Branch
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 The Executive Branch in the U.
4 行政部门。
S.
师曰.
Constitution.
宪法。
5 How Americans Choose a President.
5 美国人如何选择总统。
7 Organizations in the Executive Branch.
7 行政部门的组织。
8 What the President Does.
第8条 总统会怎么做?
9 Historic Actions of the Executive Branch.
9 行政部门的历史行动。
11 Checks and Balances.
11 检查和平衡。
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction President Lyndon B.
16 林登总统B.
Johnson looked into the cameras.
约翰逊查看了摄像头。
“My fellow Americans,” he said, “I am about to sign into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964.”
“我的美国同胞,”他说:“我即将签署1964年《民权法》。 “
Johnson explained that the act called for Americans of every race to be treated equally.
约翰逊解释说,该法案要求每个种族的美国人受到同等待遇.
Johnson finished his remarks and signed the bill using many different pens.
约翰逊完成了他的评论并用许多不同的笔来签署法案.
He gave the pens as gifts to people in the room, including Dr.
他把笔作为礼物送给了房间里的人,包括医生.
Martin Luther King Jr.
小马丁·路德·金.
The signing of the Civil Rights Act was an important day in United States history.
《民权法》的签署是美国历史上的一个重要日子。
However, for the president of the United States, even less important days are still busy days.
然而,对于美国总统来说,更加不重要的日子仍然是繁忙的日子.
In one day, the president might attend meetings, make a speech, visit a school or hospital, sign a bill into law, and host leaders from other countries.
在一天之内,总统可以参加会议,发表演讲,访问学校或医院,签署法案成为法律,并接待来自其他国家的领导人。
This is the executive branch at work.
这是行政部门的工作。
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
约翰逊总统签署"1964年民权法案".
The Executive Branch in the U.
(原始内容存档于2019-10-21) (英语). Effects in the U.
S.
师曰.
Constitution In 1788, American leaders adopted the Constitution.
宪法 1788年,美国领导人通过了宪法.
It laid out a system of laws to help govern the young country—a system that has changed over time but is still used today.
它规定了一套有助于治理年轻国家的法律体系,这个体系随着时间的推移而发生了变化,但今天仍在使用。
Under the U.
乌下.
S.
师曰.
Constitution, the executive branch carries out the laws of the United States.
宪法,行政部门执行美国的法律.
The president of the United States is the head of the executive branch.
美国总统是行政部门的负责人.
The Constitution divides the U.
宪法瓜分了U.
S.
师曰.
government into three branches, or parts.
政府分为三个分支或部分。
The executive branch manages most government business and departments.
行政部门管理大多数政府业务和部门。
The legislative branch, which consists of the U.
由U组成的立法部门.
S.
师曰.
Senate and House of Representatives, makes laws.
参议院和众议院制定法律。
The judicial branch watches over the U.
司法部门监视着U。
S.
师曰.
justice system through its system of courts.
司法系统通过其法院系统。
Sometimes the different branches cooperate and compromise.
有时不同的分支合作并妥协.
At other times, they oppose each other.
其他时候,他们互相反对.
George Washington was the first U.
乔治·华盛顿是第一个U.
S.
师曰.
president.
总统
He served two terms, from April 1789 to March 1797.
他曾于1789年4月至1797年3月两度任职.
He was also one of thirty-nine men who signed the Constitution.
他也是签署宪法的三十九人之一.
The Constitution gives the president broad powers.
《宪法》赋予总统广泛的权力。
However, the president is not a king.
然而,总统不是国王.
The presidency is an elected position.
主席一职由选举产生。
Many of the president’s actions are overseen by Congress and the federal courts.
总统的许多行动都由国会和联邦法院监督.
The Constitution lists three requirements for the presidency.
宪法对总统提出了三项要求。
The president must be thirty-five or older, must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, and must have lived in the United States for fourteen years or more.
总统必须是35岁或以上,必须是美国天生的公民,必须在美国居住了14年或以上.
President John F.
总统约翰·F.
Kennedy was forty-three years old when he was elected.
肯尼迪当选时已43岁.
To date, he is the youngest U.
迄今为止,他是最小的U.
S.
师曰.
president.
总统
How Americans Choose a President The United States is not a simple democracy in which all citizens make decisions together.
美国人如何选择总统 美国不是一个所有公民共同作出决定的简单民主国家。
Instead, it is a representative democracy.
相反,它是一个代议制民主国家。
The people elect leaders who make decisions for them.
人民选举为他们作出决定的领导人。
Presidential elections are a good example of how this works.
总统选举就是一个很好的例子。
When the citizens of the United States cast their votes for president, their votes do not make the final decision.
当美国公民投票支持总统时,他们的选票不会做出最后决定.
Instead, the president is chosen by electors from each state.
相反,总统由各州选举人选出。
Electors usually follow the popular vote in their states.
选举人通常跟随本州的民众投票.
The person who wins the national popular vote almost always wins the presidency.
赢得全国人民选票的人几乎总是赢得总统职位。
However, that is not always the case.
然而,情况并非总是如此。
When the popular vote is close, a person with fewer total votes can sometimes win enough electoral votes in key states to carry the election.
当全民公投临近时,总票数较少的人有时可以在关键州赢得足够的选举票来进行选举.
As of 2016, the United States has had five presidents who lost the popular vote but won the electoral vote.
截至2016年,美国已有5位总统败选,但赢得了大选.
Presidential nominees Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton shake hands during a 2016 debate.
总统提名人唐纳德·特朗普和希拉里·克林顿在2016年的一场辩论中握手.
Clinton went on to win the popular vote by close to three million votes, but Trump won thirty more electoral votes and the election.
克林顿继续以接近300万票赢得了大众选票,但特朗普又赢得了30多张选举票和选举.
Follow the Leader Organizations in the Executive Branch Many people in the executive branch help the president.
追随行政部门的领导组织 行政部门的很多人帮助总统
For example, the executive branch includes a vice president.
例如,行政部门包括一名副总统。
The vice president is elected along with the president.
副总统同总统一起选举.
He or she is expected to take over if the president cannot continue with the presidency.
如果总统不能继续担任主席,他或她将接任。
The executive branch also includes departments of people who oversee American schools, the military, and taxes, among other things.
行政部门还包括监督美国学校,军队,税收等部门.
The leaders of these departments make up the president’s cabinet.
这些部门的领导人组成了总统内阁.
The cabinet has grown since the United States’ early history.
内阁自美国早期历史起就有所发展.
President George Washington’s cabinet had only four members.
乔治·华盛顿总统的内阁只有四名成员.
Now, the cabinet has more than a dozen.
现在,内阁有十几个.
Sometimes the president dies or must leave office for some other reason.
有时总统会死,或者因为其他原因必须离职.
When this happens, the order of succession— who will replace the president—is as follows: • Vice President • Speaker of the House of Representatives • President Pro Tempore of the Senate • Department heads, starting with the Secretary of State Vice President Gerald Ford replaced Richard Nixon as president in 1974.
当这种情况发生时,继任顺序——将取代总统——如下: • 副总统 • 众议院议长 • 参议院临时议长 • 部门负责人,从国务卿杰拉尔德·福特在1974年取代理查德·尼克松出任总统起.
What the President Does The president has many powers.
总统会做什么 总统拥有许多权力.
For example, the president commands the American military.
例如,总统指挥美军.
She or he can send the military anywhere in the world.
她或他可以把军队送到世界任何地方
The president also has the power to pardon criminals who are guilty of federal crimes.
总统还有权赦免犯有联邦罪行的罪犯.
The executive branch is responsible for the United States’ relationships with other countries.
行政部门负责美国与其他国家的关系。
The president chooses ambassadors who represent the United States abroad.
总统挑选代表美国驻外大使.
He or she also has the power to create trade agreements with other countries.
他或她还有权与其他国家订立贸易协定。
The president can send armed forces to help other countries and sign treaties—agreements of peace between nations.
总统可以派遣武装部队帮助其他国家并签署国家间和平协定。
However, the U.
然而,U.
S.
师曰.
Senate must approve the terms of the treaties.
参议院必须批准条约的条款。
The president chooses Supreme Court justices, cabinet members, and agency leaders.
总统选择最高法院法官、内阁成员和机构领导人。
Many of these choices must be approved by the Senate.
其中许多选择必须得到参议院的批准。
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
ambassador to India (seated, center) and his wife perform service at a community kitchen during their visit to India’s Golden Temple in 2016.
2016年访问印度黄金寺时,
The president has an important role in making laws.
总统在制定法律方面具有重要作用。
Though the executive branch does not write laws, the president has the power to approve or deny the laws that Congress makes.
虽然行政部门不制定法律,但总统有权批准或否认国会制定的法律.
When both houses of Congress pass a bill, it is then sent to the president.
国会两院通过法案后,再送交总统.
If the president signs the bill, it becomes law.
如果总统签署法案,就成为法律.
The president can instead turn down a bill with a veto.
总统可以拒绝否决法案。
In this case, the bill does not become law unless Congress overrides the veto.
在这种情况下,该法案除非国会推翻否决权,否则不会成为法律.
Congress can only do this if two-thirds of its members (in both houses) vote for the bill.
国会只有三分之二的议员(在两院)投票支持该法案才能做到这一点.
President Bill Clinton talks with Nevada legislators in 2000 after vetoing a bill that would have sent nuclear waste to their state.
2000年比尔·克林顿总统在否决了本会将核废料送到他们州的法案后,与内华达州的立法者会谈.
During each two-year term of Congress, the president nominates people for nearly seventy thousand jobs.
在每届国会的两年任期内,总统提名近7万份工作的人.
These include the president’s choices for federal judges, U.
包括总统对联邦法官U的选择。
S.
师曰.
attorneys, cabinet members, ambassadors, and others.
律师、内阁成员、大使和其他人。
The Senate approves most of the president’s choices quickly, but this is not always the case.
参议院迅速批准总统的大多数选择,但情况并非总是如此。
Supreme Court nominees, for example, almost always undergo long examination by the Senate before they are confirmed.
例如,最高法院的被提名人几乎总是在被确认之前接受参议院的长期审查。
Historic Actions of the Executive Branch While the executive branch does not make laws, the president can write executive actions.
行政部门的历史行动 虽然行政部门不制定法律,但总统可以写行政行动.
These are instructions from the president to the government.
这些是总统给政府的指示.
Some of these decisions change Americans’ lives.
有些决定改变了美国人的生活。
During the Civil War, for example, President Abraham Lincoln ordered that slaves “shall be.
例如,在内战期间,亚伯拉罕·林肯总统命令奴隶“应当是”。
forever free.”
永远自由。 “
And in 1935, President Franklin D.
而在1935年,富兰克林·德总统.
Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration (WP A), which gave thousands of Americans jobs.
罗斯福创立了工程进步管理(WP A),它为上千个美国人提供了工作.
WP A workers made roads, built schools, and planted trees.
工作方案 一名工人修筑了道路、修建了学校并种植了树木。
President Abraham Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War.
亚伯拉罕总统 林肯领导美国经历了美国内战.
It was the nation’s bloodiest conflict and greatest test as a country.
这是该国最血腥的冲突和作为国家的最大考验。
Today, many consider Lincoln to be the most beloved president of all.
今天,许多人认为 林肯是大家最爱的总统
Some executive orders have been harmful, however.
然而,一些行政命令是有害的。
One example happened after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1941.
1941年日本进攻夏威夷珍珠港后就发生了一例.
This attack brought the United States into the Second World War (1939–1945).
这次袭击使美国卷入了第二次世界大战(1939–1945).
After the attack, President Roosevelt signed an order that let the U.
袭击后,罗斯福总统签署了允许U的命令.
S.
师曰.
they were treated as enemies of the government.
他们被当作政府的敌人
Japanese Americans eat together at a California camp in 1942.
1942年,日裔美国人在一个加利福尼亚集中营一起吃饭.
Four Terms for Franklin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (“FDR”), the thirty-second president of the United States, won the presidency four times.
美国第三十二任总统富兰克林·富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福("FDR")的"四个任期"曾四次赢得总统席位.
His presidency stretched from 1933 to 1945.
他的总统任期从1933年到1945年.
He brought the country through both the Great Depression and most of the Second World War, though he died just before the war’s end in 1945.
他使国家经历了大萧条和第二次世界大战的大部分时间,尽管他在1945年战争结束前就去世了。
After his death, Congress limited the presidency to two terms.
他去世后,国会将总统任期限制为两届.
Try, Try Again Checks and Balances Under the Constitution, each of the three branches of government—the executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch—serves as a “check” on the others.
尝试, 再次尝试检查和平衡 根据《宪法》,政府的三个分支,即行政部门、立法部门和司法部门,都作为对其他分支的 " 检查 " 。
This prevents any one branch from getting too much power.
这可以防止任何一个分支获得过多的力量.
The president’s veto power, for example, is a check on the legislative branch.
例如,总统的否决权是对立法部门的检查。
Normally, Congress needs a president’s signature to pass a bill into law.
国会通常需要总统签字才能通过法案成为法律。
To date, U.
至今吴.
S.
师曰.
presidents have vetoed more than 2,500 bills.
总统否决了超过2500个法案.
Congress checks the president through the power to override a veto.
国会通过推翻否决权来检查总统.
Congress also checks the president by approving or blocking the people chosen by the president to serve on the Supreme Court and the cabinet.
国会还通过批准或阻止总统选入最高法院和内阁的人来检查总统.
Though the president is commander of the armed forces, only Congress can officially declare war.
虽然总统是武装部队的指挥官,但只有国会才能正式宣战.
Congress also has the power to remove a president from office through a process called impeachment.
国会也有权通过被称作"弹劾"的程序来罢免总统.
While it can be hard to override a veto, Congress can sometimes save a bill through a different process: revision.
虽然推翻否决权可能很难,但国会有时可以通过不同的程序来挽救法案:修订.
If Congress removes or changes aspects of the bill the president dislikes and manages to pass it again, the president may approve it on the next go-round.
如果国会删除或修改法案中总统不喜欢的方面,并设法再次通过,总统可以在下一轮投票中批准.
Finally, the executive branch is a check on the judicial branch because the president chooses federal judges.
最后,行政部门是对司法部门的检查,因为总统选择联邦法官。
The judicial branch checks both the executive and legislative branches by making sure that both Congress’s laws and the president’s orders are constitutional.
司法部门检查行政和立法部门,确保国会的法律和总统的命令都符合宪法。
The writers of the Constitution gave more power to the legislative branch than the executive branch.
《宪法》的起草者赋予立法部门比行政部门更多的权力。
However, the power of the executive branch has grown over time.
然而,行政部门的权力随着时间推移而增加.
For example, one of Congress’s checks on the executive—the power to declare war—has faded into the background.
例如,国会对行政部门的检查——宣战权——已经淡出背景。
Congress last declared war in 1942.
1942年国会最后一次宣战.
All military action since then, including the Vietnam War and the Iraq Wars, has been taken by the executive branch without action from Congress.
此后的所有军事行动,包括越南战争和伊拉克战争,都是行政部门在没有国会采取行动的情况下采取的.
To avoid impeachment, President Richard Nixon resigns from office in 1974.
为了避免被弹劾,理查德·尼克松总统于1974年辞去职务.
He is the only U.
他是唯一一个U
S.
师曰.
president ever to resign.
总统永远辞职。
Conclusion So far, the Constitution has worked as its writers meant it to work, even though the powers of the executive branch tend to change over time.
结论 迄今为止,《宪法》的作者们一直认为它能够发挥作用,尽管行政部门的权力往往会随着时间而变化。
The executive branch has been able to carry out the nation’s laws.
行政部门得以执行国家法律。
At the same time, the legislative and judicial branches check the president’s power.
同时,立法和司法部门检查总统的权力。
The government of the United States, therefore, is balanced between its executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
因此,美国政府在行政、立法和司法部门之间保持平衡。
The Constitution ties the three together.
宪法将这三人联系在一起.
As for the presidency, it is likely to continue to change as the needs of the country change.
至于主席职位,随着国家需要的改变,主席职位很可能继续发生变化。
A painting depicts the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where the U.
一幅画描绘了在费城举行的制宪会议,其中的U.
S.
师曰.
Constitution was drafted.
起草了宪法。
It features Ben Franklin (in brown) and George Washington (in black), two of the thirty-nine actual signers.
它的特点是本·富兰克林(以棕色为单位)和乔治·华盛顿(以黑色为单位),是三十九个实际签注者中的两个.
Glossary abroad (adj.)
国外词汇表(adj.)
in or to a foreign country (p.
在外国境内或前往外国(p.
9) ambassadors (n.)
9) 大使(n.
officials who travel to or reside in a new location to represent their country or population (p.
前往或居住在一个新地点代表其国家或人口的官员(第2页)。
9) cabinet (n.)
9) 内阁(n.
a group of advisers to a president or other leader of a country (p.
一国总统或其他领导人的顾问小组(p.
8) Congress (n.)
8) 国会(n.
the highest lawmaking body of the U.
是美国最高立法机构
S.
师曰.
Representatives (p.
代表(第2页)
6) executive (adj.)
(6) 行政部门(adj.)
of or relating to the branch of government that leads a nation and carries out the laws of the land (p.
或与领导一个国家并执行国家法律的政府部门有关(p.
4) federal (adj.)
4) 联邦(adj.
of or relating to a central government that shares power with separate states or regions (p.
或与中央政府有关,中央政府与不同的州或地区分享权力(p.
6) impeachment (n.)
6)弹劾 (n.
Supreme Court (n.)
最高法院(不详)
(n.)
(无)