All About Bones

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Body Shapers Lizards have one.

形状 蜥蜴有一个。

Elephants have one.

大象有一个。

Even fish have one.

鱼也有一个

You have one, too!

你也有一个!

What do you all have?

你们都有什么?

You all have skeletons.

你们都有骨架

Skeletons are the bones inside animals’ bodies.

骨骼是动物体内的骨头。

The skeleton is a frame that has muscles, blood vessels, and skin wrapped around it.

骨架是一个有肌肉,血管,和被包裹的皮肤的框.

Skeletons give vertebrates—humans and many other animals—their shape.

斯凯勒顿给脊椎动物——人类和许多其他动物——它们的外形.

You can identify many animals just by looking at their skeletons.

你可以通过观察许多动物的骨骼来识别它们。

Heads Up Press your hand against your forehead—the part of your face above your eyebrows.

把你的手放在你的前额上,即你眉毛上方的脸部。

Your forehead feels hard because you can feel your skull, or cranium, under the skin.

你的额头感觉很硬,因为你可以感觉到你的头骨,或者颅骨,在皮肤下.

The cranium is one set of bones in your body.

颅骨是你体内一具骨头

It protects your brain, a very important and very soft organ.

它保护你的大脑, 一个非常重要和非常柔软的器官。

The cranium is like a crash helmet, except that it is not as strong.

颅骨像一顶相撞头盔,只是没有那么坚固.

For that reason, you need to wear a helmet when you play some sports.

为此,在运动时需要戴头盔.

These racers wear helmets to protect their skulls.

这些赛车手会戴头盔来保护头骨.

The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, starting at the top with the skull and ending at the bottom with the toe bones.

人骨架由206个骨骼组成,从头骨起于顶部,从脚趾骨起于底部.

Many bones have muscles attached to them by tendons.

许多骨骼有肌肉被阴茎附着在上.

These bones help us move.

这些骨头帮助我们移动。

Some bones protect soft organs inside our bodies, such as the heart and the brain.

一些骨骼保护了我们体内的软器官,如心脏和大脑.

Many large bones have special areas in the center that make blood cells.

许多大骨骼在中心有特殊区域能使出血细胞.

Tissues called ligaments connect the bones to make up the skeleton.

被称为"韧带"的组织将骨骼相接来构成骨架.

To learn how bones work, let’s take a closer look at specific body areas.

让我们仔细看看具体的身体区域。

Ligaments hold the hand and foot bones together.

韧带将手足骨相接.

If you feel around your head, your skull seems to be one piece.

如果你头部有感觉,你的头骨似乎只是一块.

Actually, though, the skull is made up of many different bones.

实际上,虽然头骨是由许多不同的骨头所组成的.

The bones come together at special joints called sutures.

骨头聚集在特殊的关节,称为缝合.

Unlike other joints, sutures don’t move much.

与其它关节不同,缝合不怎么动.

Remember touching your forehead?

记得摸你的额头吗?

This part of the skull is the frontal bone.

颅骨的这一部分是前骨.

The ridge of bone above your eyes is the supraorbital ridge.

眼睛上方的骨头脊是超轨道的脊.

The largest part of your skull covers the top and back of your head.

你头骨最大的部分 覆盖了你的上后脑勺

These two bones are the parietal (puh-RY-eh-tul) bones.

这两块骨头是鹦鹉骨(puh-RY-eh-tul).

The part of your skull just above your neck in the back is the occipital (awk-SIP-ih-tul) bone, and the sides of the skull, above the ears, are the temporal bones.

你头骨正上方的后颈是骨骼(awk-SIP-ih-tul),而头骨的侧面是耳部上方是时间骨骼.

Major Skull Bones In all, your skull has twenty-two bones, not counting the six in your middle ears and one in your throat.

骷髅骨少校 总而言之,你的头骨有二十二个骨骼,不计中耳有六分,喉有一分.

Under your cheeks, you can feel your cheekbones, or zygomatic bones.

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Your jaw is made up of two bones—the upper jaw, or maxilla, and the lower jaw, or mandible.

你的下巴由上下巴、下巴、下巴或可修补的两根骨头组成。

The lower jaw is one of the few bones in your skull that can move on its own.

下颚是您头骨中为数不多的能自行移动的骨头之一.

Bones Bonus Your ears also have bones—the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which are attached to the eardrum.

Bones 奖金 你们的耳朵也有骨骼,有锤子;有vil子;有 stir子;有 stir子;有 attached子;

These bones are the tiniest bones in your body.

这些骨头是你体内最微小的骨头

When the eardrum picks up sounds and vibrates, the eardrum moves the hammer.

当耳膜接起声音并震动后,耳膜会移动锤子.

The hammer then vibrates, which makes the anvil vibrate, which in turn pushes the stirrup.

锤子会震动,使阴道震动,而阴道震动又会推倒起起起动.

Nerves detect these vibrations and send them to the brain, which makes meaning of the sounds.

神经会探测出这些振动并送入大脑,这让声音具有意义.

If you look at a skeleton, you might see something missing from its face—a nose.

如果你看到一具骨架,你可能会看到它的脸上缺少的东西——一鼻子.

The part of your nose that sticks out is not made of bone but rather of a tissue called cartilage (CAR-tih-ledj).

你鼻子上粘出的部分不是由骨骼所成,而是被称作软骨(CAR-tih-ledj)的组织所成.

Touch your nose and move it around.

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Cartilage, unlike your bones, can bend.

与你的骨头不同,软骨可以弯曲.

Cartilage, which is also found at the ends of bones, keeps them from rubbing together.

软骨也存在于骨骼的端部,可以防止它们一起被擦去.

Skeletons also have teeth, but teeth are not bones.

斯凯莱通斯也有牙齿,但牙齿不是骨头.

Teeth are harder than bones.

牙齿比骨头更硬.

The outside of a tooth is made of a substance called enamel.

牙的外出由一种叫纳梅尔的物质所制取.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.

Enamel是体内最难的物质.

Cartilage is softer than bones, but teeth are harder.

软骨比骨骼柔软,但牙齿更硬.

Put Your Back Into It The skull connects to the backbone, also called the spinal column.

头骨与骨干相连,也叫脊柱.

You can feel the first few parts of the spinal column along the back of your neck.

你可以感觉到脊柱上沿后颈部的前几个部分.

The ridges of the spinal column continue down your back, all the way to your hips.

脊柱的脊柱会继续从你的后部,一直到你的臀部.

These ridges, called vertebrae (VER-teh-bray), are the individual bones of your backbone.

这些脊椎被称作"椎"(VER-teh-bray),是您脊椎的单个骨骼.

The backbone has thirty-three vertebrae.

骨干有三十三椎.

Seven vertebrae—the cervical vertebrae—are in the neck.

颈部有7个椎骨,即颈椎。

Twelve vertebrae run from the top of your back to about the middle of your back.

十二椎从背上起跑至背上中左右.

They are the thoracic (thor-AH-sik) vertebrae.

他们是胸椎(thor-AH-sik)椎骨.

Five lumbar vertebrae are at the back of your waist, followed by five fused sacral vertebrae, which sit between your hips.

腰后有5个腰椎,后有5个被引信的圣椎,位于臀部之间.

The remaining vertebrae form the coccyx (KOK-siks) at the bottom of your spinal column.

所剩的椎骨会形成脊柱下部的coccyx(KOK-siks).

Bones Bonus The top two vertebrae are the atlas and axis.

Bones 奖金 上两个椎是地图和轴.

These two vertebrae allow you to nod and shake your head.

这两个脊椎可以让你点头摇头.

The skull is not the only set of bones attached to the backbone; the ribs and pelvic bones are attached to it, too.

颅骨不是骨干上唯一附着的骨骼;肋骨和骨盆骨也附着于骨骼上.

Along with giving shape to your chest, the ribs protect the lungs and heart.

与给胸口以外形相伴,肋骨能保护肺和心.

If you bang your chest, your lungs and heart don’t get squashed because the ribs provide a sturdy wall around them.

肺和心不会被压扁,

Your rib cage has twelve bones on each side, each of which is connected to one of the twelve thoracic vertebrae.

你的肋骨笼每边有十二个骨骼,每个骨骼都与十二胸椎中的一个相接.

Front View Side View spinal column ribs clavicle pelvis scapula Your spinal column has two important jobs.

前视图边 查看脊柱肋骨 你的脊柱有两个重要的工作。

First, it protects the soft spinal cord, which runs through the vertebrae.

首先,它保护了通通脊椎的软脊.

The spinal cord is the place where all the nerves in your body meet to send information to your brain.

脊髓是身体中所有神经相会的地方,用来将信息传送到大脑.

The spinal column also allows you to bend, twist, roll, and flip.

脊柱还允许您弯曲,扭曲,翻转和翻转.

Because the backbone is a chain of bones instead of one solid bone, it is very flexible and can move in many directions.

由于骨干是一连串的骨骼而不是一而再而三地坚固的骨骼,因此它非常灵活,可以向许多方向移动.

And Now the Appendages Your arms and hands, legs and feet—your appendages—allow you to perform different activities.

现在的附录 你的手、手、腿、脚、附着物,都许可你从事各种工作。

Your arms and hands allow you to lift and hold things, while your legs and feet help you to move around.

手臂和手可以让你抬起并握住东西,而腿和脚可以帮助你移动.

These actions are possible in part because of the bones inside your appendages.

这些行动之所以可能,部分是因为你的附属物中的骨头。

Your arms each contain three bones—the humerus, the radius, and the ulna.

你的手臂各有三根骨骼——胡默鲁斯,半径和乌纳.

The humerus is the upper-arm bone, attached at the top to the shoulder.

hum是上臂骨,上部被接入肩上.

The radius and the ulna make up the lower part of the arm, between the elbow and wrist.

半径和乌鸦构成手臂下部,在肘和腕之间.

These kids use their arms to help hold themselves up.

这些孩子用手臂扶起自己

Near the top end of the spinal column, you will also find a scapula and clavicle on each side.

在脊柱上端附近,会发现两侧各有一副相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相接相接相接相接相接相相接相相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相

Scapula is the technical term for the shoulder blade, and clavicle is the technical term for the collarbone.

Scapula是肩部叶片的技术名词,而锁骨是锁骨的技术名词.

The scapula and the clavicle make up the shoulder.

须弥相与克克克相接而起.

Near the bottom of the spinal column, two hip bones form the pelvis.

脊柱下部附近有两根臀骨组成骨盆.

On each side, a pelvic bone looks like a shallow dish or bowl.

每边有盆骨外观为浅道或碗.

That’s because it holds your intestines and other lower-body organs.

因为它能控制你的肠道和其他下体器官。

Boning Up The skeleton of a newborn baby is not the same as the skeleton of an adult.

击出 新生儿的骨架与成年人的骨架不同.

An unborn baby has cartilage instead of bones.

未出世的婴儿有软骨而不是骨骼.

As the unborn baby grows and develops, the cartilage hardens and turns to bone.

随着未出世婴儿的生长和发育,软骨会硬化并变成骨骼.

By the time the baby is born, most of the cartilage has become bone.

至婴儿出世后,大部分软骨已经变成骨骼.

As babies become children and then adults, their bones continue to harden or even join together.

随着婴儿成为了孩子,然后成为了成年人,他们的骨头会继续硬化,甚至连在一起.

One of the last sets of bones to join together is the group that makes up the pelvis.

后一组骨相接是组成骨盆的组分.

These bones become one solid structure when a person is in his or her late teens or early twenties.

当一个人十多岁或二十多来岁时,这些骨骼就成为一个坚实的结构。

The bones of the legs and feet are similar to the bones of the arms and hands.

腿和脚的骨骼与手臂和手的骨骼相类似.

The top portion of the leg is one solid bone, called the thighbone, or femur.

腿上部为一根实骨,称为大腿骨,或为股骨.

The bottom part of the leg has two bones—the shinbone, or tibia, and the fibula.

腿下部有两根骨骼——shin骨(shinbone),即t骨(tibia)和纤维骨.

Between the upper and lower parts of the leg is one more bone—the kneecap, or patella.

腿上下部之间还有一具骨 -- -- 膝盖盖,或帕特拉。

The kneecap lies over the knee joint, protecting the tendons beneath it that allow the leg to bend.

膝盖位于膝关节上方,保护了能使腿弯曲的下垂.

Bones Bonus The longest, strongest, and largest bone in your body is in your leg.

Bones 奖金 身体中最长,最强,最大的骨头就在你的腿上.

It’s the thighbone, or femur.

是大腿骨或股骨。

The femur extends from the pelvis to the knee.

股骨从骨盆延伸至膝盖.

To break the femur requires a large amount of force—for example, you would have to fall from a great height or have a high-speed collision while skiing or skating.

要打碎股骨,需要大量的力量——例如,在滑雪或花样滑冰时,你必须从高地摔倒或高速相撞。

Bones of a runner’s leg Your wrist and hand together have more bones than any other part of your body—twenty-seven!

跑腿的骨头 你的手腕和手的骨骼,比身体的任何部分都要多。

That’s a total of fifty-four bones for both hands.

这是两只手总共54个骨头。

Because wrists and hands have so many bones, they are very flexible and precise, allowing us to do complex activities such as writing, drawing, playing the piano, and tying shoelaces.

因为手腕和手有这么多的骨头,它们非常灵活而精确,让我们可以做一些复杂的活动,比如写作,绘画,弹钢琴,和绑鞋带等.

An X-ray of a hand Many for Manipulating Your fingers may be smaller than your arms, but they have more bones.

手的X光 用来操纵你的手指可能比手臂小 但骨头更多

Here’s how the number of bones in each part of your arms and hands compare.

以下是你手臂和手的骨头数量对比。

Don’t Get Out of Joint Along with 206 bones, the adult human body has over 100 joints.

成人身体有超过100个关节。

Joints are the places where bones meet.

关节是骨头相会的地方.

Bones are hard and unbending, but because bones are connected at joints, our bodies can bend and twist.

骨头是坚硬而无穷的,但是由于骨头在关节相接,我们的身体可以弯曲和扭动.

Your joints allow you to bend and twist into unusual positions.

你的关节让你弯曲和曲折 进入不寻常的位置。

Bones Bonus Sometimes we say that people are double-jointed, which doesn’t mean that they have two joints instead of one.

Bones 奖金 有时我们说人们是双联的,

Double-jointed people are more flexible than the average person because the ligaments between their joints are looser.

双关节人比一般人更灵活,因为关节之间的韧带更松.

These loose ligaments allow them to bend in unusual ways.

这些松散的韧带使它们能以不寻常的方式弯曲.

Like the hand, the foot is a complex collection of many bones.

和手一样,脚也是一种由许多骨骼组成的复杂集合.

Each foot has only one less bone than a hand—twenty-six—for a total of fifty-two bones for both feet.

每只脚的骨骼只比一只手少一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分分一分一分一分分一分一分分分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分分一分一分分分分分分分分分分分分分去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去

The ankle and heel of a foot have seven tarsal bones, and the ball of a foot has five metatarsal bones.

脚踝和脚跟有7个被子骨,一脚的球有5个被子骨.

Like the hand, the foot has fourteen phalanges—two for the big toe and three each for the remaining toes.

和手一样,脚有14个长发——大脚趾有2个,其余脚趾各有3个.

Skin and tissue on the bottoms, or soles, of the feet protect the bones from the impact of jumping and running.

脚下或脚底的外皮和组织能保护骨骼免受跳跃和跑动所撞击.

Foot bones are cushioned by the skin and tissue around them so they don’t break when you run, jump, and hop.

脚骨被周围的皮肤和组织所衬住,

Inside Your Bones It might seem as if bones are hard and dead, like rocks, but that is not the case.

在你的骨头里 骨骼好像硬而死,像石头一样,但情况并非如此。

Bones are alive with millions of bone cells that need oxygen and food to survive, just like other types of cells.

骨头活生生的有数百万个需要氧气和食物来生存的骨细胞,就像其他类型的细胞一样.

On the outside, a bone is hard and solid.

外出一骨坚硬坚固.

This outer layer is the compact bone.

这个外层是紧凑的骨头.

Below the compact bone is the spongy bone, which has holes to keep the bones light so our muscles can lift them.

收缩骨下方是海绵骨 它有孔可以使骨头发光 这样我们的肌肉就能抬起它们

Inside the spongy bone is bone marrow.

海绵骨内部是骨髓.

Bone marrow is the place where the body makes blood cells.

骨髓是人体出血细胞的地方.

The bone marrow in a typical adult produces more than 50 billion red blood cells every day!

典型成年人的骨髓每天出产500多亿个红血球!.

Not all joints are the same.

并不是所有的关节都是相同的.

The joint where the humerus connects to the shoulder bone is a ball-and-socket joint.

胡默鲁斯与肩骨相接的关节为一球接口.

The connection between the femur and the pelvis is another joint of this type.

股骨与骨盆的连接是这种类型的又一关节.

The top end of the humerus has a ball shape.

胡默鲁斯顶端有球形.

This ball fits snugly into a round socket in the shoulder.

这颗球紧紧地接入了肩部的圆形插座.

The same is true for the femur, which fits into the pelvis.

对股骨来说也是如此,它符合骨盆.

The elbow joint and the knee joint are hinge joints.

肘关节和膝关节是关节.

Hinge joints can only bend in one direction.

兴格关节只能向一个方向弯曲.

The joints between the vertebrae of your spine are swivel joints, which tilt and turn.

脊椎之间的关节为摇摆的关节,会倾斜而转.

Sutures connect the skull bones but do not allow much movement.

缝口连接了颅骨,但不允许多动.

Bones need to stay healthy to remain strong.

骨头要保持健康才能保持强壮

Exercising regularly is the best way to keep your bones in good working order.

定期锻炼是让你的骨头保持良好工作状态的最佳方法.

Eating a well-balanced diet helps the bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells.

食用平衡的饮食能帮助骨髓产生健康的出血细胞.

Legumes (such as pinto beans or peas), other vegetables, and fruits are good for your bones.

豆子(如平豆或豌豆),其他蔬菜和水果对骨骼都有好处。

Foods rich in calcium, such as dairy products and fortified soy milk, rice milk, and orange juice, can also help bones to grow.

富含钙的食品,如乳制品和强化豆奶,米奶,和橙汁等也能够帮助骨骼生长.

Your bones give your body its shape, and they also give you much more.

你的骨骼让你的身体呈现出它的形状,它们也给你更多的.

They give you the ability to move, sit, stand, and write.

他们给你能力 移动,坐,站,写。

You wouldn’t be you without your bones!

没有骨头,

Bones help you do all kinds of fun activities.

Bones帮助你从事各种有趣的活动.

Keeping Bones Healthy Even though bones are very strong, they can break if they are hit hard enough.

保持骨头健康 虽然骨骼非常坚固,但如果被打得足够重,可以打碎.

Healing a broken bone requires a little help from a doctor and a great deal of help from bone cells.

治愈骨折需要医生的一点帮助和骨细胞的大量帮助.

For a bone to heal correctly, the bone must be put back the way it was before the break.

骨要正确愈合,必须像断前一样放回骨骼.

Doctors may need to move around the broken bones to put them back together.

医生可能需要移动 周围的断骨 把它们重新组合。

Then they place a cast around the body part where the bone was broken.

然后在骨折的地方 放置了一块石膏

The cast keeps the body part from moving so the bone has time to heal.

铸币使身体部位无法移动,使骨骼有时间治愈.

As soon as a bone breaks, bone cells begin repairing it.

一旦骨折,骨细胞就开始修复.

Holding the broken bone in place with a cast allows the bone cells to do their job.

将被折断的骨头用铸块固定在原地,使骨细胞能够完成任务.

A cast helps hold a broken bone in place so it can heal.

铸件可以帮助将骨折的骨骼固定在原地,使其能痊愈.