Teotihuacán
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA Xitle (volcano) Popocatépetl (volcano) MEXICO UNITED STATES BELIZE PACIFIC OCEAN GULF OF MEXICO GUATEMALA Mexico City H Table of Contents The Great and Mysterious Teotihuacán.
南美洲北部 Xitle (火山) 波波卡特佩特尔 (火山) 墨西哥 美利坚合众国 伯利兹 墨西哥 太平洋湾 墨西哥城H目录 大而神秘的特奥蒂瓦坎.
4 Built to Impress.
4 建为Impress.
5 Digging Up the Past.
5 挖掘过去。
7 Immigrants Make the City Grow.
7移民使"城市"成长.
9 Archaeologists Dig Deeper.
9 考古学家 Dig Deeper.
11 Collapse.
11 折叠.
12 Extreme Climbs and Long Walks.
12 极端攀登和长行道.
13 Discoveries Keep Coming.
13"发现"不断来袭.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 The Great and Mysterious Teotihuacán When the Spanish first came upon the ruins of Teotihuacán (tay-oh-tee-wah-KAHN) in the 1700s, they were amazed.
16 大而神秘的特奥蒂瓦坎 当1700年代西班牙人第一次来到Teotihuacán (tay-oh-tee-wah-KAHN)的废墟时,他们感到惊讶.
People living in the area told Spanish explorers it was built by a race of giants who came from the heavens long ago.
生活在该地区的人们告诉西班牙探险家,它是由很久以前从天而来的一对巨人所建造.
Looking around, one might believe that was true.
环顾四周,人们可能相信这是真的。
The Pyramid of the Sun is the third-largest ancient pyramid in the world.
太阳金字塔是世界上第三大古代金字塔.
Close by, the Pyramid of the Moon is not much smaller.
相近的月球金字塔并不小
To this day, people stand before the pyramids and wonder who built them.
时至今日,人们站在金字塔前,想知道是谁建造了金字塔.
The answer is a mystery.
答案是个谜
Pyramid of the Moon Pyramid of the Sun The largest structures at Teotihuacán are the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon.
月球金字塔 太阳金字塔 特奥蒂瓦坎最大的结构有太阳金字塔和月球金字塔.
Built to Impress Teotihuacán rulers demanded huge projects.
建于Impress Teotihuacán的统治者 要求巨大的项目。
Workers moved the San Juan River in order to build the massive pyramids.
工人为了建造巨大的金字塔而迁移了圣胡安河.
The plazas were large enough to hold tens of thousands of citizens, with room for visitors.
广场大到可以容纳上万市民,有客房.
The population was between one and two hundred thousand people.
人口在一到二十万人之间。
In its day, Teotihuacán was the largest city in the Americas and one of the largest on Earth.
在其时代,特奥蒂瓦坎是美洲最大的城市,也是地球上最大的城市之一.
The vast city covered 20 square kilometers (8 sq.
广阔的城市面积为20平方千米(8平方克.
mi.)
(中文(简体) ).
, and its influence reached all the way into what is now Honduras.
它的影响一直延伸到现在的洪都拉斯。
Today, Teotihuacán is one of the most studied and visited sites in Mexico.
今天,特奥蒂瓦坎是墨西哥研究和访问最多的地点之一.
The Pyramid of the Sun took more than one hundred years to build.
太阳平地花一百多年才建成.
Workers hauled some 764,000 cubic meters (about 1 million cu.
工人拖取了约76.4万立方米(约100万cu.
yd.)
yd. (英语).
of heavy material, all by hand.
重物,全靠手
Teotihuacán’s Ceremonial Center Avenue of the Dead Pyramid of the Sun Citadel Palace of the Quetzalpapalotl (ket-sahl-pah-PAH-loht-l) Plaza of the Moon Plaza of the Columns Yahualo Palace Zacuala Palace San Juan River The Pyramid of the Moon is 20,280 square meters (217,686 sq.
Teotihuacán 克萨尔帕洛特尔太阳宫死金字塔的仪式中心大道(ket-sahl-pah-PAH-loht-l) 月球广场 亚胡阿罗宫 萨库阿拉宫 圣胡安河 月球金字塔面积为20,280平米(217,686平方公分).
ft.)
ft.) (中文(简体) ).
43 meters (141 ft.)
43米(141平方英尺) meters.
The Pyramid of the Sun is the third-largest pyramid in the ancient world.
太阳金字塔是古代第三大金字塔.
The Avenue of the Dead is 95 meters (312 ft.)
死者大道为95米(312英尺).
wide in some places.
有些地方很宽
Pyramid of the Moon The Citadel measures about 400 meters (1,300 ft.)
月球金字塔 舰只测量了约400米(1300英尺).
per side.
每边。
Digging Up the Past We call the people who built the city Teotihuacanos.
挖掘过去 我们把建造城市的人叫来
The name comes from the Aztecs, a people who came upon it long after the Teotihuacanos were gone.
名字出自阿兹特克人,一个在特奥蒂瓦卡诺斯人走后很久才发现的民族.
We do not know what the Teotihuacanos called themselves or their city.
我们不知道特奥蒂瓦卡诺人自称什么,也不知道他们的城市是什么。
We do not know what language they spoke, where they came from, or the names of any of their powerful rulers.
我们不知道他们讲什么语言,他们来自何处,也不知道他们中任何有权势的统治者的名字。
What we do know comes from archaeologists.
我们知道的是考古学家
They continue to dig around buildings and find artifacts that teach us about the people who made them.
他们不断在建筑上进行挖掘,找到文物,教我们制造这些建筑的人.
Archaeologists tell us that when the first settlers arrived around 400 bce, they found two very important resources: water and good soil.
考古学家告诉我们,当第一批定居者到达约400bce时,他们发现了两个非常重要的资源:水和好土壤。
Teotihuacán is in a flat basin surrounded by mountains.
特奥蒂瓦坎地处被山所包围的平坦盆地.
Inside the basin is good soil for farming.
流域内为好土作农作.
Enough water tumbles down the mountains for people to use for their personal needs and to grow their crops.
足够的水在山上倒流,供人们用于个人需要并种植作物。
From the top of the Pyramid of the Moon, visitors can see the vast Avenue of the Dead.
从月球金字塔的顶部,参观者可以看到巨大的"活人大道".
It was named by the Aztecs, who mistook the structures next to the avenue for tombs.
它被阿兹特克人所取名,他们误将道旁的建筑当作了墓葬.
There was another resource nearby—obsidian.
附近还有另一种资源——Obsidian。
This volcanic rock was highly valued for making sharp knives as well as deadly spearheads and arrowheads.
这颗火山岩因制造尖刀和致命先锋和箭头而得到高度评价.
Merchants from Teotihuacán most likely traded their obsidian with people many hundreds of miles away.
来自特奥蒂瓦坎的商人们 很可能在几百英里外 与人们交换他们的杂货
In the first few hundred years, Teotihuacán grew—but slowly.
在最初的几百年里,Teotihuacán成长了,但缓慢地增长.
Then, in the first century ce, a huge volcanic explosion nearby caused people to flee by the tens of thousands.
随后,在一世纪,附近的一场巨大的火山爆炸使数万人逃离.
Evidence suggests that many came to Teotihuacán.
证据表明,许多人来到了Teotihuacán。
In 320 ce, another nearby volcano blew, and more people came.
320 ce中,相邻的另一座火山爆炸了,更多的人来了.
All these new people were immigrants.
所有这些新人都是移民.
They had their own languages and religions.
他们有自己的语言和宗教。
They were welcomed, and their arrival brought big changes to Teotihuacán.
他们受到欢迎,他们的到来给特奥蒂瓦坎带来了巨大的变化.
A student from Arizona State University’s lab at Teotihuacán carefully digs up and analyzes artifacts (left).
一位来自亚利桑那州立大学位于特奥蒂瓦坎的实验室的学生仔细地挖掘并分析了文物(左).
Archaeologists found obsidian knives in the shape of snakes with feathers in 2004 (right).
考古学家在2004年发现了有羽毛的蛇形的丁字刀(右).
Immigrants Make the City Grow With the population growing, more housing was needed.
移民使城市随着人口增长而增长,需要更多的住房。
The rulers carefully planned the city.
统治者仔细规划了这座城市.
First, they ordered farmers to move their fields farther away.
首先,他们命令农民把地迁得更远。
Then they ordered about two thousand brand-new apartment buildings.
后来他们订购了大约两千所全新的公寓建筑.
When archaeologists found the first one, they thought they had discovered a palace.
考古学家发现第一座后,以为已经发现了一座宫殿.
These apartments were unlike any others in the world.
这些公寓与世界上任何其他公寓不同.
The spaces were large, expertly built of stone, and painted with beautiful murals.
空间很大,以石材为专家,并用美丽的壁画作画.
Inside each building were courtyards, porches, kitchens, a temple, and fifty or more rooms that housed between sixty and one hundred people.
每栋建筑内部有庭院,门廊,厨房,一座庙宇,以及50个或更多房间,容纳了60到100人.
They brought in fresh water from a reservoir, and drains took used water away.
他们从一个水库取来淡水,排出的水被抽走。
People lived well in Teotihuacán.
人们在特奥蒂瓦坎生活得很好。
Clues from artifacts and murals tell us that immigrants formed ethnic neighborhoods where they made traditional pottery and other items.
由出自文物和壁画的克卢斯告诉我们,移民形成了民族街区,在那里他们制造了传统的陶器等物品.
They also brought goods from their homelands.
他们还从家乡运来货物。
Part of a mural from a compound in Teotihuacán shows a chanting priest.
在Teotihuacán的一幅壁画中,
The Maya brought jade, cacao for making chocolate, and prized feathers for headdresses.
玛雅人带了玉子来,可可用来做巧克力, 和奖励羽毛的发型。
Immigrants from the Gulf Coast brought dried fish, salt, and beautiful seashells.
来自海湾海岸的移民带来了干鱼,盐和美丽的海贝.
Others from the east brought cotton that they wove into cloth and then sewed into fine clothing.
东部的其他人将棉带入织布并缝入精美的衣物。
Immigrant neighborhoods made Teotihuacán a center for all sorts of expensive goods.
移民社区让特奥蒂瓦坎成为各种昂贵商品的中心.
The rulers also ordered older buildings rebuilt to match their new plan.
统治者还下令重建更古老的建筑,以配合他们的新计划.
Every structure in the city had to line up on a grid that was exactly 15.
市内每个结构都得排成一行 正好是15个
5 degrees east of true north.
向正北以东五度.
With this alignment, the Pyramid of the Sun faces the point on the horizon where the Sun sets on August 13.
通过这种对接,太阳金字塔在8月13日太阳落地的地平线上面临了点.
Many cultures believed the world was formed on that day.
许多文化相信世界是在那一天形成的.
Whether that’s true is a mystery.
这是否属实是一个谜。
We do know that Teotihuacán was one of the most highly planned cities in the world.
我们确实知道,Teotihuacán是世界上最有计划的城市之一。
Sculptors carved the 4-ton (3.
雕塑家雕刻了"四通"(3.
6 metric ton) stone heads at the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, which was built in 200 ce.
6公克通) 花纹蛇口寺出土的石头,建于200克.
Archaeologists Dig Deeper In 1971, a cave was discovered under the Pyramid of the Sun that was used as a shrine.
考古学家 挖掘深层 1971年,在太阳金字塔下出土了被作为神社的洞穴.
Evidence suggests that caves were sacred to the people of Teotihuacán, who may have believed the gods were born in caves and worked there to make the world we live in.
证据表明,洞穴对特奥蒂瓦坎人来说是神圣的,他们可能相信神出自于洞穴并在那里努力使我们所活活的世界.
The name Teotihuacán means “place where the gods were born.”
Teotihuacán这个名字的意思是“众神诞生的地方。 “
Maybe the pyramid was built to honor the site of the sacred cave underneath.
也许金字塔的建造是为了纪念地底下的圣洞遗址.
When archaeologists began to dig within the Pyramid of the Moon, they found burials of people with precious objects of jade and obsidian.
当考古学家开始在月球金字塔内进行挖掘时,他们发现了用珍贵的玉器和被子珍品来埋葬的人.
The remains of animals such as pumas, rattlesnakes, eagles, a wolf, a falcon, and an owl were found, too.
美洲马、响尾蛇、鹰、一头狼、一只猎鹰、一只猫头鹰等动物的遗骸也被发现。
Experts think that the people and animals were killed as offerings to the gods.
专家认为,人和动物被作为献给神灵而杀死.
The people believed that by doing this, the gods would bring rain for crops and power to the city’s rulers.
人民相信,通过这样做,神会给城市的统治者带来收成和权力的雨水.
An archaeologist examines artifacts found near the Pyramid of the Sun.
一位考古学家考察了在太阳金字塔附近发现的文物.
Collapse The many warriors who protected Teotihuacán were strong and dressed as deadly animals.
折叠 保护了特奥蒂瓦坎的多位勇士都很强壮并被打扮成致命的动物.
However, they could not protect Teotihuacán from destruction.
然而,他们无法保护Teotihuacán免遭破坏。
Or, as some evidence suggests, they were among those who attacked and burned the temples and smashed the statues.
或者,正如一些证据所表明,他们是攻击并烧毁了寺庙并砸倒了雕像的人之一.
We do not know.
我们不知道。
What we do know is that a drought caused food shortages, and people began to leave the city.
我们所知道的是,干旱造成粮食短缺,人们开始离开城市。
Then, after centuries of wealth and power, Teotihuacán fell.
后来,经过了几个世纪的财富和权力后,特奥蒂瓦坎衰落.
People fled, the pyramids became overgrown with weeds, and the greatest city in the Americas became a ruin.
人们出逃了,金字塔被杂草所过度生长,美洲最伟大的城市也成为了一片废墟.
Eight Hundred Years of Greatness 400 bce First settlers arrive 150 bce The city of Teotihuacán is established 50 ce First wave of immigrants following the eruption of a nearby volcano 100 ce Building of Pyramid of the Sun begins 200 ce Building of two thousand apartment compounds begins ce Second wave of immigrants following the eruption of another nearby volcano ce Teotihuacán collapses Before repairs began, the huge stone pyramids were overgrown with plants.
八百年的伟大400bce 第一批定居者到达了150bce Teotihuacán市是继附近的一座100 ce Building of the Sun Pyramid的火山爆发后建立起来的50 ce 第一波移民 开始200 ce Building of t2000 公寓大院 开始第二波移民 在另一座附近的火山 ce Teotihuacán倒塌后 在修复开始前,巨大的石质金字塔被植物过度生长.
Extreme Climbs and Long Walks Imagine walking up the Avenue of the Dead.
极限攀登和长行走 想象一下走上"死者大道".
Everything around visitors is designed to make them feel small, and the design works as well today as it must have almost two thousand years ago.
参观者周围的一切都是为了让他们感到小而设计,设计在今天和大约两千年前一样有效.
When people finally reach the Pyramid of the Sun, they have traveled up the steepest steps they have ever climbed—all 248 of them—to experience the thrilling view from the top.
当人们终于到达太阳之金字塔时,他们走上了他们爬过的最陡峭的台阶——全部是248个——从顶部体验出令人兴奋的景象。
For a shorter walk and no stairs, visitors can go to the museum and walk on a glass floor over a scale model of the whole site— pyramids and all.
为了缩短步行时间,没有楼梯,参观者可以到博物馆去,在玻璃地上走走,整个场地的尺度模型——金字塔等.
Teotihuacán is the most visited site in Mexico.
特奥蒂瓦坎是墨西哥访问次数最多的地段.
Visitors get an overview at the museum’s model of the site.
参观者在博物馆的站点模型上获得一个概览.
Each step of the Pyramid of the Sun is about 30 centimeters (1 ft.)
太阳金字塔的每一步约30厘米(1英尺).
high.
高点
In 1987, Teotihuacán was named an important world site by UNESCO, an organization that helps protect it.
1987年,Teotihuacán被联合国教科文组织命名为一个重要的世界遗址,该组织帮助保护了它.
Even so, the many visitors, along with wind and rain, continue to erode the structures.
即便如此,许多游客,加上风和雨,继续侵蚀着建筑.
But the greatest threat to the site today may be developers, or builders.
但今天对网站的最大威胁可能是开发者,或建设者.
In 2004, one developer received permission to build just outside the park.
2004年,一名开发商获得了在公园外建设的许可.
By law, the company had to report any artifacts dug up during construction, but it didn’t.
根据法律,该公司必须报告在建筑过程中挖掘出的任何文物,但没有报告。
Instead, it trucked the priceless artifacts to the dump because that was faster and easier.
相反,它把无价的文物运去垃圾场,因为这速度快而容易。
These actions led to years of investigation.
这些行动导致多年的调查。
In the Teotihuacán museum, visitors can see beautiful artifacts such as urns (above) and incense burners (right) that have been unearthed at the site.
在Teotihuacán博物馆中,参观者可以看到遗址已出土的骨灰(上)和烧香器(右)等美丽的文物.
Discoveries Keep Coming There is much to see and explore at this ancient place.
发现 继续来 在这个古老的地方有很多东西可以看和探索.
In 2003, archaeologist Sergio Gómez visited Teotihuacán during a heavy rainstorm.
2003年,考古学家塞尔吉奥·戈麦斯在暴雨中拜访了特奥蒂瓦坎.
The rain was a life changer for Gómez.
雨是戈麦斯的改变
It was early morning when he arrived to find a small sinkhole in front of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent.
清晨,他赶来找了个小水槽洞去费德塞德塞德活塞寺前.
To explore the hole, he tied a rope around his waist, and several people lowered him deep into the darkness.
为了探索洞口,他将一条绳子绑在腰上,几个人把他深陷黑暗.
Far below, Gómez discovered a tunnel that had been sealed 1,800 years ago.
远在下方,戈麦斯发现了1800年前被封口的地道.
It was a discovery of a lifetime.
那是一生的发现
Today, Gómez and his team are excavating the tunnel, inching their way toward its end under the temple.
今天,戈麦斯和他的团队正在挖掘地道,在地道下凿入了通往地道尽头的道路.
So far they have dug up seventy-five thousand artifacts.
目前共发掘出文物七万五千件.
Who knows what they will discover at the tunnel’s end?
谁知道他们在隧道尽头会发现什么?
Sergio Gómez and his team unearthed artifacts such as these small carved figures in 2003.
塞尔吉奥·戈麦斯和他的团队在2003年发掘出这些小雕刻出的数字等文物.
Experts hope to learn much more from the team’s discoveries.
专家希望从团队的发现中吸取更多的教训。