Floods
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Overbank Flooding.
4"过岸洪水".
5 Flash Floods.
5闪电洪水.
7 Seiche.
7个塞奇。
8 Storm Surges.
8"风暴冲出".
9 The Good in Floods.
9"洪水中的好人".
11 People and Floods.
11人与洪灾.
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction In August of 2005, much of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, was flooded.
2005年8月,路易斯安那州新奥尔良市的大部分被淹.
Hurricane Katrina sent millions of gallons of water flowing over the protective levees.
飓风卡特里娜将数百万加仑的水流流过防护堤.
The flooding caused billions of dollars in damage and cost almost two thousand people their lives.
洪水造成数十亿美元的损失并造成近两千人的生命损失.
Years later, the effects of the flood can still be seen throughout the city.
多年后,洪水的影响仍然可以在整个城市看到.
The flooding in New Orleans was devastating and extreme, but floods happen around the world every day, usually with much less impact.
新奥尔良的洪水是毁灭性和极端的,但洪水每天都会在世界各地发生,影响通常要小得多.
In fact, many areas rely on regular flooding to add nutrients to soil.
事实上,很多地区依靠经常性的洪水来给土壤添加营养.
These nutrients support the growth of crops as well as forests and other natural habitats.
这些养分支持了作物以及森林和其他自然生境的生长.
In 2005, floodwaters in New Orleans, Louisiana, covered cars and houses for weeks after Katrina, leaving many people without homes or jobs.
2005年,路易斯安那州新奥尔良的洪水在卡特里娜后数周覆盖了汽车和房屋,使许多人没有住家或工作.
Sand-less Sandbags?
无沙沙袋?
To protect buildings from flooding, people stack bags of sand on top of each other.
为了保护建筑物免于被洪水淹没,人们互相堆放一袋沙子.
In 2012, Peyton Robertson, a ten-year-old boy, saw the destruction caused by a hurricane.
2012年,十岁的男孩佩顿·罗伯逊(Peyton Robertson)目睹了飓风造成的破坏.
He invented a new kind of sandbag by filling canvas bags with salt and a special substance that expands when it gets wet.
他发明了一种新型的沙袋,通过将帆布袋装入盐和被湿后会膨胀出的特殊物质.
The bags are lighter and make a better seal against water than regular sandbags.
相较于普通的沙袋,袋子较轻并制作出更好的防水密封.
His new sand-less sandbags work so well that he won the 2013 Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge.
他的新"无沙""沙袋"发挥得非常好,因此他赢得了2013年"发现教育3M""青年科学家挑战".
Overbank Flooding The most common type of flooding is overbank flooding.
溢出洪水 最常见的洪水类型是过岸洪水.
In the United States alone, hundreds of these floods occur every year.
仅在美国,每年就有上百个这样的洪水发生.
Overbank flooding happens when water from heavy rains or melting ice and snow fills a river channel beyond its capacity.
当暴雨或冰雪融化产生的水淹没了河道时,就会发生过河洪水。
The extra water flows over the banks and into the floodplain, which is the area that the water covers.
多余的水流会流过河岸并进入洪水平原,这就是被水覆盖的区域.
In areas with wide, flat floodplains, the water may spread slowly and remain for days or weeks.
在地势宽而平坦的洪平地上,水会缓慢地扩散并停留数日或数周.
In areas with deep, narrow floodplains, the water moves quickly and floods for only a short time.
在地势深,地势狭窄的洪平地地区,出水速度快,洪水时间也短.
Many rivers have small floods every year and larger floods every five or so years.
许多河流每年发生小洪水,每5年左右发生更大规模的洪水.
Occasionally, heavy precipitation causes severe flooding along rivers.
有时,大量降水会引发沿河严重的洪灾.
These events are often referred to as one- hundred-year floods.
这些事件常被指为"百年洪水".
For major rivers with large floodplains, experts are usually able to accurately predict the timing and amount of flooding.
对于有大型洪泛地的主要河流,专家通常能够准确预测洪涝的时间和数量.
For other rivers—those with small, narrow floodplains—the speed and intensity of the moving water can make flood prediction difficult.
对于其他河流——有小而狭窄的洪泛地的河流——移动水的速度和强度可能使洪泛预测变得困难。
In 1993 (right), heavy rains caused water to overflow the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers’ normal channels (left) around St.
在1993年(右),暴雨使密西西比河和密苏里河的正常河道(左)绕道圣德.
Louis, Missouri.
(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Louis, Missouri.
Lingering Lakes Increased runoff can cause the amount of water in lakes to build up.
林林湖 增加径流会导致湖泊中积水量.
Most lakes have ways of draining the water, but some lakes do not.
大多数湖泊都有排水的方法,但有些湖泊没有.
When these lakes overflow their banks, the water has nowhere to go.
当这些湖泊溢出它们的岸边时,水就无处可去.
The flooding can last for years or even decades.
洪水可能持续数年甚至数十年.
at the White House Science Fair in 2014.
2014年白宫科学博览会.
Flash Floods Sometimes floodwater moves so quickly and unpredictably that it becomes a flash flood.
有的时候洪水会移动得如此快,而且无法预测,以致成为一股暴洪.
This type of flood is defined by a rapid increase in the speed and height of water.
这种类型的洪水是由水的速度和高度的迅速提高所定义的.
This fast-moving water can cause extensive damage.
这种快速移动的水会造成巨大破坏.
People often do not have time to protect themselves and their property.
人们往往没有时间保护自己及其财产。
Most of the damage is caused by the movement of the water.
破坏多由出水所出.
For example, water moving at 10 miles per hour (16.
例如以每小时10英里(16.
1 kph) has the same force as a 270 mile-per-hour (434.
1 kph)与时速270英里(434.
5 kph) wind.
5kph) 风.
To compare, hurricane-force winds begin at 74 miles per hour (119.
相较之下,飓风强度风速以每小时74英里(119.
1 kph).
(原始内容存档于2018-03-21). 1 kph.
During one flash flood in Colorado, water flowing at 30 miles per hour (48 kph) moved boulders weighing more than 250 tons (226,796 kg).
在科罗拉多州发生的一起山洪中,以每小时30英里(48克)的速度流出的水流移动了重达250多吨(226,796公斤)的巨石.
Seiche Floods can have causes other than annual precipitation overflowing riverbanks.
塞切洪水除了年降水溢出于河岸之外,可能还有其他原因.
Sometimes earthquakes or powerful winds and storms cause flooding near lakes by producing a seiche (SAYSH).
有时会发生地震或强风和风暴,通过产生一股地震(SAYSH)来引起湖泊附近的洪灾.
If you’ve ever sloshed water back and forth in a cup, you’ve seen a seiche.
如果你曾经在杯子上洒过水,
The winds or earthquakes cause large amounts of water to shift from one side of a lake to the other.
风或地震导致大量水从一湖一面转向另一侧.
When the water shifts back, it can overflow the banks and flood surrounding areas.
当水位回移时,它会溢出河岸并淹没周边地区.
Some seiches can cause waves 12 to 16 feet (3.
有的sei会引发12至16英尺(3英尺)的波浪.
9 m) high.
9米)高.
A flash flood in Pensacola, Florida, in 2014 destroyed this bridge and stranded a motorist.
2014年佛罗里达州彭萨科拉爆发了一起山洪,摧毁了这座桥并搁浅了一名摩托车手.
When the force of the storm dies down, the water shifts back and flows over the bank, causing a flood.
当风暴的强度减弱后,水会向后转移并流过岸边,引发洪水.
Storm Surges A similar type of event can happen on a much larger scale in the ocean.
暴风雨 类似的事件可以在海洋中发生,规模要大得多.
The powerful winds of some storms, such as hurricanes and cyclones, can push water in front of them.
一些风暴的强大风能,如飓风和气旋,能将水推向前方.
When the water nears the shore, the ground pushes the water upward in what’s called a storm surge.
当水接近岸边时,地面在所谓的风暴潮中将水推向上方。
Rather than sloshing back out to the ocean, however, the water continues forward over the shore and onto the land beyond, causing a flood.
然而,水不是流回海洋,而是继续流到岸上,再流到更远的地上,造成洪水。
The damage from storm surges, which can be anywhere from 4 to 25 feet (1.
风暴潮的破坏,从4到25英尺(1.
6 m) high, can be considerable.
6米)高可观.
Water can continue to flood onto the land for up to eight hours.
水能持续淹入地上长达8小时.
Entire coastlines can be wiped away in less than a day.
整个海岸线可以在不到一天的时间被抹去。
Megafloods The power of floods to shape and change the landscape is undeniable.
巨灾 洪水形成并改变地貌的力量是不可否认的.
In fact, massive floods, called megafloods, may have changed entire continents long ago.
事实上,大洪水,称为特大洪水, 可能早已改变了整个大陆。
Evidence suggests that about fifteen thousand years ago in North America, an ice dam broke in what is now Montana.
有证据表明,大约一万五千年前 在北美,一个冰坝 打破了现在的蒙大拿州。
That collapse released water from a huge lake.
塌方释放出一个巨大的湖水。
The megaflood spread across the Pacific Northwest and completely changed the landscape in some areas.
大洪水蔓延到西北太平洋,并彻底改变了一些地区的地貌.
Scientists have found evidence of another megaflood that took place more than seven thousand years ago.
科学家发现了七千多年前发生的另一起特大洪水的证据。
Water from melted glaciers caused the level of the Mediterranean Sea to rise.
被融化的冰川所取出的水使地中海的海平面上升.
The water flowed into the area between Europe and Asia, creating the Black Sea.
水流入了欧洲和亚洲之间的地区,形成了黑海.
Under normal conditions, water does not flow over the shore.
在正常情况下,水不会流出岸外.
The pressure and force of the storm push the water toward the shore.
风暴的压力和力量将水推向岸边.
As water moves toward the shore, the land forces the water upward, causing a flood.
随着水向岸边移动,陆地迫使水向上,引发了洪水.
Storm Surge Black Sea Turkey Bulgaria Romania Turkish Straits Ukraine Russia Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea Rising waters in the Mediterranean Sea flowed through the Turkish Straits into the lake that became the Black Sea.
土耳其风暴风暴 保加利亚 罗马尼亚 土耳其海峡 乌克兰 俄罗斯 地中海 爱琴海 在地中海的兴起水域从土耳其海峡流入成为黑海的湖泊.
Nature’s Engineers Beavers are known for building dams on streams, rivers, and ponds as well as in lakes.
自然工程师 海狸以在溪流、河流和池塘上以及湖泊上建造水坝而出名。
They make their dams out of logs and branches, and glue them together with mud and wet plants.
它们用木头和树枝来筑坝, 用泥和湿的植物来粘住它们。
Some beaver dams are longer than 1,000 feet (300 m).
一些海狸坝长于1000英尺(300米).
These dams back up the flow of water from a stream, causing ponds to form.
这些水坝支撑了从一溪流出的水流,使池塘形成.