Say It with Pictures
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 The Language of the Gods.
4 神通语言.
5 Egyptian Hieroglyphs.
5 (埃及语). Egyptian Hieroglyphs.
6 Clay, Stone, Paper.
6 Clay, Stone, 纸.
8 The Glyphs of Mesoamerica.
8 中苏美里加的格莱弗斯.
10 Complex and Beautiful.
10 复杂而美丽。
11 The Life of Mayan Scribes.
11"玛雅史克来宾之生".
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction Would you know what to do if you saw this sign?
导言 你知道如果你看到这个标志怎么办吗?
This traffic signal is easy to understand with just pictures.
这个交通信号很容易用图片来理解.
People have used pictures to communicate for much longer than they’ve used written words.
人们用相片沟通的时间比用书面文字的时间长得多。
Picture languages have been used to tell stories and give information.
图片语言被用来讲述故事和提供信息。
Signs of ancient picture languages are still around today.
古相图语言的标志今天仍在周围.
Two such languages—Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mayan glyphs—are thought to be among the most recognizable picture languages ever used.
两种语言: 埃及象形文字和玛雅格言被认为是有史以来最能识别的图片语言之一。
The red hand on this sign means Do Not Walk.
这个标志上的红手表示"不要走".
The Language of the Gods Travelers to modern Egypt don’t have to search hard to see the ancient picture language known as hieroglyphics.
前往现代埃及的"神通旅行者"语言,
Many famous ruins, monuments, and temples feature carved picture symbols.
许多出名的废墟,纪念碑,和神庙都以雕刻出图片符号为特色.
These symbols are everywhere, it seems.
这些符号似乎到处都是
That is because for almost three thousand years (3100 bce–332 ce), Egyptians believed that written language was sacred.
这是因为近三千年(3100 bce–332 ce)以来,埃及人认为书面语言是神圣的.
Egyptian kings thought that language was a gift from the gods.
埃及国王认为语言是神所赐.
It was the ruler’s holy duty to use this gift.
统治者的神圣义务是使用这种礼物。
Not doing so would anger Thoth, the god of writing.
不这样做会激怒写作之神索特.
Scribes working for the king, or pharaoh, performed this duty.
斯克里比斯为国王工作,或作法老,履行这一职责.
This was no easy task.
这不是一件容易的事。
Scribes had to learn over seven hundred hieroglyphs in the Egyptian writing system.
Scribes不得不在埃及书写系统中学习了700多个象形文字.
The sons of existing scribes were often sent to a special “scribe school” at age six or seven.
现有文士的儿子们常常被送到六七岁的特别“文士学校”。
It took several years for a student to become a true scribe in the pharaoh’s court.
在法老的宫廷里,
Young scribes had to understand how to use and place glyphs properly.
年轻的文士们必须懂得如何使用并妥善放置格言.
The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieroglyphikos, which means “sacred carving.”
象形文字一词出自希腊象形文字,意为"神圣地雕刻". “
W W Egyptian Hieroglyphs There were two types of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
W W 埃及平面文字 埃及象形文字有两种.
Logograms were units of meaning.
逻辑图是有意义的单位。
They made up most of the writing system.
他们构成了大部分的写作系统.
Logogram glyphs stood for whole words, such as duck, walk, or Sun.
逻辑格言代表整个词,如鸭子,行走,或太阳等.
Phonograms were different.
唱片是不同的。
They were units of sound.
他们是声音的单位。
They were like the letters in most modern Western alphabets, with a few differences.
它们就像大多数现代西方字母中的字母, 有一些差异。
The vowels e and u were not included.
元音e和u没有包括在内.
Some characters stood for letter combinations, such as sh.
一些字符代表字母组合,如sh.
There were twenty-four phonograms in the Egyptian hieroglyphic language.
埃及象形文字有24个相声.
A modern scroll of the Egyptian hieroglyphic alphabet shows both characters and the letter sounds they represent.
埃及象形文字的现代卷轴既显示字符,也显示它们所代表的字母.
Hieroglyphic messages were written in rows or columns and read from right to left.
平面信件被写成行或列并从右到左读取.
Scribes did not have to worry about periods or question marks.
Scribes不必担心时间或问题标记。
Hieroglyphic writing didn’t use any punctuation or spaces.
平面文字没有使用任何平面或空格。
The system did, however, have a special symbol for words that referred to royalty.
然而,该制度的确有一个特别的符号,用于提及特许权使用权的词语。
All writing that was about the pharaoh or his family was placed in a rectangular or oval shape called a cartouche.
所有关于法老或他家人的写作都放在了长方形或椭圆形上,称为"行尸".
The cartouche shape stood for the flat Earth and the Sun passing over it.
卡多克形状代表了平地和太阳穿过它。
It was used to show the pharaoh’s power over everything.
用来显示法老对一切事物的威力.
An Egyptian pharaoh’s cartouche Hieroglyphs were common sights on ancient Egyptian temples.
埃及法老的手提包 平地活佛是古埃及神庙上常见的景点.
Clay, Stone, Paper The earliest examples of hieroglyphs date back to around 3100 bce.
Clay, Stone, 纸张 最早的象形文字例子可以追溯到3100 bce左右.
Tiny clay tags were carved with glyphs.
细粘土标签被刻有甘油.
They were used to label the contents of containers.
它们被用来给集装箱内装物贴上标签。
Later hieroglyphs were carved into stone.
后来的象形文字被雕刻成石头.
These marks were used to present important news.
这些标记被用来呈现出重要的新闻.
The carvings were often made on large stone slabs called stelae or tall, pointed obelisks.
雕刻常被制作在被称作"斯泰莱"(stelae)或"高","指尖"(point obelisk)的大石板上.
Hieroglyphs were also carved on tombs.
平面文字也刻于墓上.
Carving glyphs into stone took time and a lot of work.
将格子刻入石头需要时间和大量工作.
Eventually, scribes began using reed pens and ink to write glyphs on papyrus.
最终,文士们开始使用芦苇笔和墨水来写出papyrus上的格言.
The written glyphs were a simple version of hieroglyphs.
所写的"格律"是象形文字的简单版本.
Writing was much easier than carving.
写作比雕刻容易得多。
It let scribes create records more quickly.
它让文士更快地创建记录.
As time went on, hieroglyphs were used less and less.
随着时间的流逝,象形文字的使用也越来越少.
By around 30 bce, stone-carved hieroglyphs were mainly used for decoration rather than communication.
到30bce左右,石刻象形文字主要用于装饰而非交流.
Today, you don’t have to travel to Egypt to see real hieroglyphs.
今天你不必去埃及看真正的象形文字。
Many major museums in big cities feature Egyptian writing.
大城市的许多主要博物馆都以埃及文写作为特色.
In some cities, all you have to do is walk down the street.
在有些城市,你只需要走在街上
The Place de la Concorde in Paris, France, is home to the three- thousand-year-old Luxor Obelisk.
法国巴黎协和广场(Place de la Concorde)是三千年来卢克索方尖碑的故居.
Glyphs on the obelisk tell of the rule of Ramses II.
方尖碑上的格利弗斯讲述了拉美西斯二世的统治.
The obelisk was a gift from Egypt to France in 1833.
方尖碑是埃及于1833年送给法国的礼物.
The Luxor Obelisk in Paris, France, was a gift from the government of Egypt.
法国巴黎的卢克索方尖碑是埃及政府的礼物.
The Cup of Immortality was found in a pharaoh’s tomb.
在法老的坟墓中发现了不朽之杯.
The Glyphs of Mesoamerica As the use of Egyptian hieroglyphs was decreasing, the use of another pictographic writing system was increasing.
中美洲的格莱弗斯 由于埃及象形文字的使用正在减少,另一个象形文字写作系统的使用也在增加.
The ancient Maya were a Mesoamerican people who lived on the other side of the world in what is now southeastern Mexico.
古代玛雅人是一个中美洲人,生活在世界的另一端,现在墨西哥东南部。
Their pictographic language is considered one of the most complex of its kind.
他们的象形语言被认为是最复杂的一种.
The Mayan writing system is thought to have first been used around 1000 bce.
玛雅书写系统被认为最早在1000bce左右被使用.
The earliest examples of Mayan glyphs, however, date back to only 300 bce.
然而,玛雅格莱克最早的例子可以追溯到只有300bce.
The Maya, like the Egyptians, considered writing to be a gift from the gods.
玛雅人同埃及人一样,认为写作是神的礼物.
The supreme deity Itzamna was a shaman who created writing.
至高无上之神伊扎姆纳是一位创造出写作的巫师.
The holy nature of the writing meant that only specially chosen scribes and royalty could read and write this sacred language.
写作的神圣性质意味着只有特选的文士和皇室才能读取和写出这种神圣的语言.
Glyphs cover a wall in Palenque, Mexico, a preserved ancient Mayan city.
格莱夫斯覆盖了墨西哥帕伦克的一堵墙,是保存下来的古玛雅城.
Complex and Beautiful The ancient Mayan system was similar to the one used by the Egyptians.
复杂而美丽 古代的玛雅人制度与埃及人使用的类似.
Like Egyptian hieroglyphs, the 800 or so Mayan glyphs were split into two groups.
和埃及象形文字一样,大约800个玛雅格律被分为两组.
Most were logograms that stood for whole words.
大部分是代表整个字的对数图。
The other 150 or so glyphs were syllables that could be used as prefixes and suffixes.
其他150个左右的格子是可作前缀和后缀的音节.
The Maya did not have an alphabet with individual glyphs representing individual sounds.
玛雅人没有字母表,没有代表个人声音的个人格言。
Mayan words were written by grouping glyphs together in a square cartouche.
玛雅语是用拼音拼成一团 拼成一团的
A Mayan cartouche was a cluster of glyphs that went together, sort of like words in a sentence.
玛雅语的字母是拼接在一起的拼接体 有点像句子里的词
The squares were organized into a grid.
广场被组织成网格.
They were placed in paired columns and read from left to right, then down in a zigzag pattern.
他们被放入成对的柱子,从左到右被读取,然后以zigzag模式下行.
Mayan Numbers Mayan numbers are made up of three symbols: a shell shape, dots, and bars.
玛雅数字 玛雅数字由三个符号组成:一个外壳形状,点和条.
Mayan scribes took great care when creating a beautiful cartouche.
玛雅文士们在创造出一个美丽的花花公子时非常小心.
The design of each was a source of pride.
每个设计都引来骄傲。
Scribes wanted their work to stand out and arranged the glyphs as they thought best.
斯克瑞比斯希望他们的工作能突出,并按他们认为最理想的方式安排出格.
This made each message uniquely beautiful but also made reading it a bit difficult since the same ideas could be shown in different ways.
这使得每个信息都显得特别美丽,但也使阅读变得有些困难,因为同样的想法可以以不同的方式表现出来.
A cartouche with calendar glyphs was found in a Mayan temple in Palenque, Mexico.
在墨西哥帕伦克一所玛雅神庙中发现了一尊带有日历格莱弗斯活佛的活佛.
Itzamna, the Mayan god of creation, is shown on an urn.
玛雅人创造之神伊特扎姆纳被显示在一个骨灰盒上.
The Life of Mayan Scribes Just as Egyptian scribes were important to the pharaoh, Mayan scribes were important to tribal kings.
玛雅人的生平 正如埃及文士对法老重要一样,玛雅文士对部落国王也很重要.
Scribes wrote text used in religious ceremonies.
Scribes撰写了宗教仪式中使用的文字.
They used porcupine quill brushes to write glyphs in deerskin books.
他们在鹿皮书中用猪毛笔来写出甘油.
Mayan writing was often used to record a king’s victories in battle.
玛雅文写作经常被用来记录国王在战斗中的胜利.
Monuments and temples had glyphs carved into their stone walls and obelisks.
纪念碑和寺庙被刻入了他们的石墙和方尖碑.
The messages were a kind of propaganda written to tell about a ruler’s successes.
这些讯息是一种宣传,
The displays were a way for rulers to show power.
这些展出是统治者展示力量的一种方式.
It’s About Time Many Mayan documents were about timekeeping.
多位玛雅人的文件是关于计时的。
The Maya were skilled astronomers.
玛雅人是熟练的天文学家。
Their calendar had 365 days divided into eighteen 20-day months.
他们的日历有365天,分为18个20天月。
Five leftover days, called wayeb, were thought to be unlucky.
5个被叫作"Weeb"的剩余日子被认为不吉利.
Mayan scribes prepared art and words that glorified the king.
玛雅文士们准备了赞美国王的艺术和文字.
It was up to the scribes to post these messages in public.
由文士公开发表这些讯息。
This was easy and safe for scribes of a victorious king.
对于一个胜利的国王的文士来说,这是容易而安全的。
It was not as easy for scribes who were on the losing side of battle.
在战败一方的文士们并不容易.
Conquerors believed that the best way to win the war of words was to deny their enemy the chance to use them.
征服者相信,赢得文字战争的最好方法是剥夺他们的敌人使用它们的机会.
Captured scribes from the losing side often had their hands hurt to keep them from ever writing again.
从失落一方被俘的文士们经常会因为手被打伤而不再写作.
Amazing examples of Mayan glyphs can be seen at sites throughout the Yucatan Peninsula.
在尤卡坦半岛各地都可以看到玛雅甘油的惊人例子。
Ruins at Palenque, Teotihuacan, and Tikal bear the markings of ancient scribes.
在帕伦克(Palenque),特奥蒂瓦坎(Teotihuacan)和蒂卡尔(Tikal)有古代文士的标志.
Like Egyptian hieroglyphs, Mayan glyphs tell stories of people who lived long ago.
与埃及象形文字一样,玛雅格莱夫也讲述了很久以前生活过的人的故事.
Universal symbols make communication easy for travelers around the world.
通用符号使世界各地的旅行者易于沟通.
Conclusion The beautiful picture languages of the ancient Maya and the Egyptians are no longer used.
结论 古代玛雅人和埃及人美丽的图片语言已经不再被使用.
Many other ancient picture languages, however, are still used today.
然而,今天仍然使用许多其他古老的图片语言。
Asian languages, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, feature thousands of pictographic symbols.
中文,日文,韩文等亚洲语言有上千个象形符号的特点.
Modern picture languages exist as well.
现代图片语言也存在.
Simple block glyphs appear on signs for international travel.
国际旅行的标志上出现简单的块状格子.
These symbols direct travelers from all parts of the world where to get their bags or catch a bus.
这些符号直接从世界各地的旅行者那里取出行李或接通巴士.
It’s much easier to use glyphs than to make signs in many languages.
使用格言比用多种语言做标记容易得多。
Now, as in the past, a single picture sometimes works just as well as a dozen words!
现在,像过去一样,一幅相片有时和十几句话一样有效!