Ships of Discovery
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction People often settle along rivers, lakes, and seas.
导言 人们常常会沿着河流、湖泊和海洋定居。
Long ago, people who lived near large bodies of water were curious about what was beyond the horizon.
很久以前,生活在大水体附近的人们对地平线以外的事物感到好奇.
They also thought that traveling over water might be easier than traveling over land.
他们还认为在水上旅行可能比在陆地上旅行容易。
These thoughts led to someone making a simple boat.
这些想法导致有人制造了一艘简单的船.
As boats and ships became more practical, people were able to travel farther from home.
随着船只和船只变得更加实用,人们能够离家更远地旅行。
New types of boats were an improvement over the previous boats.
新型船只比以前的船只有所改善。
They often were safer, carried more cargo, and were more comfortable.
他们常常比较安全,运载了更多的货物,而且更加舒适.
Up until about 150 years ago, boats were the main means of carrying goods and people from place to place.
直到大约150年前,船只是各地运送货物和人员的主要手段.
Let’s look at how boats were used to explore the world and how they have changed over time.
让我们看看船只是如何用来探索世界的,
Early Years The oldest record of sea travel comes from Egypt.
早年 关于出海旅行的最古老的记录来自埃及.
More than 6,000 years ago, Egyptians took to the water.
6000多年前,埃及人入水.
They built boats by carving out the trunks of trees.
他们造船 挖出树干。
But the Egyptians were not the only people to make boats from trees.
但埃及人并非是唯一从树上造船的人.
Many other cultures that looked for ways to cross the water also carved boats from trees.
许多其他寻找过水方法的文化也从树上雕刻出船只.
These were sturdy boats, but they couldn’t carry very much.
这些船很坚固,
Over time, people wanted to move larger things over waterways.
随着时间的推移,人们想要在水道上移动更大的东西.
They wanted to build boats to carry many people as well as food, animals, and other items to trade.
他们想造船运送许多人以及食物、动物和其他物品进行贸易。
Canoes made from oak trees were good boats for crossing a lake or going down a river.
用橡树制成的独木舟是穿越湖泊或下河的好船.
However, they didn’t work as well for carrying large things.
不过,
Imagine trying to row a canoe across a lake with six sheep crammed around you.
想象一下,用六只绵羊围住你 试图划出一条独木舟穿过一个湖。
The space just wasn’t big enough.
空间不够大。
Humans have always been driven to improve things.
人类总是被驱使去改善事物.
So it was natural that long ago people looked for ways to build bigger, faster, and safer boats.
所以,人们很自然地在很久以前 寻找建造更大,更快,更安全的船的方法。
People also realized that they needed better boats to explore places far from their homeland.
人们也意识到他们需要更好的船去探索远离祖国的地方.
The next step in boat building was using wooden beams to make a frame.
船楼的下一步是用木梁来做相框.
The frame was then covered with wooden planks or bark from trees.
后被木板或树皮所覆盖.
Some cultures even used animal skins stretched over the frame.
一些文化甚至使用被拉出框架的动物皮.
These boats were bigger and more streamlined and able to hold more cargo.
这些船只更大、更精简并能够运载更多的货物。
The Egyptians were the first to cover a wooden frame with long, flat pieces of wood to create a hull (the outer shell of a boat).
埃及人最早用长而平平的木头来覆盖木框来制造船体(一艘船外壳).
Some of their boats were as long as 21.3 meters (70 ft).
他们的一些船只长达21.3米(70英尺).
The Egyptians were also the first to use sails.
埃及人也是最早使用帆船的.
Sails reduced the need for people to row the boats.
赛尔斯减少了人们划船的需要.
Some larger boats used both rowers and sails.
一些更大型的船只同时使用划船和帆船.
Soon, the Greeks and other peoples around the Mediterranean Sea were building large boats powered by sails.
不久,地中海周边的希腊人和其他民族正在建造由帆船提供动力的大型船只.
About 3,000 years ago, sailing ships were built with two masts, each one carrying a sail.
约前3000年建造出有两根桅杆的帆船,每根桅杆都搭起一帆.
The addition of a second mast made ships easier to steer and also made them much faster.
增设了第二桅杆使舰只能更方便地行驶,也使航速更快.
Five hundred years later, the Greeks developed a ship with four sails.
五百年后,希腊人开发出一艘有四道帆船.
This ship was safe enough to leave the Mediterranean Sea and travel down the west African coast.
这艘船足够安全,可以离开地中海并沿着西非海岸出行.
Some of the fastest ships at the time were built for battle.
一些当时最快的舰只被建造用于战斗.
Some warships had as many as three levels of rowers on each side.
一些战舰每边有多达三级划船.
These larger ships allowed people to travel to and explore distant places.
这些更大型的舰只使得人们可以前往并探索遥远的地方.
During this period, exploration and trade moved beyond the Mediterranean Sea.
在此期间,勘探和贸易已经超越了地中海.
The Polynesians In the South Pacific, groups of Pacific Island peoples were building boats that could sail in the open ocean.
南太平洋的波利尼西亚人,一群太平洋岛屿人正在建造可以在公海上航行的船只。
Over 3,500 years ago, these people were traveling east, well beyond the islands where they lived.
3500多年前,这些人正在向东行走,远远超出了他们居住的岛屿.
They also explored areas off the Asian mainland.
他们还探索了亚洲大陆以外的地区.
These Polynesian sailors built a boat that was an early version of the modern catamaran.
这些波利尼西亚水手建造了一条船,这是现代克塔马兰的早期版本.
They took two canoes and connected them using large wooden poles.
他们取走两只独木舟并用大木杆将它们连接起来.
A deck was then built to span the poles.
之后又建造了一座甲板来横跨柱子.
These boats were usually about 15 to 18 meters (50-60 ft) long.
这些船只通常长约15至18米(50至60英尺).
The central deck held masts for sails and had enough space for several people and their supplies during a long voyage.
中央甲板为起帆架起桅杆并有足够的空间供几个人及其在长途航行期间的补给.
These early boats provided a means of safe travel from one island to another.
这些早期船只提供了从一个岛屿到另一个岛屿的安全出行的手段.
The Polynesians settled each new island they discovered.
波利尼西亚人安顿了他们发现的每一个新岛屿.
By the beginning of the year 1000, they lived on nearly every island they could find in the Pacific Ocean.
到1000年初,它们生活在几乎每一个在太平洋能发现的岛屿上.
Their new homes included Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.
他们的新家园包括夏威夷,新西兰和复活节岛.
The Polynesians were skilled sailors.
波利尼西亚人是熟练的水手。
They became so familiar with the ocean that they could tell their location by the size and shape of the waves.
他们对海洋变得非常熟悉,以至于可以通过波浪的大小和形状来分辨出自己的位置.
They could easily travel great distances by going from island to island.
他们可以轻松地从一个岛到另一个岛去旅行。
The Polynesians grew to accept sea travel as a way of life.
波利尼西亚人逐渐接受海上旅行作为一种生活方式.
The Vikings More than 1,300 years ago, a group of people in another part of the world began to build larger boats.
1300多年前,世界另一地的一群人开始建造更大型的船只.
These people were the Vikings.
这些人是维京人
They lived in the northern part of Europe.
他们居住在欧洲北部.
The Vikings were well known as warriors and conquerors.
维京人被誉为"战士"和"征服者".
The Vikings were accustomed to traveling over water.
维京人习惯了在水上旅行
By the year 700, they were sailing boats that were better than any others on the ocean.
到了700年,他们正在航行的船 比其他海洋的船都好。
The boats they built, called knarrs (kuh- NARS), were used mostly for trading.
他们建造的叫克纳尔斯(kuh-NARS)的船只大多用于贸易.
These boats were up to 16.5 meters (54 ft) long and 4.5 meters (15 ft) wide.
这些船只可长达16.5米(54英尺)长和4.5米(15英尺)宽.
Because they were flat bottomed, the knarr boats could carry heavy loads.
由于船底平平,克纳尔船可以承载重载.
They were also stable and could travel safely across the open ocean.
它们也很稳定,可以安全地穿越公海。
Viking explorers were willing to travel into the unknown to claim new lands and seek adventure.
维京探险家们愿意走入未知之地,要求得到新地并寻求冒险.
They were also the first Europeans to visit North America.
他们也是第一批访问北美的欧洲人.
Vikings also built warships known as longships.
维京人还建造了被称作"长舰"的军舰.
It often was difficult to tell if a longship was coming or going because they looked the same in the front and in the back.
往往很难分辨长船是来还是去,因为前面和后面看起来都是一样的.
Using this design, Viking attackers could easily change direction.
用这个设计 维京攻击者很容易改变方向.
Longships were able to travel as fast as 15 knots.
长舰能跑得快到15节
A knot is a way to measure speed on water.
结是测量水上速度的方法.
Some of the larger longships carried as many as 200 warriors.
一些较大的长相舰载着多达200名战士.
The combination of large, speedy, easy-tohandle ships and a fierce fighting spirit made the Vikings tough to defeat.
由大型的,快速的,容易操作的舰只和激烈的战斗精神相结合,使得维京人很难被打败.
The Vikings ruled the ocean for nearly three centuries.
维京人统治了海洋近三个世纪.
Age of Discovery Until the 1400s, most sailors still kept close to their home waters.
发现时代到1400年代,大多数水手仍然保持与家乡水域相近.
But with the coming of the Age of Discovery, things changed dramatically.
但随着"发现"时代的到来,事情发生了巨大的变化.
Every European sailing country wanted to find new lands.
每个欧洲航海国都希望找到新的地盘.
The race was on, and the Americas were the prize.
比赛开始了,美洲是大奖
Shipbuilders had to find ways to build faster and safer ships.
造船商必须想出办法来建造更快,更安全的船舶.
In the 1400s and 1500s, Christopher Columbus and other explorers used small, sturdy ships known as caravels.
在1400年代和1500年代,克里斯多夫·哥伦布等探险家使用被称作"Caravels"的小而坚固的船.
These ships had three masts to carry sails.
这些舰只有三根桅杆来起帆.
This design made the ships fast and easy to steer.
这种设计使得舰只的航速快而易行.
Caravels had square sails on the front and the middle masts and a triangular-shaped sail on the back mast.
卡拉维尔斯在前桅和中桅有正方形起帆,后桅有三角形起帆.
The largest of Columbus’s ships was 27.4 meters (90 ft) long and 9.1 meters (30 ft) wide.
哥伦布最大的舰只有27.4米(90英尺)长和9.1米(30英尺)宽.
Compared to modern ocean liners and cargo ships, caravels were tiny.
相较于现代的远洋班轮和货船,焦耳是微小的.
But even though they were quite small, the explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out to sail five caravels around the world with a crew of 260 sailors.
但尽管它们相当小,探险家费迪南德·麦哲伦(英语:Ferdinand Magellan)也出动了由260名水手组成的船员出动来将五只木雕航行到世界各地.
Almost three years after they began the trip, one of Magellan’s ships and eighteen of the original crew members made it around the world.
在他们开始出行近三年后,麦哲伦的一艘船和18名最初的船员环游世界.
Magellan was not one of the survivors.
麦哲伦不是幸存者之一。
He was killed somewhere in the Philippine Islands.
他在菲律宾群岛某地被杀死。
The Chinese While European explorers were sailing the world, the Chinese had also taken to the sea in another part of the world.
在欧洲探险家出海出海的同时,中国人也曾在世界另一地出海出海.
They were skilled sailors.
他们是熟练的水手。
Their most famous explorer, Zheng He, traveled in a fleet of sixty-two ships that were much larger than European ships.
他们最出名的探险家 郑 他乘坐由62艘舰只组成的舰队出行,这些舰只比欧洲舰只大得多.
His largest ship was so big that it could have held all three of Columbus’s ships on its deck.
他最大的舰只如此之大,以至于能将哥伦布的所有三艘舰只都扣留在其甲板上.
This huge ship was 121 meters (400 ft) long and 45.7 meters (150 ft) wide.
这艘巨大的舰只长121米(400英尺),宽45.7米(150英尺).
In addition to the sixty-two main trading ships, more than a hundred smaller support boats were in the fleet.
除62艘主要贸易船外,舰队中还有一百多艘更小的支援艇.
These Chinese explorers sailed all the way to Africa to trade.
这些中国探险家一路出海到非洲进行贸易.
War with their Asian neighbors caused the Chinese to turn their attention away from exploration.
与亚洲邻居的战争使中国人不再关注探索.
If they had continued, we might be studying how China discovered America.
如果他们继续,我们可能会研究 中国如何发现美国。
And North and South Americans might be speaking Chinese instead of French, English, and Spanish.
北美和南美人可能说中文而不是法语、英语和西班牙语。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Later Years As sea exploration continued, the Spanish led the way.
以后的岁月 随着出海探索的继续,西班牙人率先出道.
By the 1500s, European ship designs had improved.
到1500年代,欧洲舰只的设计有了改进.
The newest ships, called galleons, were larger, faster, and more comfortable.
最新的舰只,叫"加仑",规模较大,速度快而舒适.
These vessels were as long as 42.7 meters (140 ft), but were still small compared to the Chinese ships.
这些舰只长达42.7米(140英尺),但与中国舰只相比仍然很小.
Many of them had nice, comfortable living quarters.
很多人住的地方都舒适舒适
Galleons were capable of serving both as trading vessels and warships.
加莱昂斯既能充当贸易船只又能充当军舰.
Because of their size, galleons were able to carry many cannons on board, making them dangerous in battle.
由于体积大,加仑能携带多门舰上大炮,使出战危险.
In the late 1700s, Captain James Cook undertook some of the greatest explorations of his time.
1700年代末,詹姆斯·库克船长进行了他时代的一些最伟大的探索.
On his first ship, the Endeavour, Cook sailed around the world.
在他的第一艘"奋进号"上,库克环游世界.
His ship was only 32 meters (105 ft) in length.
他的舰只长度只有32米(105英尺).
It was smaller than many other ships and had a shallower draft, sitting only 4.3 meters (14 ft) deep when fully loaded.
它比许多其他舰只都小并有更浅的草稿,满载时只坐入了4.3米(14英尺)深.
Cook was not only a great sailor, but he also knew how to keep his crew healthy.
库克不仅是一位伟大的水手,他也懂得如何保持船员的健康.
He made them eat certain foods, such as limes and cabbages, to remain free from disease.
他让他们吃某些食物,如石灰和白菜等,以保持免于疾病.
Until Cook’s time, up to one-half of the crew on a long voyage would die of scurvy or other diseases.
在库克之前,在长途航行中,多达一半的船员会死于脏病或其他疾病.
Cook knew his success as an explorer depended on keeping his crew healthy.
库克知道自己作为一个探险家的成功取决于保持他的船员的健康.
Conclusion By the middle of the 1800s, sailors had explored and mapped most of the world’s coasts.
结论 到1800年代中期,水手已经探索并绘制出世界大部分海岸.
As people settled farther from their homelands, better ships were needed to move people and supplies great distances.
随着人们离家园更远地定居,需要更好的船只来转移人员和提供远方的物资。
Fast ships called clipper ships carried people across oceans in a matter of days.
"快船"称"快船"在几天内载人出海.
Some of these ships had as many as thirty-five sails.
这些舰只中有些有多达35艘起航.
In only a few years, however, the steam engine would replace wind power, ending the age of sailing ships.
然而在短短的几年内,蒸汽机将取代风能,结束了帆船时代.
When we look at some of the ships used by early explorers to sail across oceans, we have to admire their courage.
当我们看一看早期探险家用来出海航行的一些船只,我们必须钦佩他们的勇气.
Explorers and their ships of discovery helped create the world we live in.
探索者及其发现之船 帮助创造了我们生活的世界