Chichén Itzá
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Deserted City.
内容列表 A 被废弃的城市.
4 The Maya Empire.
4. 玛雅帝国。
5 A Monumental City.
5 A 单曲城市.
7 The Styles of Chichén Itzá.
7 希切恩·伊扎的风格。
10 Maya Science.
10 玛雅科学.
12 Visiting the City.
12 访取城.
13 More Mysteries.
13多出谜团.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 A Deserted City In 1842, John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood were traveling through the jungle in eastern Mexico.
16 A Deserted City 在1842年,约翰·劳埃德·斯蒂芬斯和弗雷德里克·卡特伍德在墨西哥东部的丛林中出行.
The two explorers had heard that an ancient city, built by the native Maya people, was somewhere nearby.
两位探险家听说当地玛雅人建造的一座古城就在附近某地.
Suddenly they spotted a tall, pointed hill in the distance.
突然间,他们发现一个高高的、尖尖的山。
As they walked closer, they realized the truth—the hill was an enormous, crumbling pyramid covered with dirt and plants.
当他们走得更近的时候,他们意识到了真理——那座山是一个巨大的倒塌的金字塔,上面布满了泥土和植物。
They had found the 1,300-year-old city of Chichén Itzá (chee-CHEN eet-SAH).
他们发现了1300年历史的Chichén Itzá (chee-CHEN eet-SAH)。
The city was new to Stephens and Catherwood, but the people who lived in the region had always known it was there.
这座城市对史蒂芬斯和克瑟伍德来说是新城,但居住在该地区的人们一直知道它在那里.
Most were descendants of the native Maya, who built the massive stone structures in the city.
大部分是当地玛雅人的后裔,他们在城市中建造了巨大的石结构.
However, no Maya had lived in the city for over four hundred years.
然而,在城市里没有玛雅人居住了四百多年。
Since its discovery in 1842, El Castillo has been carefully restored.
自1842年被发现后,埃尔·卡斯蒂略被精心修复.
The Maya Empire Chichén Itzá is just one of many large cities built by the Maya civilization, which lasted for four thousand years.
玛雅帝国奇琴 伊特萨只是玛雅文明所建造的众多大城市之一,持续了四千年.
Their empire spread across land that is now five different countries—Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
他们的帝国遍及现在五个不同的国家——墨西哥、伯利兹、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和萨尔瓦多。
People across this region spoke related languages and prayed to similar gods.
这个地区的人们会说相关的语言,向类似的神祈祷.
In the third century, they began building cities with giant stone temples and palaces.
三世纪,他们开始用巨石活佛和宫殿来建造城市.
At first, the largest Maya cities were in what is now southern Mexico and Guatemala.
起初,最大的玛雅城市位于墨西哥南部和危地马拉。
By around the year 1000, though, the center of Maya civilization had moved north to the Yucatán (yoo-kah-TAHN) Peninsula.
不过到1000年左右,玛雅文明的中心已经向北迁移到尤卡坦半岛(yoo-kah-TAHN).
Scientists think overpopulation, lack of rain, or war may have been reasons for the move.
科学家认为人口过多,缺乏雨水或战争可能是迁移的原因.
Chichén Itzá’s population grew, and the city became the largest and most powerful in the Maya empire.
奇切恩·伊特斯(Chichén Itzá’s)人口增长了,而这座城市成为了玛雅帝国中最大和最强大的城市.
Today, the Yucatán Peninsula is mostly jungles, forests, and farms, just as it was long ago.
如今,尤卡坦半岛多为丛林,森林,农场等地,一如很久以前.
There are only a few large cities in the region.
该地区只有几个大城市.
The peninsula attracts many visitors who want to see cities built by the ancient Maya—they go to Chichén Itzá or other sites like Uxmal (oos-MAHL) and Cobá (koh-BAH).
半岛吸引了许多想看古代玛雅人所建城市的游客——他们去Chichén Itzá或Uxmal(oos-MAHL)和Cobá(koh-BAH)等地.
Vacationers who want to relax on the beach visit Cancún (kahn-KOON) or the island of Cozumel (koh-soo-MEL).
在沙滩上想放松的度假者访问坎昆(kahn-KON)或科祖梅尔岛(koh-soo-MEL).
This copy of a wall painting from the Temple of the Warriors shows life at a Maya waterside village with warriors in canoes.
这幅从"勇士圣殿"出道的壁画的复制本,展现出一个玛雅水边村庄与以"独木舟"出道的勇士一起生活.
A Monumental City Chichén Itzá was one of the largest Maya cities ever.
千春独居之地 伊扎是有史以来最大的玛雅城市之一.
Luckily, some of its most interesting buildings survive.
幸运的是,它的一些最有趣的建筑幸存了下来.
The most famous is the pyramid spotted by Stephens and Catherwood in the nineteenth century.
最出名的是19世纪由斯蒂芬斯和卡特伍德所发现的金字塔.
Known as El Castillo (EL kahs-TEE-yoh)— Spanish for “the castle”—it has been restored to look much as it would have when it was first built.
被称为El Castillo(EL kahs-TEE-yoh)——西班牙语为 " 城堡 " ——它已经恢复到最初建造时的样子。
Visitors can also see the Great Ball Court, where the Maya played an often-violent game with a giant rubber ball.
参观者还可以看到"大球会"(Great Ball Court),玛雅人在那里用一个巨大的橡皮球玩了一场经常是暴力的游戏.
The city has many temples, where Maya priests led ceremonies, and even an observatory for viewing the Sun and stars.
该市有多所寺庙,玛雅教士在此主持祭祀仪式,甚至有观赏太阳和星星的天文台.
Another important feature of the city is the Sacred Cenote (si-NOH-tee).
这座城市的另一个重要特征是"圣心"(si-NOH-tee).
The Maya used this natural well as a place to make offerings to Chac, their rain god.
玛雅人用这个天然的好地方 来祭祀他们的雨神查克
The large pyramid, El Castillo, is in the center of Chichén Itzá.
大金字塔"埃尔·卡斯蒂略"位于希切恩伊特萨的中心.
Perhaps the most impressive thing about Chichén Itzá is how the Maya built the city.
玛雅人是如何建造这座城市的。
First, each limestone block was cut from the ground using only stone tools.
首先,每个石灰岩块被从地上取出,只使用石器.
Then workers carried blocks to the city and put them in place by hand.
后由工人将地块抬入城中并手接地安置.
Because the Maya did not use wheels in transportation, they had no wagons to carry the stones.
因为玛雅人没有在运输中使用轮子,所以没有马车来搬运石头.
They didn’t even have large animals, like horses or oxen, to drag heavy loads.
他们甚至没有马或牛等大型动物来拖取重物。
These animals didn’t arrive in the Americas until much later, when European explorers brought them.
这些动物直到许多时候才到达美洲,
Workers completed the amazing carvings on the walls at Chichén Itzá with only stone tools as well.
工人在Chichén Itzá的墙上用石头工具完成了惊人的雕刻。
Maya workers may have also used sharper tools made of natural volcanic glass.
玛雅工人也可能使用由天然火山玻璃制成的更尖锐的工具.
The Styles of Chichén Itzá Chichén Itzá was occupied from around ad 450 to 1450.
希切恩·伊扎·希切恩的风格 伊察从450到1450年左右被占领.
During that time, a variety of groups from different parts of the Maya empire controlled the city.
在此期间,来自玛雅帝国不同地区的各种团体控制了这座城市.
Architectural styles changed over the years, affected by the city’s rulers and its trading partners.
建筑风格在过去几年中发生了变化,受到该市统治者及其贸易伙伴的影响.
Workers built earlier structures in the Puuc (POOK) style.
工人以普克(POOK)风格建造了更早的建筑.
The Puuc region was located to the west of Chichén Itzá in the Yucatán Peninsula, and its architecture was a strong influence on the city.
普乌克地区位于尤卡坦半岛Chichén Itzá以西,其建筑对该市有很强的影响.
Most Puuc buildings are low and flat, with horizontal lines.
大部分普乌克建筑地势低而平坦,有水平线.
They are often plain at the bottom with elaborate carvings near the top.
它们往往平坦地位于地底,顶部附近有精心雕刻的雕刻.
A Maya artist made this carving of a jaguar eating a human heart.
一个玛雅艺术家做了这个雕刻 美洲虎吃人心。
This building, known as Casa de las Monjas (The Nunnery), is in the Puuc style.
这座建筑被取名"Casa de las Monjas" (The Nunnery),为普克风格.
During the tenth century, a group of people from Central Mexico conquered Chichén Itzá.
在10世纪,一群来自墨西哥中部的人征服了希切恩伊察.
Historians aren’t sure whether the conquerors were a non-Maya group called the Toltec or a group of Maya who had a strong connection to the Toltec culture.
历史学家并不确定征服者是被称为"托尔特克人"(Toltec)的非玛雅人群体,还是与托尔特克人文化有密切联系的玛雅人群体.
After this time, new structures included both Maya and Toltec features.
之后的新结构包括了玛雅和托尔特克两个特征.
For example, workers carved winged snakes and jaguars on many of the later buildings.
例如,工人在后来的许多建筑上雕刻了翼状蛇和美洲虎.
Some temples hold statues known as Chacmools (chahk-MOOLZ)—reclining human figures that hold offering dishes on their stomachs.
一些寺庙有被称作Chacmools (Chahk-MOOLZ) (Chahk-MOOLZ) 的雕像,
Some Maya-Toltec structures have buildings in an earlier style hidden inside.
一些玛雅-托尔特克建筑的建筑风格更早,藏于内部.
People built El Castillo, for example, on top of an older and smaller pyramid.
例如,人们在一座更老更小的金字塔上建造了埃尔·卡斯蒂略.
The Temple of the Warriors, with its many columns, also has an older structure within it.
勇士圣殿有众多的柱子,内部也有更古老的结构.
The observatory in Chichén Itzá, known as El Caracol (EL kah-rah- KOHL)—Spanish for “the snail”— provides more clues that the Maya understood the movements of the planets and stars.
位于Chichén Itzá的天文台被称作El Caracol (EL kah-rah-KOHL)——西班牙语为"蜗牛"——提供了更多的线索,玛雅人了解了行星和恒星的运动.
The building and its windows are perfectly angled for seeing Venus when it appears at its northernmost point in the sky.
当金星出现在天空的最北端时, 大楼及其窗户是完美的角度。
This Chacmool statue is one of a dozen or more found inside temples in Chichén Itzá.
这尊查克莫尔活佛雕像是奇切恩伊特萨寺庙内出土的十多尊活佛之一.
El Caracol: The Observatory Maya Science The buildings of Chichén Itzá also reveal the Maya people’s understanding of astronomy and the seasons.
卡罗: 玛雅科学观测站 Chichén Itzá的建筑也揭示了玛雅人对天文学和季节的理解.
El Castillo has four staircases, each of which has ninety-one steps.
埃尔卡斯蒂略有四个楼梯,每个楼梯有91个台阶.
If you count the platform at the top, there is a step for each day of the year.
如果将站台数到顶端,则每年的每一天都有台阶.
This indicates that the Maya carefully observed the patterns produced by Earth’s rotation around the Sun.
这表明玛雅人仔细观察了地球围绕太阳自转所产生的规律。
Some scientists think the staircases may represent the ninety-one days separating the winter solstice, spring equinox, summer solstice, and fall equinox.
一些科学家认为阶梯可能代表了91天分离出冬至,春正和夏正和倒正.
The solstices are the days when the Sun is farthest from the equator and closest to the equator.
相声是太阳离赤道最远并最接近赤道的日子.
At the equinoxes, the Sun crosses the equator, making day and night the same length.
在等分地上,太阳穿过赤道,使昼夜的长度相同.
The people of Chichén Itzá may have used shadows on the pyramid as a calendar for planting and harvesting.
Chichén Itzá人民可能曾将金字塔上的阴影作为种植和收割的日历.
Visiting the City Today, Chichén Itzá is more popular than ever with tourists.
今天参观"城市",Chichén Itzá比以往更受游客欢迎.
Over one million people visit the site each year.
每年有100多万人访问该网站。
Visitors can enter and explore many of the buildings, but some structures are off limits.
游客可以进入并探索许多建筑,但有些建筑是被禁入.
For instance, visitors are no longer allowed to climb El Castillo.
例如,游客不得再登上埃尔卡斯蒂略.
This rule helps protect the pyramid from the wear of climbers’ feet, and it also protects tourists from a possible fall.
这条规则有助于保护金字塔免受登山者的脚被穿戴,也保护了游客免于可能倒下.
Even though people can no longer climb the pyramid, there is still excitement for visitors.
尽管人们已经无法再攀登金字塔了,但游客仍然兴奋.
More than a thousand years ago, the builders planned an amazing event that people can still enjoy today.
一千多年前,建造者们策划了一个令人惊奇的活动,人们今天仍然可以享受.
Twice a year when the Sun sets, its rays hit the edge of the pyramid and cast triangular shadows on one of the stairways.
每年两次太阳落地时,它的射线会击中金字塔的边缘并给其中一个楼梯上投下三角阴影.
Slowly, the shadows move down like a slithering serpent.
慢慢地,阴影会像一条细蛇一样向下移动
At the bottom of the stairs, the “serpent” connects to a stone carving of a giant snake head.
在楼梯下方, " serpent " 连接了巨型蛇头的石雕。
Every year, visitors can enjoy this ancient animation.
每年,参观者都能欣赏到这出古代动画.
With many people climbing the great pyramid, the steps became worn and slippery.
随着许多人爬上大金字塔,台阶被磨损而滑.
They are no longer safe to climb.
他们不再安全攀登。
The shadows that create the serpent body only happen twice a year when day and night are equal in length.
创造出蛇身的影子一年只发生两次,此时昼夜长度相等.
More Mysteries While archaeologists have learned many things about Chichén Itzá, it remains a city of mystery.
更多谜题 虽然考古学家对Chichén Itzá有许多了解,但它仍然是一个神秘的城市.
What do the carvings on the wall of the Great Ball Court tell us about the game and the Maya culture?
大球会的墙上雕刻出什么 告诉我们游戏和玛雅文化?
When did the most powerful era in the city’s history end?
城市历史上最强大的时代何时结束?
And why did the Maya abandon Chichén Itzá in the 1400s?
玛雅人为什么在1400年代抛弃了奇琴·伊察?
Today, historians continue to search for the answers to these questions.
今天,历史学家继续寻找这些问题的答案.
Those who work at the site are still unearthing structures and artifacts.
在遗址工作的人仍然是出土的建筑和文物.
There may still be items in the ruins that will reveal buried secrets about the history of Chichén Itzá.
废墟中可能还有物品会揭示出关于Chichén Itzá历史被埋葬的秘密.
Glossary ancient (adj.)
古名词典 (adj.
from a very long time ago (p.
从很早以前开始(p.
4) architectural (adj.)
4) 建筑学(adj.
of or relating to the design and construction of buildings (p.
建筑物的设计和建造(第2页)
10) astronomy (n.)
10) 天文学 (n.
a field of science involving the study of the stars, planets, comets, and other things found in space (p.
研究在空间发现的恒星,行星,彗星等事物的科学领域(p.
12) civilization (n.)
12) 文明 (n.
an organized society that has a stable food supply, government, social structure, culture, written language, and religion (p.
拥有稳定的粮食供应、政府、社会结构、文化、书面语言和宗教的有组织社会(p.
5) descendants (n.)
5) 后代 (n.
offspring of a particular person or group that lived in the past (p.
生活在过去的特定个人或群体的后代(p.
4) empire (n.)
4) 帝国 (n.
a collection of nations or people ruled by one person or government (p.
由一人或政府统治的国家或人民汇编(p.
5) Maya (n.)
5) 玛雅 (n.
a people and civilization of ancient Central America and southern Mexico who built stone pyramids (p.
古代中美洲和墨西哥南部的民族和文明,他们建造了石制金字塔(p.
4) offerings (n.)
4) 供奉 (n.
things offered as contributions or gifts; gifts given by worshippers to a god or gods (p.
作为贡献或礼物提供的物品; 由礼拜者赠送给神或神(p.
7) peninsula (n.)
7) 半岛 (n.
a long piece of land almost completely surrounded by water (p.
一长块地几乎完全被水所包围(p.
6) restored (v.)
6) 恢复(五.
At one time, an estimated fifty thousand people lived in or near Chichén Itzá.
有一次,估计有5万人生活在Chichén Itzá或附近。
We continue to learn from the treasures they left behind.
我们继续学习他们留下的宝藏。