When You Flush?

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents Introduction.

导言表。

4 Where Does Waste Come From?

4 废物从哪里来?

Where Does It Go?

它会去哪儿?

5 Inside the Treatment Plant.

5 治疗厂内部。

7 The Septic System—Another Way to Deal with Waste.

7 化粪池系统—— 另一种处理废物的方法。

10 Sewage Through the Ages.

10个世纪的污水。

12 Glossary.

12 词汇表。

16 Introduction SWOOSH!

16 介绍 SWOOSH!

You hear this sound every time you flush a toilet.

你每次冲厕所都听到这个声音

Did you ever stop to wonder where everything that you flush down winds up?

你曾经停下来 想知道你冲下的所有东西在哪里?

Getting rid of waste involves more than just pushing the lever on a toilet.

清除废物不仅仅是把杠杆推到厕所上。

In fact, it often involves a highly complex process.

事实上,它往往涉及一个非常复杂的过程。

That process can stretch over (or under) many miles in your community.

这个过程可以伸展到你社区的许多英里(或更低).

maximum levels.

最高水平。

begin to refill.

开始重新填充。

their maximum levels.

他们的最高水平。

First, the Flush 2 When the toilet is flushed, the valve opens, and clean tank water passes into the bowl.

首先,Flush号 2,厕所被冲出后,阀门会打开,清洁的罐水会传入碗中.

Dirty water passes down the trap.

脏水从陷阱中流出

Where Does Waste Come From?

废物从哪里来?

Where Does It Go?

它会去哪儿?

Human waste comes in many forms and from many different places.

人类的废物有多种形式,并且来自许多不同的地方.

It is all referred to as sewage.

这被称为污水。

In typical households, it is created by using the toilet, taking showers, doing the dishes, washing clothes, and by other activities that make water dirty.

在典型的家庭中,通过使用厕所,淋浴,做菜,洗衣服等使水脏的活动来创造出水.

The average American turns about 100 gallons (380 L) of water into sewage each day.

美国平均每天将约100加仑(380升)的水变成下水道.

Many factories use chemicals, some of them toxic, to make their products, and chemical waste becomes sewage, too.

许多工厂使用化学品,其中一些有毒,来制造产品,化学废物也变成污水。

Restaurants create waste when they use chemicals to wash dishes or pour grease down the drain.

餐馆在使用化学物质来洗碗或将油脂倒入下水道时会产生浪费.

This waste could eventually reach our rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater—the fresh water we rely on every day—making them unsafe to drink.

这种废物最终可能到达我们的河流、水库和地下水——我们每天依赖的淡水——使它们无法安全地饮用。

What Makes Up My Sewage?

什么让我的污水?

This information comes from a 2016 survey that sampled 23,749 homes spread throughout the United States.

这些信息出自2016年的一项调查,该调查抽样调查了23,749所分散在美国各地的住宅.

Toilet 24%Shower 20% Faucet 19% Clothes washer 17% Leaks 12% Other 4% Bath 3% Dishwasher 1% More than two billion people around the globe have no flush toilets or sewerage systems.

厕所 24% Shower 20% Faucet 19% 衣服 17% 泄漏 12% 其他 4% 浴室 3% 迪斯瓦舍 全球有20多亿人没有冲水厕所或下水道系统。

Most of their waste either piles up on the land or runs into lakes and rivers.

大部分的废物或者堆积在地上,或者流入湖泊和河流.

This creates dangerous environments full of terrible diseases.

这造成了充满了可怕疾病的危险环境。

In fact, millions of people die each year from diseases that come from untreated sewage.

事实上,每年有数百万人死于未经处理的污水造成的疾病。

Experts are working hard to solve this problem, but it is a huge task.

专家正在努力解决这一问题,但这是一项艰巨的任务。

Fortunately, the sewer pipes in our homes, schools, and stores don’t just empty into our sources of drinking water.

幸运的是,我们家、学校和商店的下水道管道并非只是空入饮用水源。

Instead, in many cities and towns, all of this dirty water swirls down drains and ends up in the local sewerage system.

相反,在许多城市和城镇,所有这些肮脏的水都冲下排水沟,最终进入了当地的下水道系统。

Small sewer pipes join up to form bigger and bigger pipes.

小型下水道管会联合起来形成更大和更大的管.

Some are so big that humans can walk through them!

有些大到人类可以走过它们!

A boy drinks from a water pipe crossing an uncovered sewage canal.

一个男孩从水管上喝水,穿过一条被揭开的下水道。

Inside the Treatment Plant This large network of pipes carries all the wastewater to a sewage treatment plant.

治疗厂内部 这种大型管道网络将所有废水运入污水处理厂。

Here, the wastewater is cleaned for reuse.

这里,废水被清理再利用。

Once broken down, most of what makes up the sewage is safe for the environment—fertilizers, methane, and water.

一旦分解出来,构成污水的大部分环境是安全的——肥料、甲烷和水。

First, though, organisms that can cause disease and other pollutants in the wastewater need to be removed.

不过,首先需要去除在废水中可引起疾病和其他污染物的生物。

Not all sewage treatment systems are alike.

并非所有污水处理系统都是相同的。

The type of treatment depends on the location and number of people in the area.

治疗类型取决于该地区的地点和人数.

One common type of treatment plant, which is often found in areas with lots of people, cleans sewage in the following way: Two Underground Systems catch basin sewer pipe household sewage (toilets, sinks, and so on) storm sewer pipe Sewer pipes carry waste to the sewage treatment plant.

一种常见的处理厂类型,常出现在人多的地区,对污水的清理方式如下: 两个地下系统捕获了流域下水道管家用污水(厕所,下水道等),风暴下水道管下水道管下水道管将废物运入污水处理厂.

Some storm sewer pipes carry rainwater to the plant as well.

一些下水道管道也向工厂运送了雨水。

Others carry rain directly to creeks, ponds, and other waterways.

另一些则直接将雨水带到小溪,池塘等水道.

STEP 1 A big screen (think of a giant kitchen strainer) removes large objects such as rocks, sticks, and garbage so that they don’t jam the treatment plant’s machines.

STEP 1 一个大屏幕(想到一个巨大的厨房教练)去除石头、棍子和垃圾等大物体,

STEP 2 What is left over after the screening process is called sludge, which is thick, dirty water.

步骤 2 筛选过程后所剩的被称作污泥,污泥是厚而肮脏的水.

The treatment plant pumps air into the sludge, which promotes the growth of helpful bacteria— a process called aeration.

处理厂将空气泵入污泥中,这促进了有帮助的细菌的生长——这个过程叫做同化.

These bacteria eat the sludge and break it down.

这些细菌会吃下淤泥并把它分解.

The tanks many city plants require are huge.

许多城市植物需要的坦克是巨大的

San Francisco, California, has a water treatment plant that handles 60 million gallons (227 million L) a day and 250 million gallons (946 million L) on rainy days.

加利福尼亚州旧金山有一家水处理厂,每天处理6000万加仑(2.27亿升)和2.5亿加仑(9.46亿升)的雨季.

The Water Treatment Process The four basic steps in this diagram match the four steps on pages 8–9.

水处理进程 本图中的四个基本步骤与第8-9页中的四个步骤相匹配.

STEP 3 Once aeration is complete, the broken- down sludge is sent to a clarifier.

步骤 3个 一旦修复完毕 破碎的污泥就会被送到发酵器那里

In this machine, all of the solid waste settles to the bottom.

在这个机器中,所有固体废料都沉入了底部.

The water at the top is sent to another filter that cleans it further.

顶部的水被送到另一个可以进一步清理的过滤器上.

Once it’s safe, this water can be sent to a local waterway—a stream, lake, or the sea—or used to water crops.

这种水一旦安全,就可以送到当地水道——一条溪流、湖泊或海洋——或用来取水作物。

STEP 4 Meanwhile, the solids are sent to a giant, enclosed tank called a digester.

步骤 4 同时,固体被送到一个巨大的,封闭的坦克,称为消化器.

Here, a second kind of helpful bacteria eats—and digests— much of the sludge.

这里,第二种有益的细菌 吃-并消化-大部分污泥。

This process is called anaerobic digestion because the digestion takes place without oxygen.

这种过程被称作厌氧消化,因为消化过程中没有氧气.

The digester breaks down the solid sludge even further and pulls more water from it.

消化器将固体淤泥进一步分解,从中取出更多的水.

It converts the sludge into carbon dioxide and methane gas.

它能将污泥转化为二氧化碳和甲烷气体.

About half of the sludge is converted into these gases.

大约一半的污泥被转化为这些气体.

The other half is dried and becomes a material similar to soil.

另一半干燥后会变成与土壤相类似的材料.

The treatment plant uses methane gas as a source of energy that helps power its machines.

处理厂以甲烷气为能源,为机器提供动力.

The leftover sludge is often used on farm fields because it adds organic matter and fertilizer to poor soils.

所剩的污泥常被用在农田上,因为它会给贫瘠的土壤添加有机物和肥料.

Other times, the sludge is sent to a landfill.

其他时候,污泥被送往填埋地。

The Septic System—Another Way to Deal with Waste Many homes in rural areas are far apart from each other.

化粪池系统 农村地区的许多住房彼此相去甚远。

Building a sewerage system large enough to service homes so far away from one another would be expensive and impractical.

建造一个大到足以为相距如此相去甚远的房屋提供服务的下水道系统将既昂贵又不切实际。

Instead, these homes need another way to manage human waste.

相反,这些家庭需要另一种方法来管理人类废物。

Each home sends waste to a septic system, which is a mini sewage-treatment system that serves only one home.

每个家庭向化粪池系统发送废物,这个系统是一个小型污水处理系统,只服务于一个家庭。

It consists of a septic tank and a drainage field.

它由一个化粪池和一个排水场组成.

Septic systems send liquid to the soil, which filters it.

化粪系统会把液体送入土壤,由土壤过滤出.

Solids stay in the tank.

固体留在坦克里。

Both the septic tank and drainage field are located in the homeowner’s yard.

化粪池和排水场均位于房主的院子里。

The concrete septic tank is buried underground.

混凝土化粪池被埋入地下.

Any waste from the home runs straight into the tank.

家里的废物都直接冲入了坦克

Inside the tank, the solids settle to the bottom and separate from the liquids.

罐内,固体会沉入底部并分出液体.

The liquids, called effluent, run out through a series of underground pipes into the drainage field and spread into the soil.

被称作"出出出出"的液体从一连串的地下管子流出入排水地并扩散入土壤.

The soil filters the effluent as it percolates through the ground, naturally removing harmful pollutants before they reach groundwater.

土壤在渗入地道时过滤出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出

The septic tank collects all of the solid sludge, which builds up over time.

化粪池收集了所有的固体污泥,这些污泥随着时间的推移不断积累.

When there is too much sludge in the tank, the homeowners must have a septic business pump out the tank.

当油箱有太多的污泥时,屋主必须有一个化粪企业泵出油箱.

Sewage Through the Ages Think the modern sewerage systems are gross?

跨世纪下水道 现代的排污系统很恶心吗?

Think again.

复想诸相.

The first sewerage systems were built thousands of years ago in places such as ancient Greece and Rome.

最早的下水道系统是数千年前在古希腊和罗马等地所建.

These early systems were a simple series of pipes and canals.

这些早期的系统是一连串简单的管道和运河.

They sent human waste and storm water away from cities and directly into nearby waterways.

他们将人渣和暴水从城市运出并直接运入附近的水道.

An ancient sewer canal still remains in modern Greece.

现代希腊仍有一条古老的下水道运河。

This was a great improvement on flinging buckets of waste out of windows and onto the streets (and sometimes people).

这比把垃圾桶从窗户扔出并扔到街上(有时是人)有了很大的改进。

However, it polluted the nearby water sources with harmful bacteria that carried deadly diseases.

然而,它污染了附近水源,并污染了携带致命疾病的有害细菌。

The water made people sick.

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Over the centuries, sewage management improved little by little.

几个世纪以来,污水处理情况略有改善。

Large cities, such as New York, still had a hard time managing waste, though, even in the 1800s.

纽约等大城市仍然难以管理废物,不过,即使在1800年代也是如此.

Because New York City was growing so fast, there were no sewage treatment plants.

因为纽约市的增长速度如此之快,所以没有污水处理厂.

Sewage piled up all over the city.

污水堆积出满城.

There were too many people and too much waste!

人太多,浪费太多!

People’s homes had a privy or outhouse, which was sometimes just a hole in the ground.

民宅有院子或出院,有时只是地上的一个洞.

Since there was no way to flush, human waste would pile up in the hole.

由于没有办法冲出,人类的废物会堆积在洞中.

When the privy was full, a night-soil man came to remove the backed-up waste.

夜行道满后,一个夜行道来取出后援垃圾.

He came at night so people would not have to see him hauling buckets to the street and dumping them in his horse-drawn cart to be taken away.

他晚上来,这样人们就不必看到他把桶拖到街上,扔到他拖马车里取走。

When the night-soil man’s cart was full, he would usually dump it in the nearest river.

当夜行人的推车满了时,他通常会把它丢入最近的河流。

Sometimes the shorelines became so thick with poop that they had to be dug out before ships could dock!

有时海岸线的粪便变得很厚 以至于在船只停靠前必须挖出!

As if dumping poop into local rivers wasn’t bad enough, some of the night-soil men got lazy.

似乎把便便倒入当地河流还不够糟,

They dumped their carts into the streets.

他们把车扔到街上

Some people would allow their privies to overflow and wash into the streets.

有些人会允许他们的私宅溢出并冲入街头。

There were no storm sewers back then for the waste to wash down, so it would pile up where people walked and children played.

当时没有下水道来清理垃圾, 所以它会堆积人们走路的地方和孩子们玩的地方。

The stench was unbearable.

臭味无法忍受.

A night-soil crew moves waste in Rochdale, England, around 1870.

1870年左右,英国罗克代尔的一班夜用油机组将废物移走.

In the mid-1800s, experts began to realize that streets flowing with waste were also flowing with deadly diseases.

在18世纪中后期,专家们开始意识到有废物流动的街道也伴随着致命的疾病.

New York began building sewer systems so the waste would have somewhere to go.

纽约开始建造下水道系统 这样废物就会有地方去。

By 1914, New York City had nearly 850 miles (1,368 km) of sewers.

到1914年,纽约市有近850英里(1,368公里)的下水道.

These laid the foundation for our modern sewage treatment systems.

这些为我国现代污水处理系统奠定了基础。

Today in the United States, most people take the sewerage system for granted.

今天在美国,大多数人认为排污系统是理所当然的。

Waste disappears down toilets and sinks as if by magic, but now you know how it really works.

废物消失在厕所和水池里 就像魔法一样 但现在你知道它如何真正工作了

So, the next time you flush, take a moment to appreciate the wonders of the modern sewerage system!

所以,下次你冲水的时候, 花点时间来欣赏现代排污系统的奇迹!

Men work in the New York City sewer around 1911.

1911年前后,男性在纽约市下水道工作.