groups.
日常生活 古代人民可能大部分时间都集中在外面,
Women cooked, ground corn, carried water, and made pottery and baskets.
妇女做饭,做地上玉米,取出水来,并制作陶器和篮子.
Men wove cloth, farmed crops, hunted, and made tools out of stone, wood, and plant fibers.
男人会编织布料,种植农作物,狩猎,用石头,木材,植物纤维来制作工具.
Children worked alongside their parents, learning adult roles by watching and practicing.
儿童与父母一起工作,通过观看和练习学习成人角色。
They also took care of turkeys and spent time at play.
他们还照顾火鸡并花时间玩耍.
During the winter, some work was done inside the dwellings.
在冬季,在住宅内做了一些工作。
Archaeologists believe that rooms were used year-round for sleeping.
考古学家认为房间被全年地用于入睡.
Trade with other tribes was an important aspect of Ancient Puebloan life.
与其他部落的贸易是古老人民生活的一个重要方面。
The map below shows some of the items they traded and where the items came from.
下面的地图显示他们交易的一些物品以及物品的来源.
Spiritual Life Because modern kivas are still used by the descendants of the Ancient Puebloans, we know they were used for religious ceremonies.
精神生活 因为现代的克瓦斯语仍然被古老的活人后裔所使用,我们知道它们被用于宗教仪式.
They were probably also used for family gatherings, as guest rooms, and as workspaces in winter.
它们可能也被用于家庭聚会、客房和冬季工作空间。
People entered kivas with ladders.
人们用梯子进入了Kivas.
Each kiva had a fire pit in the center and a shaft providing fresh air.
每个基瓦都有一个火坑在中心 和提供新鲜空气的井。
Half of the Mesa Verde kivas also had a small hole in the floor called a sipapu.
一半的梅萨·维德克瓦斯也有一个叫"斯皮帕普"的小地洞.
The hole represented a doorway between the spirit world and the real world.
该洞代表了精神世界与现实世界之间的一个出入口.
Archaeologists think that the Ancient Puebloans, like their modern descendants, believed that all living things have both a spirit self and a physical self.
考古学家认为,古老的活人同他们的现代后代一样,认为所有活物都有精神自我和身体自我.
They also believed in life after death.
他们也相信死后的生命.
Leaving the Cliffs Between 1280 and 1295, the Ancient Puebloans left the cliff dwellings and moved south to New Mexico and Arizona.
1280年到1295年间离开"崖"地,"古人"人离开"崖"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地"地
No one knows for sure why they moved, but archaeologists believe that the climate kept changing and that this played an important role.
没有人知道为什么他们移动,但考古学家认为气候一直在变化,这起了重要的作用.
It got colder, causing a shorter growing season for crops.
它变得更冷,导致农作物生长季节更短.
Watering crops became harder because there were long periods of time with little or no rain.
取水作物变得更加困难,因为长时间里少有或无雨.
In addition, the soil may have been so overused that growing enough food for the large population became impossible.
此外,土壤可能被过度地使用,以致无法为大量人口种植足够的食物。
Perhaps by the time the Ancient Puebloans left Mesa Verde, they had cut down most of the trees for firewood and for building pueblos.
也许在古人离开梅萨维德时,他们已经砍伐了大部分树木来取取取木柴和建造取材地。
Hunters may have killed so many wild animals that the meat supply was gone.
猎人可能已经杀死了这么多的野生动物,以至于肉类供应已经消失.
Some people think that enemy tribes drove out the cliff dwellers.
有些人认为敌人部落驱出悬崖居民.
However, that is unlikely, because there are no remains of other cultures at Mesa Verde after the Ancient Puebloans left.
但是,这是不可能的,因为古代人民离开后,在梅萨维德没有其他文化的遗迹。
Archaeologists find older remains deeper in the ground and newer remains closer to the surface.
考古学家发现地上更深处有更古老的遗迹,而更新的遗迹更接近地表.
If enemies drove out the cliff dwellers, evidence of their culture would be found on top of the Ancient Puebloan remains.
如果敌人赶走了悬崖上的居民,那么在古人类遗迹上就会找到他们的文化证据。
Modern-Day Descendants When the ancient cliff dwellers left Mesa Verde, some moved south, settling along the Rio Grande River in New Mexico.
现代后代 古代悬崖居民出走梅萨维德后,有的向南移动,定居于新墨西哥州的里奥格兰德河一带.
These are the ancestors of the modern Pueblo tribes.
这些是现代人民部落的祖先.
Others moved to Arizona, eventually forming the Zuni and Hopi tribes.
其他人移居到亚利桑那州,最终形成了祖尼和霍皮部落.
Modern tribes have continued many of the traditions of the ancient cliff dwellers.
现代部落延续了古代悬崖居民的许多传统.
The Pueblo, Zuni, and Hopi peoples continue to farm, conduct ceremonies, and perform rituals.
Pueblo、Zuni和Hopi等民族继续耕作、举行仪式并举行仪式。
They still honor their connection with the land and the spirit world.
他们仍然尊重自己与土地和精神世界的联系。
They are among the finest artists in the world, creating exquisite pottery, jewelry, baskets, carvings, and weavings.
他们是世界上最优秀的艺术家之一,创造出精美的陶器,珠宝,篮子,雕刻和编织.
Protecting the Cliff Dwellings In the late 1800s, many people visited the cliff dwellings—some photographed, drew, and described the sites, but others took artifacts from the dwellings to sell.
保护崖上的居民 在1800年代后期,许多人参观了悬崖住宅——有些人拍照、绘画和描述这些遗址,但其他人从住宅取走文物出售。
Over time, people became concerned about protecting the cliff dwellings from damage and looting.
随着时间的推移,人们开始关注保护悬崖住宅免遭破坏和抢劫。
The concern led to the creation of Mesa Verde National Park in 1906.
这种担忧导致于1906年创立了梅萨·维德国家公园.
The National Park Service protects the cliff dwellings, as well as allowing visitors to enjoy them.
国家公园服务局保护悬崖住宅,并允许游客欣赏.
Educational exhibits at Mesa Verde and other sites in the Southwest teach people about the Ancient Puebloan way of life.
在Mesa Verde和西南部其他地点举办的教育展览向人们传授了古老的人民生活方式。
Preserving the Past Someone damaged this wall with graffiti.
保护过去的人用涂鸦破坏了这道墙
Estella Loretto works on a clay figure.
Estella Loretto在粘土图上工作.
Ray Tafoya is known for his pottery.
雷·塔福亚以出名于陶器.
We must protect historic artifacts of ancient people.
我们必须保护古人的历史文物.
Follow these rules to preserve ruins and artifacts.
遵循这些规则来保存废墟和文物.
Look, but don’t touch.
但别碰。
It is against the law to keep artifacts.
保存文物是违法的
Do not touch or draw on walls, petroglyphs, or pictographs.
不要碰或画 在墙上,石刻,或象形画。
Do not climb on walls.
不要爬到墙上。
Many walls are fragile and easily damaged.
许多城墙是脆弱的,很容易被损坏.
Glossary adapt (v.)
词汇调整(五)
to adjust to new conditions (p.
以适应新的条件(p.
7) adobe (n.)
7）土坯（名词）
a dark, heavy soil containing clay (p.
含有粘土的深重土壤(p.
12) ancestors (n.)
12) 祖先 (n.
someone from whom an individual is descended (p.
个人的后裔(p.
7) archaeologists scientists who study past human life and (n.)
7) 研究过往人类生命的考古学家和 (n.
activities as shown by fossils and tools left in the ground (p.
化石和遗留在地上的工具(p.
5) arid (adj.)
(5) 干旱(adj.)
dry, lacking moisture (p.
干燥,缺乏水分(p.
5) artifacts (n.)
5) 文物 (n.
objects, or remains of objects, made by humans (p.
由人类制造的物体或物体的残骸(p.
22) kivas (n.)
22)克瓦斯 (n.
circular, underground rooms used for ceremonies (p.
用于举行仪式的地下房间(p.
12) petroglyphs (n.)
12) 石刻 (n.
pictures carved in stone (p.
用石头雕刻的图片(p.
5) pictographs (n.)
5)相克图 (n.
paintings on stone (p.
石上绘画 (p.
5) pit houses (n.)
5) 坑屋 (n.
houses built atop shallow pits, with walls and ceilings made of tree branches, bark, and soil (p.
建造了以树枝,树皮和土壤为主的浅坑(p.
10) prehistoric from a time in human history before (adj.)
10) 史前从人类历史上的前作 (adj.
recorded events (p.
记录的事件(p.
5) pueblo (n.)
5）普韦布洛村落（名词）
Spanish for town or village; also, a type of multistoried building occupied by Puebloan peoples, accessed by ladder, with adjoining houses and a flat roof (p.
城镇或村庄的西班牙语;也是被人民村人占用的多层建筑类型,有梯子进入,有相邻房屋和平房屋顶(p.
12) sipapu (n.)
12) sipapu (n.) (英语).
a hole in the floor of a kiva that is a doorway between the spirit world and the physical world (p.
基瓦地上的一个洞,是灵界与物理界之间的出入口(p.
18) Index agriculture, 8-10, 13,15, 17 Anasazi, 2 baskets, 9, 11, 17, 21 Chaco Canyon, 12 cliff dwellings, 4, 14-16, 22 Cliff Palace, 14 crops, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19 dwellings, 4, 6, 10, 12 enemies, 10, 15, 19 Four Corners, 4-8 Hopi, 21 hunt, 6-9, 19 Ice Age, 6, 7 kiva(s), 12, 14, 18 Mesa Verde (National Park), 2, 4, 5, 14, 19, 21, 22 North America, 4, 6 northern Russia, 6 petroglyphs, 5 pictographs, 5 pit house, 10 pottery, 11, 13, 17, 21 tools, 4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 17 trade, 12, 13, 17 turkeys, 17 Zuni, 21 Explore More On the Internet, use www.
18)指数农业,8-10,13,15,17 阿纳萨齐,2个篮子,9,11,17,21 查科峡谷,12个悬崖住宅,4,14-16,22个克利夫宫,14个农作物,9,13,15,17,19个住宅,4,6,10,12个敌人,10,15,19个四角,4-8个霍皮,21个狩猎,6-9,19个冰龄,6,7个基瓦(s),12,14,18个梅萨维德(国家公园),2,4,5,14,19,21,22个北美,4,6个北俄罗斯,6个地表,5个坑房,10个陶器,11,13,17个工具,4,5,7,9,16,17个贸易,12,13,17个火鸡,17个祖尼,21个探索更多互联网,使用.
google.
Google (英语).
com to find out more about topics presented in this book.
了解更多本书中介绍的主题
Use terms from the text, or try searching for glossary or index words.
使用文本中的术语,或者尝试搜索词汇或索引词.