Eclipses
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Darkness at Noon or Midnight.
(原始内容存档于2017-03-21). Cable of College Darkness at Noon or Midnight.
4 Eclipses in History.
4 历史中的埃克利普斯.
5 Eclipses Are All About Shadows.
5 Eclipses Are All about Shadows. (原始内容存档于2018-09-21).
7 Why the Moon Turns Red.
页:1 为什么月亮变红了.
8 The Sun Blotted Out.
8"太阳出没".
12 Predicting Eclipses.
12 预想 Eclipses.
16 How to View a Solar Eclipse Safely.
16 如何安全地查看太阳光谱。
18 Conclusion.
18 结论。
21 Glossary.
21 词汇表。
24 A girl prepares to watch a solar eclipse in Bangladesh.
24个 一个女孩准备在孟加拉国看日食。
Darkness at Noon or Midnight Imagine being outside on a sunny day at noon and seeing the world become dark all around you, even though there’s not a single cloud in the sky.
想象一下在中午的阳光下,
Or imagine watching a full moon slowly change from milky white to a spooky blood-red color.
或者想象看满月 慢慢地从乳白色 变成恐怖的血红色
Strange events such as these happen during eclipses.
这样的奇怪事件发生在日食期间.
Eclipses are amazing events that have caused wonder, fear, and excitement throughout history.
Eclipses是令人惊奇的事件,在整个历史中引起出奇,恐惧和兴奋.
During a solar eclipse, the Moon blocks out the Sun.
在日食期间,月球挡住了太阳.
During a lunar eclipse, the Moon changes color as it passes through Earth’s shadow.
在月蚀期间,月球在穿过地球阴影时会改变颜色。
The Moon blocks part of the setting Sun during a solar eclipse.
月球在日食时会挡住太阳的一部分
Some eclipses may even have changed the course of history.
一些日食甚至可能改变了历史的发展过程.
One such event occurred in the Middle East in the sixth century bc.
在6世纪,中东发生了这样一起事件。
Two groups of people, the Lydians and the Medes, had been fighting a war for five years.
莉迪亚人和梅德斯人这两组人已经打了五年的战争.
On May 28, 585 bc, their armies were engaged in a fierce battle when suddenly a total eclipse turned day into night.
585 bc的5月28日,他们的军队在一场激烈的战斗中,突然一日全食变成了黑夜.
The armies were so frightened by the eclipse that they laid down their weapons and agreed to make peace.
军队被日蚀所吓倒,于是放下武器并同意和好.
Ancient peoples such as the Chinese, Greeks, Babylonians, and Egyptians studied eclipses.
中国人,希腊人,巴比伦人等古代民族和埃及人研究日食.
They eventually learned that eclipses were natural events.
他们最终得知日食是自然事件.
There were no dragons or other monsters involved.
里面没有龙或其他怪物
However, knowledge about what really caused eclipses spread slowly.
然而,关于真正引起日食的原因的知识传播得很慢.
Eclipses in History Eclipses can be frightening events if you don’t know what causes them.
历史中的 Eclipses 可能是可怕的事件,
Long ago, people were afraid of eclipses and considered them to be bad omens.
很久以前,人们害怕被日蚀,认为是坏兆头.
People in ancient China thought the Sun was being eaten by a dragon during a solar eclipse.
中国古代的人们认为太阳被日食时被一龙所吃.
They banged on drums and pots to scare the dragon away.
他们敲起鼓来把龙吓走.
Some ancient people in Greece thought there might be a connection between earthquakes and eclipses.
希腊有部分古人认为地震和日食之间可能存在联系.
But there is no link between the two events.
但这两个事件之间没有联系。
A solar eclipse darkens the daytime sky over China.
日食使中国的日出天空变暗.
Earth’s atmosphere filters and scatters some of the sunlight that passes through it.
地球的大气层过滤并散布一些穿过它的阳光.
Why the Moon T urns Red If Earth had no atmosphere, the Moon would go completely dark during a total lunar eclipse.
如果地球没有大气层 月球在月蚀时会完全变暗
But Earth does have an atmosphere, and light from the Sun passes through it.
但地球确实有大气层,来自太阳的光穿过它.
Most of that light strikes Earth’s surface and is blocked.
大部分光线击中地表并被阻断。
But some light rays pass through the atmosphere without hitting the planet’s surface.
但有些光线穿过大气层,却未击中地球表面.
Eclipses Are All About Shadows We now know that eclipses happen when Earth, its moon, and the Sun line up in space.
Eclipses 全部关于阴影 我们现在知道,当地球、它的月亮和太阳排成一行时,日蚀就会发生。
An eclipse is nothing more than a really big shadow.
日食不过是个巨大的阴影
Just as you cast a shadow on the ground when you stand outside on a sunny day, Earth and its moon cast shadows in space.
就像你在阳光灿烂的一天站在外边时在地上投下阴影一样,地球及其月亮在太空中投出阴影.
What an eclipse looks like depends on where you watch it from.
日食的外观取决于你从哪里看的
If you were standing on the surface of the Moon during a lunar eclipse, you would see the Earth ringed by red light as it blocked out the Sun.
如果你在月蚀时站在月球表面 你会看到地球被红光所环绕 因为它挡住了太阳
But from Earth, a lunar eclipse looks much different.
但从地球来看,月食看起来大相径庭.
If you watch a lunar eclipse from Earth, you will see the full moon slowly go dark as it passes through Earth’s shadow.
如果你从地球上看到月蚀,你会看到月亮在穿过地球阴影时慢慢地变暗.
That’s because the Moon is only bright when it reflects the light of the Sun—something it can’t do when Earth gets in the way.
因为月球只反映太阳的光芒,
The Moon’s changing appearance during the course of a lunar eclipse The Sun’s light is made up of many colors that blend together to form white light.
月球在月蚀期间的外观变化 太阳的光由许多颜色组成,它们融合在一起形成白光.
The atmosphere absorbs most of the blue light in the Sun’s rays.
大气层吸收了太阳射线中的大部分蓝光.
But red light passes through the atmosphere and is scattered before passing back out into space.
但红光穿过大气层后会散去再传回太空.
Some of that light strikes the Moon and gives it a spooky appearance.
有些光照到月球 让它看起来很恐怖
The Moon usually turns a reddish color, but it can also be orange, yellow, or brown.
月球通常会变出红色,但也可以是橙色,黄色,或棕色.
The color depends on the amount of dust and clouds in Earth’s atmosphere.
颜色取决于地球大气层中尘埃和云层的数量。
A total lunar eclipse turns the Moon a dramatic red color.
月蚀使月球呈现出戏剧性的红色.
Some red light from the Sun bends as it passes through Earth’s atmosphere and reaches the Moon, turning it red.
太阳发出的一些红光在穿过地球大气层并到达月球时弯曲而成红色.
Total lunar eclipses happen fairly frequently.
月食总数经常发生。
There can be as many as three in a year.
一年可以有多达3个.
But in some years, there are none.
但是,在几年里,没有。
It all depends on the changing positions of the Moon and Earth.
这都取决于月球和地球位置的变化.
And because lunar eclipses are visible from the entire side of Earth where it’s nighttime, you will probably have many chances to see one near where you live.
因为月蚀从整个地球的夜晚可见, 你可能有很多机会看到一个靠近你住的地方。
Lunar eclipses are perfectly safe to watch and can be safely viewed through binoculars or telescopes.
月食完全可以安全地观看,并且可以通过望远镜或望远镜安全地观看.
The length of time that the Moon is in full shadow during a total eclipse varies anywhere from about thirty minutes to more than an hour.
月球在一次总日食中被完全遮住的时间长度从大约30分钟到一个多小时不等.
A telescope can give you a great view of a lunar eclipse.
望远镜可以给你看月蚀的景象
The Sun Blotted Out The other type of eclipse is a solar eclipse.
太阳爆发了 另一种日食是日食.
During a solar eclipse, the positions of the Moon and Earth are just the opposite of their positions during a lunar eclipse.
在日食期间,月球和地球的位置与月食期间的位置正好相反.
The Sun is about four hundred times larger than the Moon, but it is also about four hundred times as far away from Earth.
太阳比月球大约四百倍,但也相距地球约四百倍.
This happy coincidence of nature means that, seen from Earth, the circular disk of the Moon is just the right size to block out the Sun.
自然界的这种快乐巧合意味着,从地球上看出,月球的圆盘只是合适的尺寸来阻挡太阳.
When the Moon blocks the light from the main part of the Sun, the Sun’s outer part, called the corona, becomes visible.
当月球从太阳的主要部分阻断光线后,太阳的外侧部分被称作"日冕"后会变得明显.
The hot gases of the corona glow brightly around the obscured disk of the Sun.
日冕的热气在阴暗的太阳盘上闪耀出亮光.
The hot gases of the Sun’s corona are easy to see when the Moon blocks out the Sun.
太阳冕的热气在月球挡出太阳时很容易看到.
Because the Moon’s orbit around Earth is not a perfect circle, the Moon’s distance from Earth changes.
由于月球环绕地球的轨道不是一个完美的圆圈,因此月球与地球的距离会发生变化.
When the Moon is farther away, it appears slightly smaller and does not completely block out the Sun during an eclipse.
当月球距离更远时,它看起来略小,在日食期间并没有完全阻挡太阳.
The Sun’s disk then forms a narrow ring around the Moon.
然后太阳的圆盘在月球周围形成一圈狭窄的环.
This is called an annular eclipse.
这叫做废食
Annular comes from the Latin word meaning “ring.”
口号来自拉丁语中"环"的意思.
The length of a total solar eclipse varies from one eclipse to another and also depends on where you view it from.
日全食的长度因日全食的不同而不同,也取决于从哪里看.
The longest time that people can see the Sun totally darkened is about seven and a half minutes.
人们看到太阳完全变暗的最长时间是7分半钟左右.
An annular eclipse creates a bright ring of light around the Moon.
废除日食在月球周围形成一圈明亮的光环.
During a solar eclipse, the Moon casts a double shadow on Earth.
在日食期间,月球将双影投向了地球.
People inside the dark center shadow see a total eclipse, in which the entire disk of the Sun is blocked for a short time.
暗中中心阴影内的人会看到一次全日食,其中太阳的整个圆盘被短暂地屏蔽.
Inside the lighter outer shadow, part of the Sun’s disk is still visible during a partial eclipse.
在更轻的外影中,部分太阳光碟在部分日食期间仍然可见.
Beyond the lighter shadow, people see no eclipse at all.
在更轻的阴影之外 人们根本看不到日蚀
People have far fewer chances to see solar eclipses than lunar eclipses.
人们看到日食的机会远少于月食.
Solar eclipses happen in one form or another somewhere on Earth about once every eighteen months.
日食以某种形式在地球上某地发生,大约每18个月发生一次.
However, many solar eclipses occur over open oceans or in the polar regions, so very few people get to see them.
然而,许多日食发生在开阔的海洋或极地地区,因此很少有人能看到.
Also, because the Moon’s darker center shadow on Earth is never more than 269 kilometers (167 mi) wide, the chance of your area being in the path of a total eclipse is very small.
另外,由于月球在地球上更黑暗的中心阴影从未超过269公里(167米)的宽度,因此您所在的区域在完全日食道路上的几率很小.
Each particular spot on Earth experiences a total solar eclipse just once every 370 years, on average.
地球上的每个特定地点 平均每370年就发生一次日全食。
For that reason, if you want to see a total solar eclipse, it is much better to travel to where you know one will happen than to wait for one to come to you.
因此,如果你想看到日全食, 旅行到你知道会发生的地方比等待一个来找你好得多。
But how can you tell when and where the next solar eclipse will happen?
但是,你怎么知道下一次日食何时何地发生?
The Moon’s shadow can be seen from space as it passes across Earth’s surface during a solar eclipse.
月球在日食期间穿过地表时,
Predicting Eclipses Astronomers have tried to predict eclipses since ancient times.
预测剪辑 天文学家自古就尝试预测日食.
Many astronomers in ages past kept careful records of eclipses.
过去许多时代的许多天文学家对日食进行了仔细的记录.
They learned that eclipses happen in a long cycle.
他们得知日食在很长的周期内发生.
They also studied how the Moon moves around Earth.
他们还研究了月球如何环绕地球移动.
Their findings helped them predict lunar eclipses with some accuracy.
他们的发现有助于他们以一定的准确度预测出月蚀.
But figuring out when solar eclipses would happen was much more difficult.
但确定何时会发生日食更难。
By about 1,800 years ago, astronomers in China and Greece had learned to predict solar eclipses.
到约1800年前,中国和希腊的天文学家已经学会了预测日食.
One of the most famous of these astronomers was a Greek named Ptolemy (TAWL-uh-mee).
这些天文学家中最出名的有一位叫"Ptolemy"(TAWL-uh-mee)的希腊人.
But Ptolemy and other ancient astronomers could only predict a solar eclipse to within about a month.
但托勒密等古代天文学家只能预测到一个月内会发生日食.
Ptolemy was a famous mathematician and astronomer who lived around ad 90 – 1 68.
Ptolemy是一位著名的数学家和天文学家,他住在广告90 – 1 68左右.
The first scientist to accurately predict solar eclipses was an English astronomer named Edmond Halley.
第一个准确预测日食的科学家是英国天文学家埃德蒙德·哈利.
During his lifetime in the early ad 1700s, people knew that Earth orbited the Sun.
在他于1700年代早期的生平中,人们知道地球绕太阳运转.
Knowing the correct positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon made eclipse prediction simpler.
了解太阳、地球和月球的正确位置,使日食预测更加简单。
But it was still difficult.
但还是很难
Another English scientist, Isaac Newton, made it easier to predict eclipses.
另一位英国科学家艾萨克·牛顿(英语:Isaac Newton)更方便地预测了日食.
Newton discovered how objects in the solar system move.
牛顿发现了太阳系中的物体如何移动.
He developed a very detailed theory of gravity.
他提出了非常详细的重力理论.
Halley used Newton’s findings to calculate future eclipses.
哈雷用牛顿的调查结果计算出未来的日食.
By using computers programmed with Newton’s laws of gravity, scientists can now predict eclipses far into the future.
通过使用与牛顿重力定律相适应的计算机,科学家现在可以预测远至未来的日蚀.
Isaac Newton’s ideas about gravity and mathematics changed our understanding of the universe.
艾萨克·牛顿关于引力和数学的想法改变了我们对宇宙的理解.
How to View a Solar Eclipse Safely Once you’ve figured out where you need to be to see a solar eclipse, your work is not quite done.
如何安全地查看太阳光滑 一旦你明白自己需要到哪去日食,
You need to take some steps to make sure you can watch the eclipse safely because looking directly at the Sun can damage your eyes.
你需要采取一些步骤来确保能安全地观看日食,因为直接看太阳会伤害你的眼睛.
Normally, the Sun is too bright to look at for very long, and pain makes you look away.
通常,太阳太亮,无法看很长的时间,而痛苦让你视而不见.
But during an eclipse, the brightness dims, and it’s possible to look at the Sun without feeling any pain, even while severely damaging your eyes.
但是在日食期间,亮度会暗淡,而且可以不感到任何痛苦地看太阳,即使严重地伤害了你的眼睛。
For this reason, you should NEVER look directly at the Sun during an eclipse or at any other time.
为此,在日食期间或任何其他时间,你永远不应直接看太阳。
A shepherd boy and his goat watch a solar eclipse in Lebanon.
一个牧羊男孩和他的山羊观看了黎巴嫩的日食.
The safest way to view a solar eclipse is indirectly, using a pinhole projector.
日食最安全的取景方法是间接地使用针孔投影仪.
This simple device focuses the Sun’s rays onto a flat surface, where they can be viewed safely.
这个简单的设备将太阳的射线聚焦在平地平地表面,在那里可以安全地查看.
Warning Do not view a solar eclipse with unprotected eyes or regular sunglasses, and never look at a solar eclipse with a telescope or binoculars.
3⁄4 ̧漯B 不要用无防护的眼睛或普通的太阳镜来观察日食,不要用望远镜或望远镜来观察日食.
Devices that magnify what you’re looking at will also magnify the damage done to your eyes.
放大你所看到的东西的装置也会放大你眼睛所受的伤害。
Small image of partially eclipsed Sun White paper taped to inside end Viewing window Point this end toward Sun Pinhole Projector Aluminum foil with pinhole Look through hole cut in side of box to see eclipse image Sunlight It also is possible to view a solar eclipse safely using special light filters, such as inexpensive eclipse-viewing safety glasses.
部分被遮蔽的太阳白纸相接到内端的图像 查看窗口 指向太阳平洞投影机 铝制有针洞的螺旋管 也可以使用特殊的光滤镜,如廉价的日食取景安全眼镜,安全地观看日食.
Even when using these special glasses, you shouldn’t look at the Sun for very long.
即使使用这些特殊的眼镜,你也不应该长期看太阳。
Look for a few seconds and then turn away for a few seconds.
寻找几秒钟,然后转出几秒钟。
Be sure to use these glasses only in the company of an adult.
一定要在成人的陪伴下使用这些眼镜.
You can’t be too careful when looking at the Sun.
在看太阳的时候,
A crowd practices using protective glasses before an eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1 999.
1999年英国发生日食前的人群使用防护眼镜.
Conclusion Eclipses are impressive cosmic events that still inspire awe in people of all ages around the world.
Eclipses是令人印象深刻的宇宙事件,它仍然激励着世界各地所有年龄的人的敬畏.
Thanks to science, we now understand the causes of eclipses and can predict them with amazing accuracy.
由于科学,我们现在了解了日食的原因,并且能够以惊人的准确性来预测.
But eclipses will probably always feel a little mysterious and magical to those who watch them, just as they did to people thousands of years ago.
但日食对观察它们的人来说 可能总是有点神秘和神奇 就像数千年前对人们一样
A small moon casts a shadow on the surface of Jupiter as it orbits the giant planet.
一颗小月亮在木星的地表上投下阴影 因为它在环绕巨大的行星运行
This special photograph shows how the Moon looked every five minutes during a lunar eclipse over upstate New York.
这张照片显示了月球每5分钟 一次月食在纽约州北部的月食中的样子
Glossary accuracy (n.)
词汇准确性(不详)
the state or quality of being precise, correct, or exact (p.
准确、正确或准确的状态或质量(p.
16) astronomers (n.)
16) 天文学家 (n.
scientists who study planets, stars, galaxies, and other objects in space (p.
研究太空中的行星,恒星,星系等天体的科学家(p.
16) coincidence (n.)
16) 巧合 (n.
a situation in which similar or related things happen at the same time by accident (p.
类似或相关情况同时发生于意外(p.
12) cosmic (adj.)
12) 宇宙 (adj.
of or relating to the space beyond Earth (p.
空间或与地球以外空间有关的空间(p.
21) light filters (n.)
21) 轻滤波器 (n.
transparent materials that block light of certain wavelengths (p.
透明材料,能阻断某些波长的光(p.
20) obscured (adj.)
20) 模糊(adj.
concealed or covered (p.
隐藏或被覆盖(p.
12) omens (n.)
12) 征兆 (n.
events believed to be signs about the future (p.
据信是未来迹象的事件(p.
5) orbited (v.)
5) 有轨(五.
revolved around another object (p.
围绕另一个对象(p.
17) partial (adj.)
17)部分(adj.
of or relating to a part rather than the whole (p.
或与某一部分而非整个部分有关(p.
13) predict (v.)
13)预测(五.
to say what is going to happen in the future, based on the past or present (p.
根据过去或现在(p.
16) theory (n.)
16) 理论 (n.
a possible explanation that has not been proven true (p.
一种可能的解释,但经证明不属实(p.
17) To learn more about eclipses and find out when you can view one in your area, go to http://eclipse.
17)欲多了解日食情况并了解您何时可以在您所在区域看到日食,请访问http://eclipse.
gsfc.
(原始内容存档于2013-10-12). gsfc.
nasa.
纳萨。
gov/eclipse.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). gov/eclipse.
html.
html (中文(简体) ).