Code Talkers
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Philip Johnston’s Bright Idea.
4 菲利普·约翰斯顿的"明亮思想".
5 Mysterious Messages.
5"神秘传".
7 Why Navajo?
为什么是纳瓦霍?
9 Communicating in Code.
9 以法典进行交流。
11 Unsung Heroes.
11 吴星英雄.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Introduction The date is February 19, 1945.
导言 日期为1945年2月19日.
A platoon of U.
一个排的U。
S.
师曰.
Marines jumps from a landing craft and struggles through the surf to the beach of Iwo Jima island in the Pacific Ocean, not far from Japan.
海军陆战队从登陆艇上跳出并经过冲浪而挣扎到距离日本不远的太平洋硫磺岛海滩.
The marines are greeted by a hail of gunfire from Japanese forces.
海军陆战队受到来自日军的枪声的欢迎.
Unsure of what to do or where to go, the platoon leader radioes his commander for instructions.
排长不知该做什么,不知该去哪里,就把他的指挥官叫来指示.
All will be lost if the enemy learns of the platoon’s plans, but the marines are confident.
如果敌人得知了排的计划,但海军陆战队有信心,一切都会失去。
They have a secret weapon—a team of Navajo (NA-vuh-hoh) radiomen trained to transmit messages in a code no one else can decipher.
他们拥有秘密武器——一支由纳瓦霍(NA-vuh-hoh)无线电员组成的小组,训练他们用无人能破译的密码传送信息。
U.
吴.
S.
师曰.
troops unload supplies at Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945.
1945年2月19日部队在硫磺岛卸货
The Navajo Nation is the largest reservation in the United States.
纳瓦霍民族是美国最大的保留地.
At 27,000 square miles (69,930 sq km), it’s about the size of West Virginia.
在27,000平方英里(69,930平方千米)上,它与西弗吉尼亚州相仿.
Its territory surrounds the smaller Hopi Indian Reservation.
其地盘包围了较小的霍皮印第安人保留地.
Philip Johnston’s Bright Idea In 1942, World War II was raging across the globe.
菲利普·约翰斯顿的"明亮思想"在1942年,二战在全球肆虐.
Many nations, including the United States, had been swept into battle.
包括美国在内的许多国家被卷入了战场。
Communication was vital to keep troops supplied, safe, and ready to do battle.
通信对于保证部队的供给、安全和准备作战至关重要。
However, U.
不过,U.
S.
师曰.
commanders had a serious problem.
指挥官有严重的问题。
Encoded messages sent between units were being intercepted and decoded by the enemy.
各单位之间发送的编码信息被敌人拦截并解码.
The Japanese were especially good at breaking U.
日本人特别擅长突破U.
S.
师曰.
codes.
密码
In some cases, this led to many American casualties.
在某些情况下,这导致许多美国人伤亡.
Newspaper stories about the American military’s radio code struggles caught the attention of Philip Johnston.
美国军方的无线电密码斗争引起了菲利普·约翰斯顿的注意。
Johnston had lived on the Navajo Indian reservation as a child.
Johnston小时候住在纳瓦霍印第安人保留地。
While there, he had learned the Navajo language.
他在那里学习了纳瓦霍语。
Johnston was well aware that few people outside of the isolated tribe understood Navajo.
约翰斯顿非常清楚,孤立的部落之外很少有人理解纳瓦霍.
He also knew that Navajo was a “hidden language”—it was only spoken and had no corresponding written symbols.
他还知道,纳瓦霍语是一种 " 隐蔽语言 " ——它只是口头的,没有相应的书面符号。
These characteristics made it perfect for top-secret communications.
这些特征使得它非常适合绝密的通信.
When he learned about the problems with message encryption, he was sure he knew a way to solve them.
当他得知信息加密的问题时,他肯定知道解决的方法.
Johnston contacted military authorities in California about using a code based on Navajo.
约翰斯顿联系了加利福尼亚的军事当局,涉及使用以纳瓦霍为基础的代码.
At first, leaders were skeptical about the plan.
起初,领导人对该计划持怀疑态度.
However, they finally agreed to a test.
然而,他们最终同意了测试.
If Johnston could show that using Navajo was a fast and secure way to transmit messages, the United States military would try it.
如果约翰斯顿能证明利用纳瓦霍是传递信息的快速而安全的方法,美国军方会尝试.
Philip Johnston in 1944 Philip Johnston (center) in 1904 at around age twelve.
1944年菲利普·约翰斯顿(英语:Philip Johnston (center)),1904年12岁左右.
Johnston moved to the Navajo reservation with his family in 1896.
1896年约翰斯顿随家人搬到了纳瓦霍保留地.
Mysterious Messages Sending hidden messages dates back to ancient times.
有神秘的信息发送隐藏的信息可以追溯到古代.
Early methods used steganography, a way of physically hiding or disguising a message.
早期的方法使用"素描"(stagenography),一种物理上隐藏或伪装信息的方式.
Only the sender and the recipient knew how the message was hidden.
只有发送者和接收者知道消息是如何被隐藏的.
Sometimes messages were concealed with the use of invisible ink, which seems to disappear once it is applied.
有时用隐形墨水来隐藏信息,一旦应用,信息似乎就会消失.
Later, heat or chemicals would make the ink visible—and the message clear.
后来,热能或化学物质会让墨水清晰可见,
Other steganographic methods were more unusual.
其他的素描方法更是不寻常。
One used by ancient Greeks involved shaving a messenger’s head, tattooing words there, and then waiting for his hair to grow back and cover the message.
古希腊人使用的一个方法包括剃去信使的头,在那里纹出文字,然后等他的头发长回并覆盖信息.
The messenger then traveled to the recipient, who would shave his head to read the message!
信使随后前往收信人,将剃去头去读信!
Most modern coding systems use cryptographic methods.
大多数现代编码系统使用密码学方法.
With these methods, the message itself is not hidden, but its meaning is.
通过这些方法,信息本身并不被隐藏,但其含义是.
Even if the message falls into the wrong hands, the reader must know the code in order to understand it.
即使信息落入了坏人手中,读者也必须知道代码才能理解.
Cipher Text How does cryptography work?
密码文本 密码学是怎么工作的?
Here are two different ways to encode the message “Send help now.”
这里有两种不同的方式来编码“现在发送帮助”。 “
Substitution: A method called the Caesar Cipher involves swapping out each letter in the message for another.
替换: 一种叫做"凯撒密码"的方法 涉及将信息中每个字母换成另一个字母
Used by the ancient Roman emperor Julius Caesar, it involves swapping letters by simply shifting the alphabet.
被古罗马皇帝尤利乌斯·凯撒所使用,它涉及通过简单地转换字母表来交换字母.
Here, each letter will shift three letters to the left.
在这里,每个字母会将三个字母向左移动.
“Send help now” becomes “PBKA EBIM KLT.”
“现在提供帮助”改为“PBKA EBIM KLT”。 “
Transposition: Another method of coding a message involves scrambling the letters.
转换 : 另一种对消息进行编码的方法涉及对信件进行拼接.
An example is the Rail Fence Cipher.
铁路栅栏塞弗就是一个例子。
The message is encoded by writing the words alternating on two or more lines, then putting the lines together.
信息通过将交替的词写入两行或多行来编码,然后将行组合起来.
“Send help now” becomes “SNEPNW EDHLO.”
“现在提供帮助”改为“SNEPNW EDHLO”。 “
At the start of World War II, American military cryptographers constantly changed coding techniques.
二战开始时,美国军事密码学家不断改变编码技术.
They even tried using coded American slang, yet their efforts consistently failed.
他们甚至尝试使用密码化的美国名词,然而他们的努力却一直失败.
Many Japanese students had been educated in the United States and were familiar with American English.
许多日本学生在美国接受教育并熟悉美国英语.
The Japanese code breakers cracked messages almost as quickly as the Americans transmitted them.
日本的密码破解器 破解消息几乎和美国人传送的一样快
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W S N E P N W E D H L OWhen invisible ink is made visible, the “real” message appears (here, in white).
克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克. O 当无形的墨水被显出时,“真正的”信息就会出现(这里,白色)。
Why Navajo?
为什么是纳瓦霍?
The idea of using a Native American language was not new.
使用美国原住民语言的想法并不新鲜.
During World War I, the United States had used several Native American languages to successfully transmit messages.
在一战期间,美国曾使用多種美洲原住民语言来成功传递消息.
Cherokee soldiers helped the 30th Infantry Division send messages from the battlefield during the Second Battle of the Somme.
切罗基士兵在索姆河第二次战役中帮助第30步兵师从战场传递信息.
Choctaw men from the army’s 36th Infantry Division used code to help Allied forces win important battles in France.
陆军第36步兵师的乔克托夫人用密码帮助盟军在法国赢得了重要的战斗.
Comanche codes helped as well.
Comanche代码也有帮助。
With such successes using these languages, why did the military switch to Navajo during World War II?
有了这些使用这些语言的成功,为什么军队在二战期间改用纳瓦霍?
The answer mainly lies with Adolf Hitler, Germany’s ruler from 1933 to 1945.
答案主要在于1933年至1945年德国统治者阿道夫·希特勒.
Hitler knew that the United States had used Choctaw successfully during the previous conflict.
希特勒知道美国在前一次冲突期间成功使用乔克陶.
He wanted to make sure they didn’t do so again.
他希望能确保他们不再这样做。
After World War I, Hitler sent German students to the United States to learn about different Native American languages.
第一次世界大战后,希特勒派德国留学生去美国学习不同的美国原住民语言.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
military was aware of this and knew that Japan had sent students to study these languages as well.
军方意识到这一点,知道日本也派学生去学习这些语言.
For a brief time, U.
短暂地,U.
S.
师曰.
armed forces tried using Native Americans from the Meskwaki tribe.
武装部队试图使用来自梅斯克瓦基部落的美洲原住民。
They even attempted to train servicemen of Basque descent to act as code talkers.
他们甚至试图训练巴斯克裔的军人充当密码谈话员.
The populations of these two groups were small, however, resulting in a shortage of eligible native speakers.
然而,这两个群体的人口很少,导致缺乏合格的母语使用者。
Navajo men were numerous and willing to help.
纳瓦霍人很多,愿意帮助。
Even better, any students—German or Japanese—would have had a hard time learning Navajo.
更糟糕的是,任何学生,无论是德国学生还是日本学生,都难以学习纳瓦霍。
Unlike other Native American languages, Navajo was not an Amerindian language.
与其他美洲原住民语言不同,纳瓦霍语并非美洲印第安人语言.
Navajo (and Apache) belongs to the Na-Dene (nah-de- NAY) language family.
纳瓦霍语(和阿帕奇语)属于纳-德涅语系(nah-de-NAY).
At the time, little had been written about that language family.
当时,关于该语言家庭的记载很少。
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Marines had confidence that no one outside the United States would understand the Navajo code.
海军陆战队相信,美国以外的任何人都不会理解纳瓦霍法典.
Communicating in Code Johnston recruited twenty-nine men for an all-Navajo marine platoon.
以代码Johnston的通讯方式招募了29名男子参加全纳瓦霍海军陆战队.
The Navajo soldiers worked with the Field Signal School to come up with a system for coding messages that was based on their language.
纳瓦霍人士兵与野战信号学校合作,提出一个基于他们语言的信息编码系统.
The coding system had two parts.
编码系统有两个部分。
The first part used the Navajo translation of English words to stand for letters.
第一部分使用英语单词的纳瓦霍语翻译来代表字母.
For example, the Navajo word for “bear” is shush, so the word shush was used for the letter B.
例如,"熊"的纳瓦霍词是shush,所以shush一词用于字母B.
The second part of the system assigned new military meanings to a list of 211 Navajo words.
该系统的第二部分将新的军事意义分配给了由211个纳瓦霍词组成的列表.
Those Navajo words were often based on the appearance or function of what each one was describing.
这些纳瓦霍语往往基于每个人所描述的外表或功能。
For example, owl was used for “observation plane.”
例如,猫头鹰被用于“观测平面”。 “
The Navajo word for shark meant “destroyer.”
纳瓦霍对鲨鱼的用词是“destroyer”。 “
A “submarine” was called an iron fish.
一种叫作"潜"的"铁鱼".
Navajo servicemen were trained from an early age to listen to and learn the stories of their people.
纳瓦霍军人从小接受训练,倾听并学习自己人的故事.
They not only had incredible memories, they were also exceptional listeners.
他们不仅有令人难以置信的记忆,也是非凡的听众。
Since Navajo has a strong oral tradition, the Navajo soldiers had no problem memorizing this new vocabulary.
由于纳瓦霍语有很强的口述传统,纳瓦霍人士兵对这一新词汇的记忆没有问题.
Two Navajo soldiers relay orders over a field radio using the Navajo code.
两名纳瓦霍士兵通过使用纳瓦霍密码的野战电台转发命令.
In some cases, the soldiers already knew each other from living on the same reservation.
在某些情况下,士兵们从住在同一个保留地上就已经认识了。
These two were cousins.
这两位是堂兄弟.
The Navajo Code Talkers’ Dictionary ALPHABET CODE Letter Navajo Word Navajo Meaning A wol-la-chee ant B shush bear C moasi cat D be deer E dzeh elk F tsa-e-donin-ee fly COMMON WORDS Word Navajo Word Navajo Meaning squad debeh-li-zini black sheep commanding officer hash-kay-gi-na-tah war chief dive bomber gini chicken hawk battleship lo-tso whale bombs a-ye-shi eggs You can see how confusing this must have been to the enemy!
纳瓦霍法典讲解者词典 ALPHABET CODE 信件 Navajo Word Navajo 意义 雄鹿出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出击出 你可以看到这对敌人来说有多混乱!
Unsung Heroes The Navajo code talkers played an important role in several battles fought in the Pacific during World War II.
无名英雄 纳瓦霍密码谈话者在二战期间太平洋战役的多起战斗中发挥了重要作用.
The Japanese could not make heads or tails of the code.
日本人无法制作代码的头部或尾部.
Even after Japan surrendered to the United States on September 2, 1945, the code remained a government secret.
即使在1945年9月2日日本向美国投降后,密码仍为政府机密.
The code talkers could not speak about their experiences.
密码谈话者不能谈论他们的经历。
They remained silent for years.
他们多年来一直保持沉默。
The code talkers’ loyalty and patriotism were especially noteworthy given the difficult lives they returned to after the war.
密码谈话者的忠诚和爱国精神尤其值得一提,因为他们在战后回到了艰难的生活。
Jobs were hard to find for many former soldiers, and Native Americans often faced discrimination.
许多前士兵很难找到工作,美洲原住民往往面临歧视。
Although the United States had extended citizenship to all Native American people in 1924, many tribes were denied the right to vote by individual states.
虽然美国在1924年将公民权扩展到了所有美洲原住民,但许多部落却被个别州剥夺了选举权.
The right to vote wasn’t actually guaranteed to all Native Americans until forty years later.
投票权实际上没有保障,
A Vote = A Voice Until 1965, individual states were able to use various methods to keep Native Americans and other minorities from voting.
A票=声音 直到1965年,各个州都能够使用各种方法来阻止美洲原住民和其他少数民族投票.
The Voting Rights Act outlawed all of that, making it possible for minorities to actually exercise their right to vote.
表决权 法案宣布所有这一切为非法,使少数群体能够实际行使其投票权。
After a brief training period, Johnston’s plan was ready to be tested.
经过短暂的训练期后,约翰斯通的计划准备接受测试.
The signal corps conducted time trials to test how quickly and accurately the Navajo soldiers could transmit radio messages.
信号团进行了时间试验,以测试纳瓦霍士兵能够传送无线电信息的速度和准确性。
The results were astounding.
结果令人吃惊。
The code talkers could do in seconds what traditional coders needed half an hour to do!
密码员可以马上做 传统密码员需要半小时做的工作!
The military immediately adopted the code and began training more code talkers.
军方立即采纳了这个代码,并开始训练更多的代码谈话者.
Many Navajo men were eager to serve.
许多纳瓦霍人渴望服役.
In total, more than four hundred Navajo code talkers served brilliantly in the Pacific.
总共有400多名纳瓦霍密码谈话者在太平洋出色地服务.
During one of the biggest battles of the war, the Battle of Iwo Jima, six code talkers sent and received more than eight hundred messages in the heat of combat without a single error.
在这场战争中最大的战役之一"硫磺岛之战"中,有6名密码谈话者在战火中发出并收到了800多条信息,没有一次出错.
One of those code talkers, Keith Little, described his contribution to the battle: “My weapon was my language, and that language probably saved countless lives.”
其中一位密码谈话家Keith Little描述了他对这场战斗的贡献: “我的武器是我的语言,该语言可能拯救了无数人的生命。 “
Keith Little speaks at a 2009 book signing with fellow Navajo code talkers.
Keith Little在2009年与纳瓦霍兄弟的 密码谈话者签署书时发言.
Little died in 2012 at age 87.
Little于2012年去世,享年87岁.
Finally, in 1968, the secrecy surrounding the code talker program ended.
最后,在1968年,围绕代码说客程序的秘密结束了.
The world then learned about the amazing contributions of these men.
世人随后得知了这些人的惊人贡献.
In December of 2000, President Clinton signed a law awarding the Congressional Gold Medal to the twenty-nine original Navajo code talkers.
2000年12月,克林顿总统签署一项法律,将国会金质奖章授予29名原始的纳瓦霍法典谈话者.
In a 2001 ceremony at the U.
在2001年的U大典礼上.
S.
师曰.
Capitol, President Bush presented medals to four of the five surviving members of that group.
布什总统在首都向该集团5名幸存成员中的4名颁发了奖章。
The unusual Navajo language and the honorable actions of the code talkers contributed to the success of the code and, in turn, to victory during the war.
不寻常的"纳瓦霍"语言和"代码谈话者"的光荣行动为"代码"的成功做出了贡献,并进而为战争中的胜利做出了贡献.
To this day, it is the only spoken military code that has never been broken.
直到今天,这是唯一一个从未被打破的口头军事守则。
Glossary casualties (n.)
词汇伤亡(n.)
people wounded or killed during a war, accident, or disaster (p.
在战争、事故或灾难中受伤或死亡的人(p.
5) code talkers (n.)
5) 密码谈话者 (n.
Native American soldiers who used their native language as a code during World Wars I and II (p.
在一战和二战期间使用自己母语作为代码的美国原住民士兵(p.
10) cryptographic of or relating to the use of a cipher (adj.)
10) 密码或与密码的使用有关的密码(adj.
or code for the reading or writing of secret messages (p.
或读取或写出秘密信息的代码(p.
7) decipher (v.)
7) 解码器 (v.
to make out the meaning of something that is difficult to understand; to decode (p.
以说明难以理解的东西的含义; 解码(p.
4) discrimination the unfair treatment of a person (n.)
4)歧视一个人的不公平待遇(n.
or group based on gender, race, age, religion, or other differences (p.
或基于性别、种族、年龄、宗教或其他差异的团体(p.
14) encryption (n.)
14) 加密 (n.
the act of coding a message in order to hide its meaning (p.
为隐藏信息的含义而编码信息的行为(p.
5) intercepted (v.)
5)被截获(五.
stopped or took a message that was traveling from one place to another (p.
停止或删除了从一个地方到另一个地方的信息(p.
5) Navajo (n.)
5) 纳瓦霍 (n.
a member of a Native American people in the Southwest; the language of these people (p.
西南地区美洲原住民成员;这些人的语言(p.
4) recipient (n.)
4) 收受者(n.
one who receives something (p.
收受一分钱(p.
7) reservation (n.)
7) 保留(不详)
land set aside by the U.
被美国占领的土地
S.
师曰.
government for Native Americans (p.
美洲原住民政府(p.
5) translation (n.)
5) 翻译 (n.
words from one language that have been changed to another language (p.
从一个语言变为另一个语言(p.
11) transmit (v.)
11) 传送(五.
to pass something from one person to another (p.
从一个人传递到另一个人(p.
4) The Code Talkers Recognition Act Signed into law in 2008, this act states that at “.
4) 2008年签署并成为法律的《讲解者法承认法》规定:“......”。
a time when Indians were discouraged from practicing their native culture, a few brave men used their cultural heritage, their language, to help change the course of history.”
那时,印度人被劝阻不要实践他们的本土文化,少数勇敢的人利用他们的文化遗产,语言,帮助改变历史进程. “
President George W.
乔治·W.
Bush shakes hands with John Brown Jr.
布什与小约翰·布朗握手.
at the Navajo Code Talkers Congressional Gold Medal ceremony in 2001.
在2001年的纳瓦霍法典演讲者国会金质奖章仪式上.