Around the World

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents Introduction.

导言表。

4 How We Began Weaving.

4 我们如何开始编织。

5 Weaving Around the World.

5 《环绕世界》。

9 North America.

9北美.

10 Latin America.

10 拉丁美洲。

12 Europe.

12 欧洲。

14 Asia.

14 亚洲。

16 Africa.

16 非洲。

18 Oceania.

18 大洋洲。

20 Explore More.

20 探索更多。

21 Conclusion.

21 结论。

22 Glossary.

22 词汇表。

23 Introduction The art and craft of weaving are responsible for an amazing variety of objects in our world.

23 导言 编织的艺术和工艺 是我们世界上惊人的种类

These include everyday items such as clothing fabric, sheets, blankets, and towels, as well as fine museum tapestries and other artistic expressions.

其中包括日常物品,如衣物、被子、被子和毛巾,以及精美的博物馆挂毯和其他艺术表现形式。

Woven fibers are strong.

沃文纤维很强.

Our earliest ancestors found that woven nets caught more fish at one time than did hooks or spears.

我们最早的祖先发现织网一次捕获的鱼比钩子或长矛多.

Woven ropes made it easier to pull or carry large objects.

沃文的绳子使得拉出或携带大型物体更容易.

Strips of leather could be woven and shaped into vests, belts, and bags.

皮革可以被编织成背心、皮带和袋。

Weaving is the process of creating fabric by lacing together two sets of threads.

编织是通过将两套线条相接而形成织物的过程.

The warp is a set of threads that are held in position by tension, either on a device called a loom, or by gravity with the help of a weighted object—like a rock, a board, or even a tree branch.

曲面是一组由张力所固定的线程,或者在被称作"隐形"的设备上,或者在加权物体的帮助下由重力所支撑的线程——像岩石,棋盘,甚至树枝.

The weft is a set of threads that the weaver laces over and under the warp and then packs together tightly.

编织是一套线条,编织者将绳子从曲面上和下穿出,然后紧紧地打包.

How We Began Weaving Woven items have existed since the dawn of human history.

自人类历史诞生以来,我们如何编织沃文的物品。

Every area of the world has developed its own style of weaving—its own materials, patterns, and colors.

世界每个地区都形成了自己的编织风格——它自己的材料、图案和颜色。

Weavers have always used whatever materials were available to them locally: yarn, string, wool, silk, cotton, plants, and grass.

织女总是使用当地现有的材料:纱、弦、羊毛、丝绸、棉花、植物和草。

Our earliest ancestors gathered natural resources for food, shelter, and clothing.

我们最早的祖先为食物、住所和衣服收集了自然资源。

But one day, someone was inspired to try something new.

但有一天,有人被启发去尝试新的东西.

Perhaps he noticed how the elaborately woven nests of the weaver bird protected its eggs.

也许他注意到织鸟精心编织的巢穴如何保护了它的卵.

He may have taken a nest apart to see how it was constructed.

他可能把一个巢 分开看看它是如何建造的。

Or he saw how the wind had matted together blades of grass after a storm.

或者他看到风在暴风雨后 将草叶交织在一起

Or perhaps the first attempts at weaving happened after someone saw how snugly the fingers of her hands braided together.

也许第一次编织的尝试 发生在有人看到 她的手指如何柔软地编织在一起。

This vertical loom is modeled after an ancient Viking loom.

这个垂直的闭塞是仿照一个古老的维京闭塞而成.

Once people began to experiment, the uses for weaving multiplied.

一旦人们开始实验,编织的用途就成倍增加.

The first woven objects were intended to make life easier.

第一个被编织的物体是为了让生活变得更容易.

By bending grasses and reeds, and adding leaves, people made simple mats.

通过弯曲花草和芦苇,并加入叶子,人们制作出简单的垫子.

Mats could be used for floors, roofs, or walls, or to carry things.

马特可以用于地板,屋顶,或墙壁,或者用来搬运物品.

Over time, people developed skills and weaving traditions that were passed down from generation to generation.

随着时间推移,人们发展了世代相传的技能和编织传统。

Weaving techniques experienced an important leap forward 20,000 to 30,000 years ago when people discovered that they could make fine string by twisting together thin bundles of plant material.

编织技术在两万到三万年前经历了一次重要的飞跃,当时人们发现,他们可以通过把薄薄的植物材料捆绑在一起来制造出精细的绳子.

This development was the foundation of sewing and spinning, as well as more advanced weaving techniques.

这一发展是缝纫和旋转以及更先进的编织技术的基础。

clay or stone weights to create warp tension.

粘土或石重来制造曲折的张力.

People continued to use these simple weaving techniques for thousands of years to make cloth for household use.

人们继续使用这些简单的编织技术几千年,来做布作家用.

But weaving underwent an important change with the invention of a more complicated loom.

但编织经历了重大的变化 发明了一个更复杂的隐形。

New weaving technology was invented in China during the Shang Period (1766 to 1122 bc).

相克时期(1766-1122 bc)中国发明了新的编织技术.

Someone had the idea to feed the warp threads through individual needlelike devices attached to crossbars.

有人想通过连接到横杠上的单个针状设备 来提供曲速线条。

A lever operated by foot or hand controlled these bars.

用脚或手操纵的杠杆控制着这些栏杆。

Lifting some warp threads but not others created a shed, an opening between groups of warp threads.

抬起一些曲速线条,但其他的则没有,创造了一个棚子,在曲速线条各组之间的开口.

An antique wooden loom For the first time, a weaver could pass a spool of thread between groups of warp threads instead of having to lift them one at a time.

古董木头 编织者第一次可以在各组曲速线条之间传递一串接合的线条,而不必一次举起一串.

This development mechanized weaving enough that weavers could produce much larger quantities of cloth than with earlier looms.

这种发展机械化的编织足以使编织者生产出比更早的织布要多得多的布料.

This Chinese loom design is the basis of all modern looms.

这种中式的闭塞设计是所有现代闭塞的基础.

Later developments in loom design allowed for the creation of intricate patterns, as well as even more efficiency and higher productivity.

后来在眼下设计方面的发展使复杂模式得以形成,而且效率更高,生产率更高。

During the Industrial Revolution (late 1700s to early 1800s), the weaving of cloth became a mechanized industry.

工业革命期间(1700年代后期至1800年代初),织布业成为机械化工业.

As new loom technology greatly increased the amount of cloth that could be produced, the spinning industry expanded to keep up with the greater demand for yarns.

由于新的薄膜技术大大增加了可出产的布料数量,纺接工业也扩大了以跟上对纱线的更大需求.

This loom from about 1890 is still used to make fabric at the American Textile History Museum.

1890年左右的这道出道道道仍然被用在美国纺织历史博物馆作织物.

Weaving Around the World Today, most textiles are made by automated machines.

当今的纺织业大多由自动化机器制造。

However, many artisans around the world still weave on handlooms or in small weaving businesses.

然而,世界各地许多手工业者仍然在手织或小织布企业中织布.

These people keep alive the tools, skills, and craft traditions of weavers from long ago.

这些人保留着编织者很久以前的工具、技能和工艺传统。

Let’s look at some of the cultures that create works of great beauty using traditional weaving techniques.

让我们看看一些利用传统编织技术创造出优秀作品的文化。

Navajo rugs Kente cloth Guatemalan backstrap weaving Harris tweed Kilims and carpets Raranga Where in the World KEY North America South America Europe Asia Africa Australia North America—Navajo Rugs The Navajo settled in present-day northern Arizona and New Mexico more than 600 years ago.

纳瓦霍地毯 肯特布 危地马拉后盾 编织哈里斯克克林姆斯和地毯 拉兰加 Where in the World nuclear North America 南美 亚裔 澳大利亚 澳大利亚 北美-纳瓦霍 Rugs 纳瓦霍人定居在今天的亚利桑那州北部和600多年前的新墨西哥.

In this arid region of mountains and open spaces, they developed a nomadic lifestyle that focused on raising sheep for food, wool, and clothing.

在这个山地和空地的干旱地区,他们发展出一种以养羊为食物,羊毛和衣物为主的游牧生活方式.

Following a period of conflict with the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, the Navajo moved to a reservation that covers parts of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico.

在19世纪中后期同美国发生冲突后,纳瓦霍人搬到了保留地,该地覆盖了亚利桑那州,犹他州和新墨西哥州的部分地区.

Navajo weaving began through contact in the 1600s with Pueblo tribes who lived just east of the Navajo.

纳瓦霍编织开始于1600年代,与居住在纳瓦霍以东的Pueblo部落接触.

Weaving was a men’s task in Pueblo culture, but among the Navajo it became a women’s specialty.

编织是人民文化中的一项男性任务,

For two centuries, weavers created practical clothing items such as ponchos and belts.

两个世纪以来,织女们创造出实用的衣物,如浮雕和腰带等.

They used patterns from their own basketry traditions as well as designs borrowed from other tribes.

他们使用他们自己的篮子传统中的图案以及从其他部落借来的设计.

Do You Know?

你知道吗?

The Navajo Nation is the largest Native American tribe in the United States, with more than 250,000 members.

纳瓦霍民族是美国最大的美洲原住民部落,成员超过25万.

As contact with white traders and settlers increased in the late 1800s, new techniques, yarns, and dyes influenced Navajo weavers.

随着1800年代后期与白人商人和定居者的接触增加,新技术,纱线和染料影响了纳瓦霍织造者.

Increased contact also meant more trade and a greater demand for items and patterns that were popular with buyers.

增加接触还意味着贸易增加,对受买主欢迎的物品和模式的需求增加。

In response, weavers began to make wall hangings and decorative rugs rather than clothing.

作为回应,织女开始制作挂墙和装饰地毯,而不是服装.

Although weaving styles have changed through the years, Navajo weaving continues to be some of the finest cultural artwork in the world.

虽然编织风格在过去几年中发生了变化,但纳瓦霍编织仍然是世界上最好的文化艺术作品之一。

It is also an important source of income for the tribe.

它也是该部落的重要收入来源.

A Navajo woman weaves a rug.

一个纳瓦霍女人编织了地毯。

Latin America— Guatemalan Backstrap Weaving The Mayan civilization, which reached its peak around ad 300 to 900, was centered in the Central American country of Guatemala.

拉丁美洲——危地马拉后陷阱织造玛雅文明达到高峰,大约为300至900人左右,中心位于中美洲国家危地马拉.

The modern descendants of the Mayas make up close to half of the country’s population.

玛雅人的现代后裔几乎占全国人口的一半。

Many of these people live in mountain villages that are fairly isolated from the modern world.

其中许多人生活在与现代世界相当相隔的山地村庄.

Guatemalan weavers have created vibrantly colored textiles on the backstrap loom since before the time of European contact in the 1520s.

自1520年代欧洲接触之前,危地马拉织工就在后鞋带上制造出生机勃勃的有色纺织品。

This kind of loom is anchored to a tree or wall at one end and to the weaver’s body at the other end.

这种隐形装置被一端被一棵树或一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一端被一

The weaver leans forward to loosen warp tension and lift warp threads, and leans back to tighten the warp and pack down the weft.

编织者向前倾斜以放松曲速张力并抬起曲速线条,向后倾斜以收紧曲速并打包打捞.

A Guatemalan woman weaves using a backstrap loom.

一个危地马拉女人用后盾织布

In addition to vibrant colors, this form of Guatemalan weaving is known for its animal and nature motifs as well as unique geometric patterns.

除了生动活泼的色彩外,这种形式的危地马拉编织也以动物和自然为主以及独特的几何图案而出名.

Backstrap weaving is a women’s tradition taught by mothers and grandmothers to girls when they reach the age of seven or eight.

背带编织是母亲和外祖母在7至8岁时向女孩传授的妇女传统。

Weaving allows girls and women to display their artistry as well as their dedication to cultural traditions.

编织使女孩和妇女能够展示她们的艺术以及他们对文化传统的奉献。

Woven cloths are made into blouses, shawls, belts, bags, all-purpose cloths for carrying babies or goods, and other items.

织布被制成布衣,披肩,带子,包子,用于携带婴儿或物品的全用布等.

Many of the more complex patterns take many years to master.

许多更复杂的模式需要很多年才能掌握.

Europe (Scotland)—Harris Tweed Imagine a string of remote northern islands with rugged coastlines, treeless hills, and uncountable numbers of sheep.

欧洲(苏格兰)——哈里斯·特威德(Harris Tweed) 想象出一串有崎岖的海岸线,无树丘陵和无法统计的绵羊数量的遥远的北部岛屿.

Harris tweed, one of the highest-quality woolen textiles in the world, is made from wool that is dyed, spun, and woven on a group of islands off the northwest coast of Scotland called the Outer Hebrides (HEH-bruh- deez).

哈里斯织布(Harris tweed)是世界上质量最高的羊毛纺织品之一,由被染成的羊毛所制成,花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花在苏格兰西北岸外岛被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花的花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花被花在被称为"外"外"外"外"外"

The islanders preserve their Gaelic culture and language, and many have not ventured off the islands for decades.

岛上居民保留了他们的盖尔语文化和语言,许多人几十年没有冒险出岛.

Long ago, weavers used an early type of loom that was operated by hand.

很久以前,织女们使用一种由人工操作的早期型相机.

Technological advancements around 1900 had an important impact on Harris tweed weaving, which up to that point had been done mostly by women.

1900年左右的技术进步对哈里斯编织产生了重要影响,直到那时为止,编织主要由女性完成.

Because the new, heavier kind of loom required greater strength to operate it, the making of Harris tweed became mostly a men’s activity.

因为新的更重的隐患需要更大的力量来操作它,所以制造出Harris tweed就大多成为了男性的活动.

As technology continued to develop, weavers began producing larger quantities of textiles.

随着技术的不断发展,织工开始生产出更大量的纺织品.

Around the same time, Harris tweed began to be inspected, and a certification process created confidence in its quality, which boosted sales.

大约在同一时间,哈里斯·特威德开始被检查,一个认证过程使其质量产生信心,这促进了销售.

Advances over the years have allowed weavers to produce their product more efficiently.

多年来的进展使织工能够更有效地生产出产品。

Still, the centuries-old island tradition of weaving Harris tweed by hand has withstood the Scottish mainland trend to mechanize.

然而,几百年由来已久的岛屿传统是用手织出哈里斯(Harris tweed)来使苏格兰本土的机械化趋势消退了.

A traditional Harris tweed loom in the 1980s; a handbag made with Harris tweed Asia—Turkish and Persian Kilims and Carpets Turkish and Persian rugs are known throughout the world for their amazing beauty and intricacy.

20世纪80年代一个传统的哈里斯花纹相接而来;由哈里斯花纹亚洲所制作的手提包——土耳其和波斯的克林姆斯和地毯土耳其和波斯地毯以惊人的美丽和复杂而出名于全世界.

The tradition began at least as far back as 7,000 bc and has evolved into a variety of weaving styles and patterns, each associated with a specific region.

该传统起自至少可追溯到7000bc,并已经演变为各种编织风格和花样,每个花样都与特定区域有关.

This part of the world was once the center of the Ottoman Empire, one of the largest empires ever known.

这一地区曾经是奥斯曼帝国的中心,是史上最大的帝国之一.

The area includes a rich diversity of people, races, languages, religions, and cultures that have intermingled for many centuries.

该地区包括丰富多样的民族、种族、语言、宗教和文化,这些民族、种族、语言、宗教和文化已经融合了好几个世纪。

This diversity is reflected in the variety of weaving traditions, which have generally been a women’s activity.

这种多样性反映在各种编织传统上,这些传统一般都是妇女的活动。

Women make carpets in Turkey.

土耳其妇女制造地毯。

Kilims and carpets use two different weaving techniques.

基林和地毯使用两种不同的编织技术.

Kilims are flat weaves, meaning they use a basic combination of warp and weft threads to create intricate geometrical patterns.

Kilims是平地的编织,指它们使用曲面和织线的基本组合来创造复杂的几何图案.

Kilims have been made for centuries by villagers and tribal members for everyday needs such as decoration, wrapping, room dividers, and floor coverings.

几个世纪以来,村民和部落成员为日常需要,如装饰、包装、分房和地板等做了基利姆。

Carpets are raised weaves, which use a combination of weaving and knotting to create densely packed rugs that are thick and heavy.

地毯被饲养成织物,这些织物采用编织和结接相结合的方式,形成厚而重的密布.

Many carpets have floral or other nature patterns.

许多地毯有花卉或其他自然形态.

Traditionally, carpets have been used for floors, beds, and prayer.

传统上,地毯被用于地板,床位和祈祷.

The motifs of both kilims and carpets relate to cultural origins and traditions, making the rugs symbols of heritage as well as useful and decorative items.

基利姆和地毯的动机都与文化渊源和传统有关,使地毯成为遗产的象征以及有用和装饰的物品。

Carpets for sale in Morocco Africa—Kente Cloth (Asante and Ewe Weavers of Ghana) Kente cloth is a ceremonial cloth made in the countries of Ghana and Togo by the Asante and Ewe peoples, particularly the men.

在摩洛哥非洲出售的地毯-Kente Cloth(加纳的Asante和Ewe Weavers) Kente布是Asante和Ewe民族,特别是男士在加纳和多哥国家所制作的一种礼仪用布.

Kente cloth is meant to be worn for special social and religious events.

肯特布被指用于特殊社会和宗教活动.

Vibrant and bold in color and design, the cloth is woven in long strips three to eight inches wide.

生动而粗放的花色和设计上,布被编织成宽3至8英寸的长条.

The strips are cut into shorter lengths and sewn together to make larger pieces of cloth.

条被切成更短的长度并一起缝合以做出更大的布料.

Kente cloth is more than just fabric for clothing—it represents the culture, spiritual beliefs, and traditions of the Asante and Ewe peoples.

肯特布不只是衣物的织物,它代表了阿桑特和尤维人的文化、精神信仰和传统。

Warp threads and weft designs each have a name and meaning that reflect beliefs, historical events, social organization, or other aspects of the culture.

曲折线程和编织设计各有一个能反映信仰,历史事件,社会组织或者文化的其他方面的名称和意义.

Long ago, Kente cloth was only for royalty, but over time it has become available to everyone.

很久以前,肯特布只供皇室使用,但随着时间的推移,它已经可供所有人使用。

It is an important symbol of cultural pride.

它是文化自豪的重要象征。

These Kente cloth weavers wear examples of their work.

这些肯特布织工都戴着他们工作的例子.

Different types of Kente cloth on display.

陈列着不同类型的肯特布.

A weaver works on a length of Kente cloth (inset).

一个织工在一长的肯特布上工作(被套入).

Oceania—Raranga (Maori Flax Weaving) Raranga is a traditional Polynesian weaving technique of the Maori (MOU-ree), the native people of New Zealand.

大洋洲 -- -- Raranga(Maori Flax Weaving) Raranga是新西兰土著毛利人的传统波利尼西亚编织技术。

Although the technique is called flax weaving, the plant, called harakeke (hah-ruh-KEY-key), is actually a kind of lily and not true flax.

虽然该技术被称作"花花编织"(flax weating),但被称作"花花"(harakeke (hah-ruh-KEY-key))的植物实际上是一种百合而并非真实的花花.

Harakeke is an exceptionally strong material that the Maori have used for at least one thousand years to create mats, baskets, bags, clothing, and other items.

Harakeke是毛利人至少一千年来用来制作垫子、篮子、袋子、衣物和其他物品的超强材料。

Maori weaving has always been mostly a women’s art.

毛利人编织一直是妇女艺术。

However, men have developed ways to use harakeke for building and for hunting and fishing, such as to make ropes and fishing lines.

然而,男子已经开发出使用harakekeke来建造并进行狩猎和捕鱼的方法,例如制作绳子和钓鱼线.

This Maori cloak made from harakeke in the early 1800s feels silky and soft.

1800年代初由harakeke克制成的这种毛利人外衣感到丝绸和柔软.

The Maori, along with other traditional Polynesian peoples, believe that the gods express their creativity through individual artisans.

毛利人和其他波利尼西亚传统民族认为,神灵通过个体工匠表达他们的创造力。

Raranga, therefore, has a spiritual dimension as well as an everyday function.

因此,拉朗加具有精神和日常功能。

In addition, this weaving tradition has been passed down from Maori ancestors and is a strong symbol of tribal traditions.

此外,这种编织传统是从毛利人祖先传下来的,是部落传统的有力象征。

The Maori suffered oppression and lost much of their land during a harsh colonial era.

在残酷的殖民时代,毛利人遭受了压迫并丧失了大部分土地。

Raranga is living proof that their culture has survived.

拉兰加活生生地证明他们的文化已经活了下来.

This weaving tradition symbolizes the unity of the Maori people and the wholeness of all creation.

这种编织传统象征着毛利人的团结和所有创造的完整。

Explore More Other weaving traditions you might want to learn more about include: • Indonesian ikat • Japanese Kasuri weaving • Nepalese inlay weaving • Peruvian tapestry weaving • Ie-Toga—Samoan fine mat weaving • Silk weaving in India, France, and China You can also use Google or another search engine to search for weaving traditions or traditional weaving.

探索更多 其他编织传统你可能想更多地了解,包括: · 印度尼西亚克萨斯克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 也可以使用Google或其他搜索引擎来搜索编织传统或传统编织.

Conclusion The cultures and weavers in this book represent just a few of the vast number of weaving traditions around the world.

结论 这本书中的文化和织物只是全世界大量编织传统中的少数.

Each tradition reflects a people’s native materials, everyday needs, and cultural symbols.

每一个传统都反映了一个民族的本土材料、日常需要和文化象征。

When you see items woven by hand in a museum, art gallery, or ethnic shop, keep in mind that each piece tells a story about the long-standing traditions of the weaver’s culture.

当你在博物馆、艺术馆或民族商店中看到手工编织的物品时,记住每件作品都讲述织女文化的长期传统。

Many of these cultures continue to thrive, even in the face of global modernization.

即使在全球现代化的面前,其中许多文化仍然继续蓬勃发展。

As you go about your everyday life, notice all the woven items you use.

当你进入你的日常生活, 注意你使用的所有编织物品。

Imagine what you might wear if fabric for clothing didn’t exist.

想象一下如果衣物的布料不存在,

Imagine if you didn’t have sheets, blankets, or towels.

如果你没有床单、毯子或毛巾,

Even the cloth produced by automated looms tells a story about the creative people who invented ways to convert plant fibers into fine fabrics.

即使是由自动化隐形器所出产的布,也讲述了一个创作者发明出将植物纤维转化为细织物的方法的故事.

This weaving machine can weave complex patterns quickly.

这种编织机可以快速地编织出复杂的图案.