Tundra
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Cold, Treeless Plains.
内容寒冷表,无树平原.
4 The Tundra Biome.
4 通陀罗活佛.
5 Climate and Soil.
5 气候和土壤。
7 Tundra Plants.
7 苔原植物.
10 Tundra Animals.
10 冻原动物.
12 People in the Tundra.
十二人入通陀罗.
14 A Place of Wonder.
14 一个神奇的地方。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Cold, Treeless Plains The tundra is a land of extremes.
16 冷而无树平原 苔原为极地.
It’s a place of howling winds, freezing temperatures, and vast empty plains where no trees grow.
这是一片狂风、寒冷和空旷的平地,
Moss and other tiny plantlike life forms hug the rocks, and snow covers the ground for part of the year.
摩斯和其他细小的植物类生命形成拥抱岩石,而地上被雪覆盖了一年中的一部分.
In late spring and summer, however, the tundra erupts in brilliant colors when wildflowers bloom.
然而在春夏后期,当野花开花时,冻土以辉煌的颜色喷发.
Most of the tundra has never been explored because of its remoteness and unique challenges.
大部分苔原由于地处偏远并面临独特的挑战而从未被探索.
Even so, plants and animals—including humans— have developed different ways of surviving in this harsh world.
即便如此,植物和动物——包括人类——在这个严酷的世界中发展出不同的生存方式.
Wildflowers in the tundra in Denali National Park, Alaska ord ise W W The word tundra most likely comes from the language spoken by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia.
阿拉斯加州德纳利国家公园的苔原野花 WW 苔原一词最有可能出自斯堪的纳维亚北部和俄罗斯西北部的萨米人所讲的语言.
It means “elevated wasteland,” “marshy plain,” or “high-topped hill.”
意思是“荒地”,“Marshy平地”,或“高山地”。 “
The tundra is home to a group of plants and animals, including musk oxen, that make up a community.
苔原是包括麝牛在内的一批组成社区的动植物的家园.
The Tundra Biome Different types of environments cover Earth’s surface.
不同类型环境覆盖地表。
These regions and the communities of plants and animals that live there are called biomes.
这些地区以及生活在那里的动植物群落被称作生物群落.
Desert, grassland, rainforest, and ocean are examples of biomes.
沙漠、草地、雨林和海洋是生物群落的例子。
So is the tundra.
苔原也一样。
Many factors play a part in creating Earth’s biomes.
许多因素在创造地球生物群落中起一定作用.
Two important ones are latitude—how far a location is from the equator—and elevation, or height above sea level.
有两个重要方面是纬度——一个位置离赤道有多远——和高地,或海平面上高地。
Both affect how warm or cool a place is.
两者都影响着一个地方有多温暖或酷.
Climate, land, and water are also important elements of biomes, as are plants and animals.
气候、土地和水也是生物群落的重要组成部分,动植物也是如此。
The tundra biome is located in cold regions of the world.
苔原生物群落位于世界寒冷地区.
It contains flat land or gentle hills and valleys.
它包含平地或温和的丘陵和山谷.
The ground has no trees.
地上无树.
It is bare and rocky with patchy areas of low plants and other plantlike organisms.
它裸露而多岩石,有低地植物和其他类似植物的生物的繁杂地段.
Limited kinds of animals live there.
住在那里的动物种类有限.
Most of Earth’s tundra is in the Arctic, which is north of the Arctic Circle.
地冻原大部分位于北极圈以北.
Tundra is also found in alpine settings—high up on tall mountains.
东德也存在于高山高地。
About one-tenth of Earth’s land is tundra, and about one-third of that is alpine tundra.
大约地的十分之一是苔原,大约三分之一是高山苔原。
Most of the tundra biome is in the Northern Hemisphere.
大部分苔原生物群落位于北半球.
In part, that’s because there is much less land near the South Pole.
部分是因为南极附近土地少得多。
Also, ice covers most of Antarctica, which is mainly considered a cold desert.
另外,冰覆盖了南极洲的大部分地区,而南极洲主要被认为是寒冷的沙漠.
However, some tundra plants grow in milder areas along its coasts.
然而,一些苔原植物生长在沿岸较温和的地区.
The main regions of Arctic tundra (shown in white) are located in northern Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Scandinavia as well as some areas of Greenland and Antarctica.
北极冻原的主要区域(以白色为色)分布于加拿大北部,俄罗斯阿拉斯加和斯堪的纳维亚以及格陵兰和南极的一些地区.
Alpine tundra (shown in gray) is mainly found in Asia, Europe, and the western sides of North, Central, and South America.
高山苔原(shown in gray)主要分布于亚洲,欧洲,以及北,中,南美的西部.
Climate and Soil The climate in the tundra can vary a great deal.
气候和土壤 苔原地区的气候可以有很大的差异.
The Arctic tundra is colder.
北极冻地更冷.
Temperatures can be as warm as 4°C (about 40°F) in summer and as cold as –32°C (–25°F) in winter.
夏季温度可达4°C(约40°F)等温,冬季可达-32°C(-25°F)等寒冷.
Temperatures in the alpine tundra are milder.
高山苔原的温度比较温和.
Summers are usually 3–12°C (37–54°F), and winters are rarely colder than –18°C (0°F).
夏季通常为3–12°C(37–54°F),冬季也很少比–18°C(0°F)更冷.
Both kinds of tundra have little precipitation— up to about 25 centimeters (10 in.)
这两种苔原降水很少——可达25厘米左右(10英寸).
a year.
一年时间。
About two-thirds of the precipitation falls as rain, but snow can build up.
约三分之二的降水会降为雨,但雪可以积起.
For the most part, the Arctic tundra is less windy but gets more precipitation than the alpine tundra.
北极苔原大部分风能较少,但降水量却比高山苔原多.
In parts of the Arctic tundra, the Sun never sets in summer.
在北极苔原的部分地区,太阳从未在夏季落下.
A key feature of the Arctic tundra is a layer of permanently frozen ground, called permafrost, below the surface soil.
北极苔原的一个关键特征是地表土壤下一层被永久冻结的地层,称为"永久冻土".
The surface soil thaws every summer and freezes again every winter.
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The frozen ground underneath can trap water, preventing it from draining.
地底下的冰冻地能困住水,防止水被排出.
As a result, low areas of the Arctic tundra become boggy in summer, and waterlogged soil can slide down slopes.
因此,北极苔原地势低地在夏季会变成野生地,被水淹没的土壤会滑下坡地.
While the alpine tundra has no permafrost layer, the soil still freezes and thaws with the seasons.
虽然高山苔原没有永久冻土层,但土壤仍然会随着季节而冻结并融化.
Surface water usually drains quickly down the steep land.
地表水通常会从陡峭地上迅速排出.
Permafrost is usually covered by organic surface soil and vegetation, but sometimes it can become exposed along rivers or near roads.
常绿冻通常被有机地表地表土壤和植被所覆盖,但有时会沿着河流或道路附近暴露出.
Permafrost contains the frozen remains of dead plants and animals.
永久冻土中含有被冻死动植物的残骸.
These remains hold large amounts of carbon.
这些残余物蕴藏着大量的碳.
If the permafrost stays frozen, the carbon stays trapped.
如果永久冻土被冻住 碳就会被困住
However, if the permafrost thaws, carbon dioxide and methane escape into the air.
然而,如果永久冻土解冻,二氧化碳和甲烷会逃入空气.
These gases contribute to global warming.
这些气体导致全球变暖。
The permafrost in the southern Arctic is melting as a result of climate change.
北极南部的永久冻土由于气候变化而正在融化.
This diagram shows the cycle of melting permafrost and the release of heat-trapping carbon into the atmosphere.
这个图显示了永久冻土融化的循环和将热粘住的碳释放到大气中的循环.
When Permafrost Melts Tundra Plants Plant growth in the tundra is affected by many factors.
当普尔玛夫罗斯融化后,苔原的植物生长受到许多因素的影响.
These include wind, cold temperatures, permafrost, nutrient-poor surface soil, and a short growing season of fifty to sixty days.
其中包括风,寒温,常冻,营养贫瘠地表土壤等,生长季节短,为50-60天.
No trees grow in the Arctic tundra, in part because frozen ground prevents roots from growing deep into the soil.
北极苔原上没有树木会生长,部分原因是冻土会阻止根子深入土壤生长.
Only plants with shallow roots can grow there.
只有有浅根的植物才能在那里生长.
In the alpine tundra, no trees grow because of high winds and cold temperatures.
在高山苔原,由于高风和寒冷的温度,没有树木生长.
Several important adaptations allow plants to grow in the tundra.
几次重要的改造使得植物能够在苔原上生长.
Plants and other plantlike organisms usually grow low to the ground for protection from high winds.
植物等类似植物的生物通常会低地生长到地上以抵御高风.
These include algae, fungi, lichens (LY-kunz), mosses, herbs, grasses, and dwarf shrubs.
包括藻类,真菌,地衣(Ly-kunz),苔藓,草本,草本,矮灌木等.
Many areas of tundra are bordered by cold forests, called taiga.
苔原多地与寒林相接壤,取名"泰加".
The tree line, or timberline, marks the boundary between these two biomes.
树线,即木材线,标志着这两个生物群落的分界线.
Tundra plants only grow from two to four months each year.
苔原植物每年只生长2至4个月.
They have adapted by completing their life cycle in a short period of time.
他们通过在短时间内完成生命周期来适应。
Many produce flowers a few days after the snow starts melting, and some produce ripe seeds in only a month.
雪开始融化后几天,许多人会生出花朵,有的只在一个月内就出出成熟的种子.
Many tundra plants gather and store nutrients for several years before producing seeds.
许多苔原植物聚集并储存养分数年后再出产种子.
In the alpine tundra, there is less carbon dioxide gas because the air is thinner.
在高山苔原中,由于空气较薄,二氧化碳气体较少.
Plants there have adapted to use carbon dioxide more efficiently during photosynthesis.
那里的工厂在光合作用期间进行了改造,以更有效地利用二氧化碳。
Arctic poppies rotate throughout the day to face the Sun and absorb as much sunlight as possible.
北极罂粟会每天旋转来面对太阳,并尽可能地吸收阳光.
Woolly louseworts grow a thick layer of “hair” for protection from the cold and wind.
伍利·卢斯沃特斯长出一层厚厚的"毛"来防寒和风.
The Antarctic Tundra The Antarctic tundra is limited to parts of the Antarctic Peninsula and several islands.
南极冻原 南极冻原限于南极半岛的部分地区和几个岛屿.
Algae, mosses, lichens, and two kinds of flowering plants grow there.
藻,苔藓,地衣等两种花生植物生长于此.
No animals live there, although marine birds and mammals live in nearby coastal waters.
那里没有动物,尽管海洋鸟类和哺乳动物生活在附近的沿海水域.
Tundra Animals The limited variety of tundra plants restricts which animals can live there since fewer types of food are available.
冻原动物 苔原植物种类有限,限制了动物在那里的生活,因为可用的食物种类较少。
The cold temperatures and high winds are also challenges to animals.
寒冷的温度和高风也是对动物的挑战.
For the animals that do make the tundra their home, physical adaptations help them survive.
对于确实使苔原成为家园的动物来说,物理改造帮助他们生存.
Musk oxen and reindeer (called caribou in North America) have a thick winter coat to keep warm.
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Their hooves help them walk on slippery ground and dig through snow to get food.
它们的蹄子帮助它们在滑地上行走并挖出雪来取取食物.
Arctic foxes and hares have compact bodies with short ears and tails to hold in body heat.
北极狐和野兔有紧凑的体型,有短耳和尾巴来保持体热.
Polar bears stay warm with both fur and a thick layer of fat called blubber.
北极熊用皮毛和一层厚厚的脂肪来保温,称为"脂肪".
Some Arctic tundra animals, such as the arctic fox, change color during winter to blend in with their snowy surroundings.
一些北极冻原动物,如北极狐等,在冬季会改变颜色来与多雪的环境相融合.
Adaptations in behavior also help animals live in the tundra.
行为上的适应也帮助了生活在苔原中的动物.
Among year-round residents, grizzly bears and arctic ground squirrels hibernate to survive the winter.
在全年的居民中,灰熊和北极地松鼠冬眠以活过冬.
Lemmings and voles, two small rodents, instead store enough food to last during the coldest months.
取出两只小啮齿动物来储存足够的食物,以维持最冷的月份。
A blanket of snow helps keep their nests and tunnels warm.
一条雪毯有助于他们的巢穴和地道保持温暖.
Some tundra animals, including reindeer and snow geese, leave during the coldest time of year.
一些冻原动物,包括驯鹿和雪雁,在一年中最冷的时间里出走.
They migrate to warmer places where more food is available.
他们迁移到较温暖的地方,那里有更多的食物。
In the alpine tundra, many animals migrate by traveling to lower, forested areas in winter.
在高山苔原中,许多动物在冬季通过去往更低的林地而迁徙.
These include wildcats, some bird species, and three goat relatives—mountain sheep, chamois, and ibex.
其中包括野猫、一些鸟类和三个山羊亲属——山羊、沙莫伊和伊贝克。
Marmots and ground squirrels hibernate in winter.
马鹿和地松鼠冬眠.
Tiny rabbit relatives called pikas stay awake in winter and eat food they have stored until spring.
叫做皮卡斯的小兔子亲属在冬天保持清醒,并吃他们储存到春天的食物.
Circumpolar Animals Arctic tundra animals probably first appeared in Asia, migrating to Europe and later to North America.
北极冻原动物可能最早出现于亚洲,迁徙到欧洲后又迁徙到北美.
As a result, many are circumpolar—living all around the North Pole.
因此,许多北极环绕着环极生活。
Circumpolar mammals include polar bears, reindeer, arctic wolves, arctic foxes, snowshoe and arctic hares, lemmings, and least weasels.
环北极哺乳动物包括北极熊,驯鹿,北极狼,北极狐,雪鞋和北极野兔,狼群,以及最少的黄鼠狼.
Circumpolar birds include ptarmigan and snowy owls.
环形花鸟包括花鸟和雪地猫头鹰.
People of the Tundra More than forty groups of native peoples have a long history in the tundra.
东德人民 40多组原住民在苔原有悠久的历史.
These include: · the Inuit of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic · the Aleut, Inupiat, and other groups in Alaska · the Innu of northern Labrador and Quebec, Canada · the Nenets of the northern Russian Arctic · the Sami of northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia People in the Tundra People have lived in the tundra for many thousands of years.
其中包括: 格陵兰和加拿大北极的伊努伊特人 阿拉斯加的阿留特人、伊努皮亚特人和其他群体 加拿大北部拉布拉多和魁北克的因努人 俄罗斯北部北极的涅涅茨人 斯堪的纳维亚北部和俄罗斯西北部的萨米人 在通德拉人居住了几千年。
At first, some of these groups were nomadic, moving with the seasons.
起初,其中一些群体是游牧的,随季节而移动.
Their livelihoods included hunting, fishing, and herding.
他们的生计包括狩猎、捕鱼和放牧。
Today, most of these peoples’ lives have changed.
今天,这些人民的生活大都发生了变化。
Many now live in towns and villages but still work to preserve their traditions.
许多人现在生活在城镇和乡村,但仍努力维护其传统。
In recent years, modern settlements have appeared in parts of the tundra because of exploration for oil, gas, and minerals.
近年来,由于对石油,天然气和矿物的勘探,在苔原部分地区出现了现代定居点.
Many people also travel to the tundra for outdoor activities such as skiing, hiking, and wildlife viewing.
许多人还前往苔原进行滑雪,徒步和野生动物取景等户外活动.
A Place of Wonder If you visit the tundra, especially during the colder months, you might think it’s a wasteland.
一个神奇的地方 如果你访问苔原, 特别是在更冷的几个月里,
Frozen, empty plains or barren, windy slopes stretch for miles in every direction.
被冰冻,空旷平原或贫瘠,风地坡向每个方向延伸了数英里.
However, the tundra has its own unique beauty.
然而,苔原拥有自己独特的美.
Look closely at the tiny plants.
仔细观察细小的植物.
Although they look fragile, they are strong enough to live in one of Earth’s harshest places.
虽然它们看起来很脆弱,但它们足够强大,足以生活在地球上最恶劣的地方之一。
Tundra animals, from lemmings to caribou, must also be tough to make their homes here.
冻原的动物,从狼到驯鹿, 一定很难在这里造出自己的家。
The wonder of this place lies in the amazing ways that plants and animals survive in this vast, frozen world.
这个地方的奇妙之处在于植物和动物在这片被冰冻的广阔世界中的生存方式惊人.
A reindeer grazes in the barren tundra of Norway.
一只驯鹿在挪威贫瘠的苔原上