Fungus Among Us
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents What Are Fungi?
内容表 什么是真菌?
4 The Many Kinds of Fungi.
4 多种真菌。
6 Fungi That Are Harmful.
6 有害真菌。
14 Fungi That Are Useful.
14个真菌是有用的。
16 Be A Mushroom Hunter!
16岁成为蘑菇猎人!
18 Fungi Can Be Fun!
(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Fungi Can Be Fun!
19 Glossary.
19 词汇表。
22 Index.
22 指数。
24 What Are Fungi?
24是真菌吗?
What does the white, fuzzy mold on stale grapes have in common with the small brown mushrooms growing in your neighborhood park?
黄葡萄上白的 模糊的模具 和你附近公园里生长的小棕蘑菇有什么共同点?
What does the itchy, scaly skin on someone’s feet have in common with the yeast used to make bread rise?
人们脚上痒痒的皮肤与用来制造面包的酵母有什么共同点?
All four of these organisms are types of fungi (FUN-guy).
这四种生物都是真菌(FUN-guy)的类型.
Fungi may not be as colorful as flowers, and they don’t move around a lot like animals, but fungi can grab your attention in other ways.
但真菌能以其他方式吸引你的注意力。
They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, have their own unique ways of living, and play important roles in health care, food production, and other human activities.
它们有各种各样的形状和大小,有自己的独特的生活方式,并在保健、粮食生产和其他人类活动方面发挥重要作用。
Many people think that fungi are plants.
许多人认为真菌是植物.
However, plants carry out a process called photosynthesis, in which sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide gas are used to make the plant’s food.
然而,植物进行一个叫做光合作用的过程,其中利用阳光,水和二氧化碳气体来制作植物的食物.
Fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis so they have to obtain their food in another way.
真菌无法进行光合作用 所以它们必须用另一种方式获得食物
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
When scientists study the chemical makeup of fungi, fungi appear to be more like animals than plants.
当科学家研究真菌的化学成分时,真菌看起来更像是动物而不是植物.
This is why diseases caused by fungi are hard to cure.
这就是真菌引起的疾病难以治愈的原因.
Medicines that harm fungi can also harm humans or other animals.
伤害真菌的药物也可以伤害人类或其他动物.
Fungi obtain their food by releasing chemicals called enzymes into their surroundings.
真菌通过向周围释放被称作酶的化学物质来获取食物.
The enzymes cause complex molecules around the fungi to break down into simpler chemical nutrients.
酶会使真菌周围的复杂分子分解为更简单的化学营养.
The fungi then absorb the nutrients through long, threadlike cells called hyphae.
该真菌再通过被称作hyphae的长线状细胞来吸收营养.
Another thing that most fungi have in common that separates them from many plants is that they make tiny structures called spores.
多数真菌的共同点是将它们与许多植物相分离,它们制造出叫做孢子的微小结构.
The spores, which can be carried by wind, water, or animals, grow into new fungi.
孢子可被风,水,或动物所携带而生长为新真菌.
Mycologists may study fungi by using computers, laboratory equipment, and indoor collections, or they may search for fungi outdoors.
菌学家可以通过使用计算机,实验室设备和室内采集来研究真菌,或者在室外搜寻真菌.
The Many Kinds of Fungi Mycologists, scientists who study fungi, have identified more than 100,000 species of fungi.
多种真菌菌学家,研究真菌的科学家已经鉴定出超过10万种真菌.
Some kinds of fungi, such as yeasts, are each made of only a single cell.
某些种类的真菌,如酵母等,每个菌只由一细胞组成.
However, most kinds of fungi, including molds, mildews, and mushrooms, are each made of many cells.
然而,大多数种类的真菌,包括模具,memderews,和蘑菇,都是由许多细胞所制成.
Mushrooms growing in a field, mold growing on fruit, bracket fungus on trees, and athlete’s foot on skin, are some of the many kinds of fungi.
蘑菇在田间生长,在水果上生长出霉菌,在树上生长出括号状真菌,在皮肤上生长出运动员的脚,是多种真菌中的一些.
Yeasts The next time you eat a sandwich, you may want to say, “Thank you, yeast!”
东方 下次你吃三明治时,也许要说:"谢谢,酵母!"
Yeasts are single- celled fungi that are used in the bread-making process.
酵母是单细胞真菌,被用在面包制作过程中.
They release carbon dioxide gas bubbles that make bread rise into the soft, fluffy loaves that you eat.
它们释放出二氧化碳气泡,使面包升入你所吃的软而活泼的薄饼中.
Yeasts are also used to make beer and wine.
酵母也用于酿造啤酒和葡萄酒.
Some kinds of yeasts reproduce by making spores, but other kinds reproduce by budding.
有些种类的酵母通过制作孢子来繁殖,而另一些种类则通过萌芽来繁殖.
In budding, a small bulge—a bud—forms on a yeast cell.
在发芽时,酵母细胞上会有小起伏-发芽-形成.
A hard wall forms around the bud, which then separates from the old yeast cell.
硬墙围绕花芽形成,再从老酵母细胞中分出.
The bud then becomes a new yeast cell.
芽会变成新的酵母细胞
A small bud grows on the side of a yeast cell.
在酵母细胞一侧会长出一个小芽.
The bud will separate from the cell and grow into a new yeast cell.
萌芽会从细胞中分出并长出一个新的酵母细胞.
A Special Relationship Have you ever seen a crustiness—maybe it was gray, yellow, orange, or brown—growing on a rock?
特殊关系 你曾看见岩上生长出灰色、黄色、橙色或褐色的地壳吗?
That growth may have been a lichen, which can be created when fungi and algae grow together.
这种生长可能是地衣,当真菌和藻类一起生长时,这种地衣可以被创造出来.
The algae make food that the fungi use, and the fungi absorb water that the algae can use.
藻类会制作真菌所使用之食物,而真菌会吸收出藻类所能使用之水.
Lichens grow on rocks and tree bark.
丽琴生长于岩石和树皮上.
Many lichens grow in cold places where there is very little to eat for other life forms.
许多地衣生长在寒冷的地方,在那里很少为其他生命形式而吃.
Lichen are an important food for reindeer, caribou, and other animals.
利琴是驯鹿,驯鹿等动物的重要食物.
Molds Do you remember being hungry for a piece of fruit like an orange, only to find that it was covered with blue-green white fuzzy stuff?
实数 你还记得像橘子一样渴望一块水果 却发现它被蓝绿色的白色绒毛所覆盖吗?
“Yuck!”
讨厌!
That fuzzy growth was mold.
模糊的生长是模具。
Mold is a type of fungus that can grow on fruits, such as grapes, peaches, and grapefruits, as well as on bread, cheese, and other foods.
Mold是一类真菌,可以生长于葡萄,桃子等水果上,并可以生长于面包,起司等食物上.
Many kinds of molds have hyphae (remember these help fungi absorb nutrients) that stick straight up like pins.
许多种类的模具有hy(记住这些能帮助真菌吸收养分),能像针头一样直立地站起.
The “pinheads” have tips called sporangia, which produce spores.
“平头人”有称为sporangeia的提示,它产生孢子。
These pinheads are also what give mold its fuzzy look.
这些针头也使模具变得模糊
Use a microscope and look closely at the mold that grows on stale bread.
使用显微镜,并仔细地观察生长于坚硬面包上的模具.
You may see the mold’s tiny sporangia, which make spores.
你可以看到模具的细小的孢子, 它能产生孢子。
Mildews Mildews are fungi that are parasitic—that is, they live in or on organisms that they feed on.
Mildews Mildews是一种寄生真菌,即它们生活在或生活在它们所养活的生物上。
Many mildews form powdery blotches on the leaves of such plants as apple and cherry trees, rose bushes, and pea plants.
许多memderews在苹果和樱桃树等植物的叶子上会形成粉红色的斑点,玫瑰花丛和豌豆等植物.
People often call the scum that forms on bathroom walls “mildew,” but the stuff that plagues most bathrooms is actually bacteria, not fungi.
人们常将浴室墙上的人渣称为“Mildew”,但大多数浴室的瘟疫实际上是细菌,而不是真菌。
Fungi cover the surface of an apple hanging in an orchard.
真菌覆盖了果园上悬挂着一粒苹果的表面.
Mushrooms Among the more than 5,000 species of mushrooms are white ones, yellow ones, orange ones, red ones, and brown ones.
蘑菇 蘑菇有五千多种,有白花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花
Most species grow in the woods or in grassy areas, where they live on dead, decaying matter, such as dead grass.
多数物种生长于林地或草地地区,生活在枯草地上,腐烂的物质上,如枯草地.
The hyphae of a mushroom form a tangled mass called a mycelium underground—just below the surface.
蘑菇的hy会形成被缠绕的质地,称为"地底的菌丝"——就在地表下方.
The mycelium can grow and spread underground for many years.
菌丝可以生长并传播到地下多年.
The umbrella-like parts that you see above the surface live only for a few days—just long enough to produce spores.
上面的伞状部分 仅活了几天 足够长的时间产生孢子
Parts of a Mushroom A mushroom grows out of the ground on a stalk, which—depending on the mushroom—can be between 3/4 inch (1.
蘑菇的部件 蘑菇会从地上长出一股根茎,这取决于蘑菇的大小,可达3/4英寸(1.
9 cm) and 15 inches (38 cm) high.
9厘米)和高15英寸(38厘米).
At the stalk’s top is a round cap, which can be as wide as 18 inches (46 cm) in the largest mushrooms.
茎上部为圆形花帽,可宽至18英寸(46厘米),为最大的蘑菇.
The stalk and cap together are called the fruiting body of the mushroom.
茎和盖一起被称作蘑菇的果实体.
On the underside of the cap of many mushrooms are rows of thin, bladelike structures called gills.
在许多蘑菇的花帽下部有一排薄而有叶状的结构,称为 gi.
Unlike the gills of fish, these gills do not help the mushroom breathe.
与鱼的 gi不同,这些 gi无法帮助蘑菇呼吸.
Instead, the gills have cells that make spores.
相反地, gi有细胞会使孢子产生.
Some kinds of mushrooms have tiny tubes under the cap that make spores.
某些种类的蘑菇在盖子下有微小的管能使孢子产生.
Life Cycle of a Mushroom A life cycle refers to the different stages of development that a species goes through, from when an organism first starts to grow to when it dies, to when a new organism starts to grow.
蘑菇的生命周期 生命周期是指一个物种所经历的不同发育阶段,从一个生物体开始生长到死亡,再到一个新的生物体开始生长.
Each species of fungi has a certain kind of life cycle.
每个菌种都有某种生命周期.
These fly agaric mushrooms (below) are poisonous, while other mushrooms such as the enoki, or straw mushrooms (right), are edible.
这些蝇胆蘑菇(下)是有毒的,而其他的蘑菇,如 ,或草菇(右)可以食用.
The Largest Living Thing You may think the largest living thing is a blue whale or a giant redwood tree, but both of these creatures are dwarfed by an underground fungus that grows in Malheur National Forest in Oregon.
最大的活的东西 你可能认为最大的活物是一头蓝鲸或一棵巨大的红杉树,但这些生物都由一种在俄勒冈州马厄尔国家森林生长的地下真菌所矮化.
The mycelium of this fungus spreads out for 3.
这种真菌的菌丝会传播出3个.
5 square miles (5.
5平方英里(5.
6 sq km)—an area larger than 1,600 football fields!
6 sq km)——面积大于1600个足球场!
Few people have seen this giant, however, because the only parts that are above ground are clusters of small golden-brown fruiting bodies that pop up every now and then.
然而,很少有人见过这个巨型, 因为地面上唯一的部分是 由小金褐色的果实体组成的集群, 时而会浮出水面。
The life cycle of a typical mushroom begins when a spore lands in a place with enough food and water to germinate.
典型蘑菇的生命周期开始于一个有充足食物和水来发芽的地方的分泌地.
The hyphae of the growing fungus branch out underground to form a mycelium.
生长出地外分出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出
Sometimes, the hyphae of two different mushrooms join together in a mycelium.
有时,两种不同蘑菇的hy会合而为一地出出出出一种菌丝.
Tiny knots, called buttons, grow on the mycelium.
有小结,叫"扣",生长于菌上.
These buttons sprout into fruiting bodies, which may quickly shoot above the surface after a heavy rain.
这些纽扣会发芽入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出
After the new mushroom releases its spores, the fruiting body withers away, but the mycelium will live for a long time to make more fruiting bodies.
新蘑菇释放出孢子后,果实体会消退,但菌丝会活活很长时间来制造出更多的果实体.
Life Cycle of a Mushroom spore Fungi That Are Harmful Many kinds of fungi are harmful to plants, animals (including people), or items made by people.
许多种类的真菌对植物、动物(包括人)或由人制作的物品有害。
Mildews and certain other fungi often grow in books, clothing, and wood in damp places.
米尔多斯和某些其他真菌常生长于潮湿地的书籍,服装和木材中.
The fungi cause these items to decay.
该真菌使这些物品腐烂.
Other parasitic fungi cause diseases in crops, especially cereal crops like wheat, rice, oats, and corn.
其他寄生真菌会给农作物,特别是小麦,水稻,燕麦等谷物作物和玉米造成疾病.
Sometimes spores of these fungi get inside the seeds of these grains.
有时这些真菌的孢子会进入这些谷物的种子中.
When the grain drops to the ground, they spread into the new plants growing from the seeds.
当谷物倒地后,它们会扩散入从种子中生长出的新植物.
Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus that is carried from tree to tree by insects called bark beetles.
荷兰榆树病由被叫作树皮甲虫的昆虫从树上携带到树上的一种真菌所引起.
The fungus can kill a large elm tree in four to eight weeks.
该真菌能于4至8周内杀死一棵大榆树.
A similar fungus, called chestnut blight, killed nearly all the chestnut trees in the United States in the early 1900s.
一种类似的真菌被叫作"栗花花"(Chucknut blight),在1900年代初几乎杀死了美国所有的栗花树.
The Great Irish Famine In the 1840s, a fungal disease called blight killed most of the potato plants in Ireland.
爱尔兰大饥荒 1840年代,一种被称作"blight"的真菌病杀死了爱尔兰的大部分马铃薯植物.
At that time, people in Ireland depended on potatoes for most of their food.
当时,爱尔兰人的大部分食物都依靠土豆.
Because the blight was so extensive, about one million people in the small country died from starvation.
由于灾情如此之大,小国约有一百万人死于饥饿。
Millions of others left Ireland for the United States, Canada, and England.
另有数百万人离开爱尔兰去美国,加拿大和英国.
Fungi That Are Useful Not all fungi are harmful.
真菌是有用的 并不是所有的真菌都是有害的.
In fact, some fungi help cure people of diseases.
事实上,一些真菌有助于治愈人们的疾病.
Certain types of molds make chemical substances that doctors use as antibiotics, or medicines that weaken or kill bacteria that cause diseases.
某些种类的模具会制造出医生用作抗生素的化学物质,或者会削弱或杀死引起疾病的细菌的药物.
One of the more common fungal antibiotics is called penicillin.
更常见的真菌抗生素之一被称作青霉素.
It is used to treat people with pneumonia and many other diseases caused by bacteria.
它用于治疗由细菌引起的肺炎和许多其他疾病.
Other kinds of molds are used to make cheese.
其他种类的模具也用来做起司.
When these molds are added to the cheese, they cause chemical reactions that change the cheese’s flavor and make the cheese ripen.
当这些模具被添加到起司中时,它们会引起化学反应,改变起司的口味并让起司成熟.
Other fungi help food in different ways.
其他真菌以不同的方式帮助食物.
Farmers rely on fungi to help decompose material in dead plants.
农民依靠真菌来帮助分解枯木植物中的材料.
The chemicals released into the soil in this process form nutrients that help new crops grow.
在这一过程中向土壤中释放的化学品形成了有助于新作物生长的养分.
Some kinds of cheese, such as blue cheese, are made with blue mold, which causes the cheese to ripen.
一些种类的起司,如蓝色起司被用蓝色的模具来制作,这导致起司发芽.
Fungal Diseases in People Hot, sweaty feet are not very attractive, unless you’re a fungus!
人中的真菌病 除非你们是真菌,
Some microscopic fungi grow best on warm, moist skin between toes and on the soles of feet.
一些显微真菌在脚趾间和脚底的温暖湿润皮肤上生长得最好.
These fungi cause an infectious disease called athlete’s foot, in which the skin becomes red, scaly, and itchy.
这些真菌引起一种叫做运动员脚的传染性疾病,其中皮肤会变得红,斑,痒.
To avoid getting this disease, you should keep your feet clean and dry, and wear socks that allow fresh air in.
为了避免染上这种疾病,你应该保持脚干干净净,并穿能让新鲜空气进入的袜子.
Ringworm is the name of various kinds of skin diseases caused by fungi.
环虫是真菌引起的各种皮肤病名.
These diseases take the form of red, scaly rings on the neck, back, chest, or other areas of the skin.
这些疾病表现为颈部,后部,胸口等部位有红色,斑状的环状.
Ringworm can spread from person to person easily through contact with infected skin or through almost anything else that has touched the affected area and then made contact with skin.
环虫可以通过接触被感染的皮肤或几乎所有接触过受感染地区,然后与皮肤相接触而很容易地从人向人传播.
Other kinds of fungal diseases affect the lungs, kidneys, throat, or other inside parts of the body.
其它种类的真菌疾病会影响肺,肾,喉,或身体内的其他部位.
Harmful fungi can be killed with chemical solutions called fungicides.
有害的真菌可以被化学溶液所杀灭,称为杀菌剂.
People with ringworm have red, itchy rings on their skin.
有环虫的人皮肤有红色,痒痒的环.
This ringworm covers most of this person’s ankle.
这个环虫覆盖了这个人的大部分脚踝.
A Great Accidental Discovery Penicillin, the first antibiotic used to treat people with serious diseases, was discovered accidentally in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming in England.
一种用于治疗人患重病的第一种抗生素"大意外发现"(Great Concidental Discovery Penicillin)于1928年被英国的亚历山大·弗莱明爵士意外发现.
Fleming noticed a green mold growing in a laboratory dish with some bacteria.
弗莱明注意到在实验室的一盘有细菌的菜中生长出绿色模具.
He saw that all the bacteria around the mold were dead.
他看到模具周围的细菌都死了
That was because the mold was releasing a chemical substance that was harmful to the bacteria.
这是因为模具释放出一种对细菌有害的化学物质。
Other researchers later found out how to use this substance— penicillin—to kill bacteria in people.
其他研究人员后来发现了如何使用这种物质-青霉素-来杀活人的细菌.
Be a Mushroom Hunter!
成为蘑菇猎人!
What do you think would be a fun way to learn more about fungi?
你觉得学习更多真菌会是一个有趣的方法吗?
How about if you go out and try to find them?
如果你出去找他们呢?
You might spot some mold or mildew here or there, but you’ll probably have the most fun if you try “hunting” for mushrooms.
你可能在这里或那里发现一些模具或温和点,
But remember not to put any mushrooms in your mouth and to wash your hands after handling fungi!
但记住不要把任何蘑菇放入口中,在处理真菌后洗手!
Although it is safe to eat some kinds of mushrooms, other kinds contain poisons that can make you very sick!
虽然吃出某种蘑菇是安全的,但其他种类的药都含有会令你非常恶心的毒药!
It is difficult to tell the poisonous kinds from the nonpoisonous kinds—unless you are a very experienced mushroom hunter.
除非你们是经验丰富的蘑菇猎人,
In fact, you should always go with an experienced mushroom hunter.
事实上,你应该总是 与经验丰富的蘑菇猎人。
Fall and spring, after heavy rains, are the best times to look for mushrooms.
大雨后,秋季和春季是寻找蘑菇的最佳时机.
Before you start your hunt, you may want to go to the library or search the Internet to find out more about the mushrooms that grow in your area.
在开始打猎之前,你可能想去图书馆或搜索互联网,以了解更多你所处区域生长的蘑菇.
The mushrooms listed at the end of the book are meant to give you an idea of some of the many kinds of fungi in North America.
书尾所列出的蘑菇是为了给大家一个北美多种真菌中的一些.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
People used to kill pesky flies by sprinkling sugar on top of fly agaric mushrooms.
人们常用在苍蝇口味蘑菇上放出糖来杀死pesky苍蝇.
The flies were attracted to the sugar.
苍蝇被糖所吸引
But when they landed on the mushrooms and began eating, the poison in the mushrooms killed them.
但当他们降落在蘑菇上并开始吃时,蘑菇中的毒药杀死了他们.
Destroying angel (Amanita virosa) Woods, under trees; eastern North America Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) Woods, under trees; throughout North America Jack-o’lantern (Omphalotus olearius) Clusters on tree stumps, glows in the dark; eastern United States False chanterelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) On or near logs and stumps; northern North America POISONOUS Fungi Can Be Fun!
毁灭天使(Amanita virosa) 树林下;北美东部 苍蝇(阿马尼塔木斯卡利亚) 森林,树下; 整个北美 Jack-o ' lantern (Omphalotus olearius) 以树桩为组合,在黑暗中发光; 美国东部 False hallerselle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) (原始内容存档于2018-10-21) (英语). On or near logs and sticks; 北美北部 POISONIous Fungi Can Be Fun!.
After reading this book, have you drawn any conclusions about fungi?
在读了这本书之后 你对真菌有什么结论吗?
Have you been surprised by anything you learned?
你对所学的东西感到惊讶吗?
Perhaps one thing you might have discovered is that fungi can be fun!
也许你可能发现的一件事 就是真菌会很有趣!
Keep an eye out for fungi, and see what else you might discover about these special organisms.
注意真菌,看看还能发现什么 关于这些特殊的生物。
Experiment: Grow Your Own Fungus You can grow your own mold!
实验:种植自有的蘑菇 你可以自己发霉!
(Please check with a parent or guardian before doing this.)
(在这样做之前请与父母或监护人核对。 )
for the mold spores.
为模具孢子。
in the moisture, which the mold needs to grow.
在水分, 模具需要生长。
3 Try this with several different types of food.
3个 用几种不同的食物来试试
(in about 3 to 5 days).
(约3至5天).
Are there differences in the kinds of mold that grow on different kinds of food?
在不同的食物上生长的模具种类有不同吗?
Write down or draw pictures of what you see.
写下或画出所见相.