Microscope
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Barely Visible.
内容表几乎可见.
4 The First Simple Microscopes.
4 第一台简易显微镜。
5 Compound Microscopes.
5个复合显微镜。
6 Magnified Twenty to Thirty Times (20–30x).
6 Magnified 20-30 Times (20–30x). 星洲网.
7 Magnified Fifty to Two Hundred Times (50–200x).
7 放大五十至二百倍（50–200倍）。
9 Magnified Two Hundred to Fifteen Hundred Times (200–1,500x).
9 《200至1500时》(200-1,500x)。
11 Magnified One Million Times (1,000,000x).
11 百万大时代(1 000 000x)。
14 Conclusion.
14 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Barely Visible A human hair is one of the smallest things the human eye can see.
16 鲜为人知 人发是人眼能看见的最小事物之一.
Imagine, though, if you could shrink yourself until that hair looked as thick as your arm.
想象一下,但是,如果你可以收缩自己,直到那头发看起来像你的手臂一样厚.
Imagine if the hair looked as fat as a tree trunk.
想象一下如果头发看起来像一棵树干一样肥.
What would you see?
你会看到什么?
The hairs on a fly’s legs would look like enormous spikes.
苍蝇腿上的头发看起来像巨大的尖刺。
The fly would look like a monster with gigantic eyes!
苍蝇会看起来像一个大眼睛的怪物!
That’s the close-up view a microscope provides, and it changes how we see the world.
这是显微镜提供的特写视图, 它改变了我们对世界的看法。
A green blowfly’s body would look very different if you could make yourself really small.
如果你能让自己变小,绿色的蝴蝶的身体会变得非常不同。
The First Simple Microscopes For thousands of years, people have been interested in taking a closer look at their world.
第一个简单的显微镜 几千年来,人们一直对仔细审视自己的世界感兴趣.
The ancient Greeks used glass globes filled with water to make objects appear larger.
古希腊人使用充满了水的玻璃球来使物体显得更大.
In the first century ce, the Romans discovered that glass that was thick in the middle and thin on the edges made things appear larger.
在一世纪的ce上,罗马人发现中间厚而边缘薄的玻璃使事物显得更大.
This was the first magnifying glass.
这是第一个放大镜。
People started to figure out how to make better glass lenses in Europe in the 1600s.
人们开始想出1600年代如何在欧洲制造出更好的玻璃镜.
With that discovery, the microscope was invented.
随着这一发现,显微镜被发明出.
At first, the microscope was just a sort of fancy magnifying glass.
起初,显微镜只是一种花式放大镜.
It had a single lens mounted above a holder for the object being viewed.
它有一个单镜架在持有人上方,用于观察物体。
Most magnifying glasses only make objects appear about five to ten times (5–10x) larger in size.
多数放大镜只使物体出现大小约5到10倍(5-10x).
That was the magnifying power of the first simple microscopes.
这是第一个简单的显微镜的放大力。
This simple microscope from 1780 could be folded up in its case and carried in a pocket.
1780年的这个简单的显微镜 可以在箱子里叠起 装入口袋里
Compound Microscopes Early microscope users figured out that they could put two magnifying glasses in line with each other.
复合显微镜 早期的显微镜用户发现,他们可以将两个放大镜相接而成.
The second lens magnified the image from the first lens, creating greater magnification.
第二道镜头从第一道镜头放大了图像,产生了更大的放大.
With the combination of two lenses in a single microscope, the compound microscope was born.
将两个相片组合在一个单显微镜中,复合显微镜就诞生了.
Today, compound microscopes can magnify objects up to fifteen hundred times (1,500x) their original size!
今天,复合显微镜可以放大物体可达1500倍(1500x)其原始尺寸!
Magnified Twenty to Thirty Times (20–30x) One of the first early microscope users was Robert Hooke.
放大20至30倍(20-30x) 最早的早期显微镜用户之一是罗伯特·胡克.
Hooke improved the early compound microscopes, which could only magnify objects about twenty to thirty times (20–30x) their actual size.
胡克改进了早期的复合显微镜,它只能放大大约20到30倍于其实际尺寸的物体.
He was also one of the first people to take detailed notes on what he saw through a microscope.
他也是最早通过显微镜详细记录所见所闻的人之一.
Hooke published his observations in a book in 1665.
胡克于1665年在一书中发表了他的意见.
Hooke’s book had drawings of close-up views of a louse and a flea.
Hooke的书中绘有一幅特写画,
He drew the compound eyes of a fly in greater detail than anyone had ever seen before.
他把苍蝇的复合眼睛画得比以前任何人都详细。
Robert Hooke’s detailed drawing of a flea appeared in his 1665 book.
罗伯特·胡克对一头跳蚤的详细画作出现在他1665年的书中.
Hooke also sketched sections of plants and seeds.
胡克还勾画出植物和种子的部分.
When he examined a thin section of cork under a microscope, he discovered that it was made up of tiny chambers.
当他在一个显微镜下检查了薄薄的一段软骨后,他发现它由细小的室所组成.
He described those tiny chambers as “cells.”
他把这些小房间描述为“细胞”。 “
Over time, the term cell became used to describe the tiny building blocks of all living things.
随着时间的推移,细胞一词被用来描述所有活物的细小的构件.
Today, examining thin slices of plants lets us see how seeds are formed.
今天,检查植物的薄片 让我们看看种子是如何形成的。
It reveals how cells make up plant leaves.
它揭示出细胞如何构成植物叶.
It shows the cells that allow water and nutrients to move in plant stems.
它显示了允许水和营养物质在植物茎中移动的细胞.
This magnified view of a thin slice of cork shows that it is made up of many tiny “cells.”
这种对一薄片软骨的放大视图表明,它由许多细小的“细胞”所组成。 “
Magnified Fifty to Two Hundred Times (50–200x) Historians believe that Hooke’s book inspired another early microscope user, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (LEY-vun-hook).
放大50至200倍(50-200倍) 历史学家认为,胡克的书启发了另一个早期显微镜用户安东尼·范·李尤文霍克(LEY-vun-hook).
Van Leeuwenhoek was a cloth merchant, not a scientist.
范来文浩克是布商,不是科学家.
However, he used magnifying glasses to examine the different types of fabric he bought and sold.
然而,他使用放大镜来检查他所买卖的不同种类的织物.
When he saw Hooke’s drawings of the microscopic world, Van Leeuwenhoek started making lenses of his own.
Van Leeuwenhoek开始自己制作镜头。
He soon discovered a way to create better lenses.
他很快发现了一种创造出更好的镜头的方法.
As a result, he was able to make microscopes that magnified objects more than two hundred times (200x).
因此他能够制造出能放大超过200倍(200x)物体的显微镜.
Using these stronger microscopes, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered red blood cells.
利用这些更强的显微镜,范·李尤文霍克发现了红血球.
He also discovered tiny life forms called microorganisms living in lake water and in the scrapings from someone’s teeth.
他还发现了一些细小的生命形式,称为微生物,生活在湖水和从某人牙齿上刮去的碎片中。
Microorganisms are living things too small to see with the naked eye.
微生物是活物,太小,无法用肉眼看.
Before Van Leeuwenhoek’s time, no one even knew they existed.
在Van Leeuwenhoek之前,
Microscopes revealed that microorganisms live everywhere.
显微镜显示微生物到处活.
Today, if you use a microscope in the classroom, it probably magnifies objects about the same amount as Van Leeuwenhoek’s early microscopes.
今天,如果你在教室里使用显微镜,它可能会放大与范·李尤文霍克早期显微镜相同的物体。
Although two hundred times (200x) magnification might not seem like a lot, it’s enough to reveal details invisible to the naked eye.
虽然200倍(200x)放大可能看起来并不多,
Even something as simple as sand is seen in a new light under a microscope.
即使是像沙子一样简单的东西,也会在显微镜下的新光中被看到.
Without magnification, sand looks ordinary and plain.
没有放大,沙子看起来很平坦和平坦.
Under magnification, it’s clear that sand from the ocean’s edge contains microscopic shells, coral, and volcanic rock.
海洋边缘的沙子显然含有微粒壳、珊瑚和火山岩。
Looking through a microscope can reveal the tiny living things in pond water.
通过显微镜可以发现池塘水中的细小活物.
Plain beach sand is really made up of many tiny, colorful items.
平地的沙滩 是由许多细小而多彩的物品组成的
Magnified Two Hundred to Fifteen Hundred Times (200–1,500x) Because the lenses in early compound microscopes weren’t perfect, they often created changes in the image.
放大200至1500倍(200-1,500x) 因为早期复合显微镜中的镜片并不完美,
It was hard to tell what was real and what was just an effect caused by the way light passed through the lens.
很难分辨出什么是真实的,什么只是光通过镜头的方式造成的一种效果.
In the early 1800s, a scientist named Joseph Jackson Lister invented a new type of lens.
1800年代初,一位叫约瑟夫·杰克逊·利斯特的科学家发明了新型镜头.
This lens made microscopes more powerful and reliable.
这种镜头使得显微镜更强大更可靠.
As a result, microscopes allowed new discoveries in science and medicine.
因此,显微镜使得科学和医学有了新的发现.
In the mid-1800s, Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR) discovered that microorganisms in the air could cause milk to spoil.
1至800年代中期,路易斯·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR))发现空气中的微生物会使牛奶腐烂.
Around the same time, the improved microscope allowed doctors to see microorganisms in the bodies of sick people.
大约在同一时间,经过改进的显微镜使得医生可以在病人的身上看到微生物.
This discovery caused huge changes in the practice of medicine.
这一发现引起了医学实践的巨大变化.
Early microscopes could stretch images the same way they get stretched by a funhouse mirror.
早期的显微镜可以拉伸图像的方式 和它们被玩家的镜子拉伸的方式一样
The early compound microscope also led to the discovery that no two snowflakes are alike.
早期的复合显微镜也导致发现没有两种雪花相似.
Wilson Bentley was known as “Snowflake” Bentley for his work with snowflakes.
威尔逊·本特利(Wilson Bentley)因其与雪花有关的工作而被称为"雪花".
He paired a camera with his microscope in the late 1800s and early 1900s to take photographs of more than five thousand snowflakes.
他于1800年代末和1900年代初将相机与他的显微镜配对,拍摄了五千多枚雪花的照片.
He showed that snowflakes are mirror images of themselves in six different directions.
他展示了雪花是自己在六个不同方向的镜像.
Compound microscopes also allowed scientists to discover that salt, sugar, and some other things in nature form crystal structures.
复合物显微镜也使科学家们发现了这种盐,糖等自然界中的其他事物形成晶体结构.
Salt is made up of only two types of regularly spaced particles.
盐由只有两类有固定间隔的颗粒所组成.
As a result, it forms crystals shaped like little cubes.
因此,它形成形状为小立方体的晶体.
Table sugar is made up of two different, simpler types of sugar.
表糖由两种不同的更简单的糖组成.
It forms crystals that are slanted at each end and longer than salt crystals.
它形成晶体,每端斜出并长于盐晶.
These photographs taken by “Snowflake” Bentley in 1902 revealed how each snowflake is a different, beautiful shape.
这些由"雪花"(Snowflake)本特利(Bentley)于1902年所拍摄的照片揭示出每个雪花的形状如何不同而美丽.
Sugar crystals form regular rectangular shapes.
糖晶会形成正矩形.
Seeing the world’s tiny details can help people understand how things work.
了解世界的细微细节,
For example, a man named George de Mestral became curious about the cockleburs that stuck to his clothing and his dog’s fur.
例如,一个叫乔治·德·梅斯特拉尔(George de Mestral)的人开始对卡住他衣服和狗皮的公鸡感到好奇。
He took a closer look at the burrs under a microscope.
他用显微镜更仔细地看穿了被打碎的伤口.
He saw that they had tiny hooks that latched onto loops in the fabric of his pants.
他看见他们有细小的钩子 缠住他裤子的织物
De Mestral worked to recreate the design using fabric.
德·梅斯特拉尔(De Mestral)努力用织物来再造设计.
Years later, the result was Velcro.
多年后,结果为维尔克罗.
Velcro is made up of two pieces of fabric, one covered in thousands of tiny hooks and the other covered in thousands of tiny loops.
Velcro由两块布料组成,一被被上千个小钩子所覆盖,一被被上千个小圈子所覆盖.
The hooks and loops let the two pieces of fabric “zip” together.
钩子和回路让两块布料"齐"在一起.
Scientists copied the shape of natural hooks on cockleburs (left) to make the fastener Velcro (right).
科学家在公鸡座上复制了自然钩子的外形(左)来制作更紧的Velcro (右).
Magnified One Million Times (1,000,000x) Because of the way light works, there is a limit to how much a compound microscope can magnify things.
百万次(1 000 000x) 由于光线的工作方式,一个复合显微镜能够放大多少事物是有限度的.
During the past century, scientists developed microscopes that use different ways to create images.
上个世纪,科学家们开发出显微镜,使用不同的方式来制作图像.
One such microscope uses energy called electrons.
其中一个显微镜使用能量叫做电子.
Electron microscopes provide the greatest magnification of any existing type of microscope, magnifying samples up to one million times (1,000,000x)!
电显微镜为任何现存类型的显微镜提供最大放大,放大样本可达一百万倍(一百万倍)!
A tiny dust mite feeds on flakes of human skin.
微小的尘埃会以人类皮肤的碎片为食
Conclusion With each new power of magnification, more detail is revealed about the smallest structures of plants, animals, and materials.
结论 利用每一个新的放大力, 揭示出更多关于植物、动物和材料最小结构的细节。
As a result, microscopes have allowed countless discoveries in nearly every field of science.
因此,显微镜使得几乎所有科学领域都有了无数的发现.
Microscopes make the invisible visible, allowing us to explore the world in an entirely new way.
显微镜使看不见的能见度,让我们以全新的方式探索世界.
A microscopic view of a fish scale reveals details that are impossible to see with the naked eye.
对鱼体尺度的微观观察揭示出肉眼无法看到的细节。
Stains and Dyes Many cells and other small objects are transparent, or see-through.
Stains and Dyes 许多单元格和其他小对象都是透明的,或者通过透视.
This makes them difficult to see under a microscope.
这使他们很难在显微镜下看到.
Stains and dyes have been used since the 1800s to make objects stand out more against their backgrounds.
从1800年代开始,人们就使用螺纹和染料来使物体更加突出其背景.
This makes the objects easier to see with a microscope.
这使得物体更容易用显微镜看到.
Stains reveal that healthy cells (orange) are being replaced by damaged cells (purple) in this microscopic view of a diseased human liver.
Stains显示,在这种人类肝脏病变的显微眼中,健康的细胞(橙色)被受损的细胞取而代之。