Galileo
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Galileo’s Childhood.
4 伽利略的童年.
5 The Student.
5"学生".
6 The Professor.
6 该教授。
8 The Astronomer.
8 天文学家.
9 In Trouble with the Church.
9 在与教会的麻烦。
11 Science After Galileo.
11 科学在伽利略之后。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 MEDITERRANEAN SEA Italy Sicily France Switzerland Austria Sardinia Pisa Rome MEDITERRANEAN SEA Spain Germany France England Italy Rome ATLANTIC OCEAN 0 100miles kilometers Corsica Introduction What do music, the motion of a chandelier, and the planet Venus have in common?
16 地中海 意大利 西西里 法国 瑞士 奥地利 撒丁岛 比萨罗马 地中海 意大利 意大利 罗马 大西洋0 100公里 科西嘉简介 音乐,吊灯的动作,和金星星球有什么共同点?
They each played a part in the discoveries of one of history’s greatest scientists, a man who lived five hundred years ago.
他们都扮演了历史最伟大的科学家之一 五百年前的人类的发现。
That man was Galileo Galilei.
那个人是伽利略·加利莱
Galileo was born in Italy in 1564 during a period known as the Italian Renaissance.
1564年伽利略生于意大利,这段时期被称为"意大利文艺复兴".
The Renaissance was a time of excitement and discovery.
文艺复兴时期是兴奋和发现的时期.
Painters, writers, mathematicians, musicians, philosophers, and scientists all developed new ideas during that period.
画家,作家,数学家,音乐家,哲学家,科学家都在这个时期发展出新的思想.
Galileo was what we now call a “Renaissance man,” an expert in several subjects at once.
伽利略是我们现在所称的“侦察者”,是数个学科的专家。
He used ideas from many sources to make scientific discoveries.
他利用许多来源的想法来做出科学发现.
Even more important, though, Galileo was good at asking questions.
更重要的是,伽利略很会提问
Though this habit eventually got him in trouble, Galileo’s questions would change the way we understand the world.
虽然这种习惯最终让他陷入了困境,但伽利略的问题会改变我们了解世界的方式.
Galileo’s Childhood Galileo was the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a musician and composer.
伽利略的童年伽利略是音乐家和作曲家文森佐·加利莱的儿子.
Vincenzo was curious about how music worked.
Vincenzo对音乐是如何工作的好奇.
He taught young Galileo to be curious, too.
他教年轻的伽利略也好奇.
Galileo would remain curious all his life.
伽利略一生都会感到好奇
His habit was to look closely at everything, record what he saw, and try to explain what he had recorded.
他的习惯是仔细观察一切,记录他所看到的,并试图解释他所记录的.
The explanations he came up with were sometimes truly revolutionary.
他提出的解释有时是真正革命性的。
The Student As a young man, Galileo became fascinated with math and physics—the scientific study of matter, energy, and motion.
学生 作为一个年轻人,伽利略开始迷上数学和物理学——物质、能量和运动的科学研究。
Physicists study the laws of nature, and Galileo had a gift for the work.
物理学家研究自然法则,伽利略为这部作品有天赋.
In fact, he made one of his first major discoveries in physics a year before he entered university.
事实上,他在进入大学前一年就做了他最早的物理学大发现之一.
On a windy day in 1582, Galileo went to a church service.
1582年风起云涌的一天,伽利略去教堂礼拜.
The church had a large chandelier hanging from the ceiling.
教堂有一个从天花板上吊起的大吊灯.
He noticed that the wind outside was causing the chandelier to slowly swing back and forth.
他注意到外面的风正使吊灯缓慢回旋.
Sometimes the chandelier swung only a few inches from side to side.
有时吊灯从一旁向一旁翻来翻去只有几英寸.
Sometimes the movement was much larger— as much as a few feet from side to side.
有时,运动要大得多,从一旁到另一边只有几英尺。
But Galileo noticed something strange.
但是伽利略注意到一些奇怪的东西.
Although some swings were much wider than others, every swing took exactly the same amount of time.
虽然有些摇摆比其他摆摆要大得多,但每次摇摆的时间都完全一样.
By watching the chandelier, Galileo discovered that a swinging pendulum could tell time accurately.
通过观看吊灯,伽利略发现一个摇摆的倒笔可以准确分辨出时间.
Twenty years later, he published this discovery, and later he designed the first pendulum clock.
20年后,他发表了这个发现,后来他设计出第一个倒数钟.
Clocks like his are still in use today.
像他这样的时钟今天仍在使用.
Despite his early achievements in math and physics, Galileo did not study math when he first entered the University of Pisa in 1583.
尽管他早期在数学和物理学上取得了成就,但伽利略在1583年刚入读比萨大学时并没有学习数学.
His father urged Galileo to instead become a doctor so he would have a steady income.
他的父亲敦促伽利略转而成为一名医生,以便他有稳定的收入.
Galileo’s medical studies never fascinated him as much as math and physics, though.
不过,伽利略的医学研究从未像数学和物理学那样吸引他。
Eventually, he persuaded his father to allow him to study math with a private tutor.
最终他说服了父亲允许他与一位私人家教学习数学.
Galileo never finished his degree; he left university in 1585 due to money problems.
伽利略从未完成他的学位;他于1585年因为金钱问题而离开大学.
For the next four years, he made his living as a math tutor.
在接下来的四年里,他以数学辅导为生.
However, he did not give up his interest in science.
然而,他并没有放弃对科学的兴趣.
Grandfather clocks such as this one still use pendulums to keep time.
爷爷的钟,像这个一样的钟 仍然使用倒数计时。
The Professor In 1589, Galileo returned to the University of Pisa to teach mathematics, and shortly afterward he was invited to teach math in Padua.
1589年,伽利略回到比萨大学教数学,不久后被邀请到帕杜阿教数学.
He remained in Padua for the next eighteen years.
他在接下来的18年中一直留在了帕杜瓦.
During his years there, Galileo was mostly unknown.
在他在那里的几年里,伽利略大多是未知的.
However, he continued to perform experiments.
然而,他继续进行实验.
For example, he did several experiments with falling objects to test ideas about gravity.
例如,他用坠落的物体进行了多起实验来测试关于重力的想法.
In the process, he proved that heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter ones.
在此过程中,他证明了重物以和较轻的同速下降.
Galileo made important contributions to math and physics during his early career.
伽利略在早期职业生涯中为数学和物理学做出了重要贡献.
But the discoveries that would make him famous were still to come.
但那些能让他出名的发现 仍然要来
Galileo’s most revolutionary discoveries happened when he turned his gaze toward the sky.
伽利略最有革命性的发现,
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
There is a famous story about one of Galileo’s experiments.
关于伽利略的实验有一个出名的故事。
When he was a young professor, the story goes, he dropped two cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
当他还是一位年轻的教授时,故事开始,他从比萨的"取出""取出""取出""取出""取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"的"取出"取出"取出"的"取出"取出"取出"取出"出"取出"出"出"出"取出"出"出"出"出"出"出"出"出"
One cannonball was much heavier than the other, but they fell at the same speed.
一枚炮弹比另一枚重得多,但它们以同样的速度下降.
Today, it’s not certain whether Galileo actually tossed cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa as part of his experiments with gravity.
今天,还不能确定伽利略是否真的从比萨灵塔抛出炮弹,作为他重力实验的一部分。
The Astronomer In 1609, Galileo heard about a “spyglass” invented in the Netherlands.
1609年,伽利略听说荷兰发明了"镜".
This was a tool designed as a visual aid.
这是一个设计成视觉辅助的工具。
When a person gazed through the spyglass, faraway objects looked much closer.
远处的物体看起来更近
Galileo had never seen a spyglass, but he was interested in the concept.
伽利略从未见过间谍镜,但他对这个概念很感兴趣.
He figured out how to build one, then quickly made improvements on his original design.
他想出如何建造一个,然后迅速改进了原来的设计.
Soon he was able to make distant objects look thirty times larger; in other words, he built a telescope— the most powerful in the world at that time.
很快他就能够使远方物体看起来大了30倍;换句话说,他建造了望远镜——当时世界上最强大的望远镜.
In a fateful decision, he began to use his telescope to study the heavens.
在一场命中注定的决定中,他开始用望远镜来研究天.
What Galileo saw through his telescope changed his life, and astronomy, forever.
伽利略通过望远镜看到的东西 改变了他的生活 和天文学,永远。
As Galileo examined the solar system, he made discovery after discovery.
由于伽利略检查了太阳系,他在发现后发现了.
He was the first European to observe sunspots.
他是第一个观察太阳点的欧洲人.
He noted that the Moon had craters on its surface.
他指出月球表面有陨石坑.
He discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons.
他发现了木星的四颗最大的月球.
And he was the first to observe the phases of Venus.
而他也是第一个观测到金星相的.
Galileo saw that Venus appeared to change shape, just as the Moon does.
伽利略看到金星和月球一样 外形变了
For example, Venus had a full phase, a new phase, and crescent phases.
例如,金星有一个完整的阶段,一个新的阶段,以及再现阶段。
Galileo published some of these discoveries in 1610 in a book called The Starry Messenger.
伽利略于1610年在"星际使者"一书中发表了其中一些发现.
The book made Galileo famous.
该书使伽利略出名.
As he would discover, though, fame had a price.
但他会发现 名声是有代价的
Galileo sketched the surface of the Moon (left) as he saw it through his telescope in 1610.
伽利略于1610年通过望远镜对月球表面(左)进行了描绘.
NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) sent a probe named after Galileo to the Moon in 1992.
NASA(美国国家航空航天局)于1992年向月球发送了以伽利略命名的探测器.
The probe made a detailed scan of the Moon’s surface (right) that clearly shows many of the same features Galileo noticed hundreds of years earlier.
探测器对月球表面进行了详细的扫描(右侧),清楚地显示了数百年前伽利略注意到的许多相同的特征.
In Trouble with the Church Galileo’s discoveries about the solar system got him in a lot of trouble.
在教会伽利略发现太阳系的麻烦中,他陷入了很大的麻烦.
In particular, the Catholic Church opposed his views.
天主教会尤其反对他的观点.
Why were sunspots and the phases of Venus so controversial?
为什么太阳点和金星的相片会如此有争议?
The answer lies in the philosophy and religious beliefs of the time.
答案在于当时的哲学和宗教信仰.
For centuries, the Catholic Church had taught that the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all revolved around Earth.
几个世纪以来,天主教教会一直教导太阳、月亮、行星和恒星都环绕地球。
According to this theory, heavenly bodies such as the Sun were perfect and unchanging.
根据这一理论,"太阳"等"天"体是完美而不变的.
This theory, which placed Earth at the center of creation, originally came from the philosophers of ancient Greece.
这个理论将地球置于创造的中心,最初来自古希腊的哲学家.
The Church officially adopted this theory long before Galileo’s time.
教会早在伽利略时代之前就正式采纳了这个理论.
But Galileo’s discoveries showed that the Sun could and did change because of sunspots.
但伽利略的发现表明,太阳可能而且确实因为太阳点而改变.
The Moon was not “perfect” because it had craters.
月球并不“完美”,因为它有陨石坑。
His discoveries also supported the idea that Earth was not the center of the solar system.
他的发现也支持地球不是太阳系中心的观点.
Galileo showed that the changing way Venus appears from Earth would only make sense if Venus traveled around the Sun.
伽利略显示,金星从地球出现的变化方式只有在金星环绕太阳出行时才有意义.
In other words, Galileo’s discoveries were strong evidence that the planets in our solar system revolved around the Sun, not Earth.
换句话说,伽利略的发现有力地证明了我们太阳系中的行星围绕太阳而来,而不是地球.
He was not the first person to come up with this theory.
他不是第一个提出这个理论的人.
However, his discoveries were the best proof yet that Earth was not the center of our solar system.
然而,他的发现是最佳的证明 地球不是我们太阳系的中心
Sun full new Sun new new Venus Earth Sun’s orbit of Earth Venus’s orbit of Earth crescent crescent crescentcrescent half half nearly full nearly full How Venus would look from Earth if the Sun and Venus orbited Earth.
太阳全新太阳新金星 地上新金星 地上新金星轨道 地上新金星轨道 地上新金星轨道 地上新金星轨道
How Venus actually looks from Earth as Venus and Earth orbit the Sun.
从地球看,金星和地球是怎样环绕太阳运行的
Galileo published writings about his discoveries that angered the Church.
伽利略发表文章,讲述他激怒教会的发现.
During the Renaissance, the Church had the power to punish people who spread, or even had, ideas that challenged the Church’s teachings.
在文艺复兴时期,教会有权惩罚那些传播甚至有挑战教会教义的思想的人.
Galileo had committed heresy by insisting that the Church was wrong.
伽利略通过坚持教会是错误的而犯下了异端.
In 1633, he was ordered to Rome to stand trial.
1633年受命前往罗马接受审判.
At the trial, he was found guilty and threatened with death.
在审判中,他被判定有罪并被威胁要被处死.
Galileo was forced to say publicly that his earlier discoveries had been lies, even though they were accurate.
伽利略被迫公开表示他之前的发现是谎言,尽管这些发现是准确的.
He spent the rest of his life under house arrest, and he was also forbidden to publish.
他余生被软禁,也被禁止出版.
Galileo continued to write about his discoveries after he was found guilty, however.
然而,伽利略在被判有罪后继续写下他的发现.
He even managed to publish, despite being ordered not to do so by the Church.
尽管教会命令他不要出版,他甚至设法出版。
He published Two New Sciences, which summarizes some of his work, in 1638.
他于1638年出版了"两个新科学",总结了自己的一些作品.
It would be his final publication; at this point, Galileo had become blind.
这将是他的最后出版物;此时,伽利略已经失明了。
Galileo’s health continued to deteriorate, and he died in 1642 of natural causes.
伽利略的健康状况持续恶化,他于1642年自然死亡.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In a popular, but unproven, story about this trial, Galileo was defiant until the end.
伽利略在一篇热门但未经证实的关于这次审判的故事中,一直到最后一直不屑一顾.
The legend claims that Galileo murmured, “And yet it moves” under his breath after he was forced to say that Earth did not revolve around the Sun.
这个传说声称,伽利略在被迫说地球不是绕太阳而来之后,在呼吸下“然而它却在移动”。
This episode is not included in the records of the trial and is probably not factual.
这一集没有被收录在审判记录中,可能没有事实.
However, the phrase “and yet it moves” has become extremely famous; people quote it to this day.
然而,“然而却在移动”这一短语已变得极为出名;人们引用这一短语至今。
Science After Galileo We now know that Galileo was right: Earth and the other planets in our solar system all revolve around the Sun.
伽利略之后的科学 我们现在知道伽利略是对的:地球和太阳系中的其他行星都围绕着太阳。
Galileo’s habit of asking difficult questions led him to make some of the greatest discoveries of his age.
伽利略提出困难问题的习惯,使他得出了自己时代的一些最伟大的发现.
Scientists are still using many of Galileo’s research methods.
科学家仍在使用伽利略的许多研究方法.
For example, he was the first to insist that laws of nature could be described using mathematical equations.
例如,他第一个坚持用数学等式来描述自然规律.
This argument helped make science and mathematics separate fields of study, different from philosophy or religion.
这个论点有助于使科学和数学分离的研究领域,不同于哲学或宗教.
He was also one of the first scientists to insist on using measurable data in his experiments.
他也是最早坚持在他的实验中使用可测量数据的科学家之一.
By doing so, he made it easier for other scientists to test his theories.
通过这样做,他让其他科学家更容易测试他的理论.
Scientists still use this principle today.
科学家今天仍然使用这一原则.
Galileo had an enormous influence on scientists who followed him, including Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.
伽利略对跟随他的科学家产生了巨大影响,包括艾萨克·牛顿和阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦.
Today, we call him the father of modern science.
今天,我们称他为现代科学之父。
Science and the Catholic Church In 1757, the Catholic Church removed Galileo’s book from a list of banned books.
科学和天主教会 1757年,天主教会将伽利略的书从被禁书列表中移除.
In 1992, the Church formally cleared Galileo of any wrongdoing.
1992年,教会正式洗清了伽利略的任何不当行为.
The modern Church accepts proven scientific facts and has supported scientific research for centuries.
现代教会接受已证实的科学事实,并一直支持了几个世纪的科学研究.