Severe Weather
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Building Blocks of Weather.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). 4 Bigding Blocks of Weather.
5 Temperature.
5 温.
6 Air Pressure.
6 气压。
9 Wind.
九风.
10 Moisture.
10 湿.
11 Thunderstorms.
11个雷暴.
14 Tornadoes.
14"龙卷风".
18 Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tropical Cyclones.
18场飓风,台风,以及热带气旋.
20 Blizzards.
20个布莱扎克
22 Storm Safety.
22"风暴安全".
24 Glossary.
24 词汇表。
28 Introduction Weather can be calm and peaceful, or it can be fierce and violent.
28 导言 天气可以是平静而平和的,也可以是激烈而暴力的.
We experience fierce, violent weather in the form of storms.
我们以暴风雨的形式经历激烈而激烈的天气。
Every place on Earth can experience some type of violent storm.
地球上的每一个地方都能够经历某种类型的暴力风暴.
We will explore types of violent storms, but first let’s look at the causes of weather.
我们将探索暴力风暴的类型,
Threatening storm clouds gather over a road.
威胁性暴风雨云会聚集在一条路上
Building Blocks of Weather When you think of good weather, you probably think of sunshine, but you might be surprised to know that the sun is responsible for bad weather, too.
建设天气街区 当你想到好的天气,你可能想到了阳光, 但你可能惊讶地知道,太阳也是坏天气的原因。
In fact, the sun is responsible for all weather.
事实上,太阳是所有天气的责任。
Let’s talk about the things that make the weather what it is—the building blocks of weather.
让我们来谈谈那些让天气成为现实的东西,
These are temperature, air pressure, wind, and moisture.
这些是温度、气压、风力和水分。
Let’s learn how the sun affects these things.
让我们学习太阳如何影响这些东西。
Sun, air, and moisture are the building blocks of weather.
太阳,空气,和水分是天气的基石.
Temperature Weather is caused by changes in the atmosphere, the air that surrounds Earth.
温度 天气由大气的变化所引起,是环绕地球的空气.
All weather begins when energy from the Sun strikes the earth.
所有天气从太阳的能量冲击地球开始
When sunlight hits the earth, it is either absorbed by the earth or reflected back into the atmosphere.
当阳光击中地球时,它要么被地球所吸收,要么被反射回大气层.
The sunlight that is absorbed changes to heat.
被吸收的阳光会改变温度
This heat comes off the earth’s surface like heat from a hot stove, and it heats the air that surrounds Earth.
这种热量从地表流出,就像从热炉中取出热量一样,它给环绕地球的空气加热.
The Earth’s surface heats the air above it.
地表将空气加热到地上。
Now, not all of the Earth is heated equally.
现在,并不是所有地球都一样热。
Since the Earth is a giant rotating ball, only half of it is facing the sun at any time.
由于地球是一个巨大的自转球,只有一半的地球随时面对太阳.
While the sunny side gets heated, the dark side loses heat.
阳光照亮时 黑暗会失去热量
In addition, some places absorb more sunlight than others.
此外,有些地方吸收的阳光比其他地方多.
For example, if sunlight strikes a dark surface, it will be absorbed more quickly, and the surface will get hotter.
例如,如果阳光照射到一个暗地表面,它会被更快地被吸收,而表面会变得更热.
Also, land heats up more quickly than water.
而且,土地加热速度比水快。
TRY THIS: Unequal Heating Place a piece of black paper and a piece of white paper in the sun.
尝试这个: 不平等的加热 把一块黑纸和一块白纸放入太阳.
Let them sit for a couple of hours.
让他们坐几个小时
Feel both pieces of paper before and after.
前后相感两相纸.
Which one gets warmer?
哪个更暖和?
Place a thermometer on each piece of paper to see how much warmer one is than the other.
在每张纸上放一个温度计,看看一个比另一个暖和多少.
SUN Sunlight only hits half the Earth at any one time.
太阳 日光只在任何时间击中地球的一半.
The Sun’s rays also strike more directly near the equator, which means that water and land around the equator get hotter.
太阳的射线也更直接地撞击到赤道附近,这意味着赤道周围的水和地越发热.
Sunlight strikes areas around the poles at a sharp angle.
日光以尖锐的角度打击了各极地一带.
Angled light does not get absorbed as much as direct light, which explains why the poles are colder.
愤怒的光被吸收得不像直接光那样多,这解释了为什么柱子比较冷.
Also, the poles are covered with snow and ice, and these light-colored surfaces do not absorb sunlight as well.
此外,柱子被雪和冰所覆盖,而这些浅色地表也没有吸收阳光.
The angle of sunlight creates cold poles and a warm equator.
阳光的角会形成冷极和温暖的赤道.
Air Pressure The air in the atmosphere has weight, and it is being pulled toward the Earth by gravity.
气压 大气层中的空气有重量,它正被引力拉向地球。
Because it is pulled down, it pushes against things.
因为它被拉倒, 它推向事物。
This is what we call air pressure.
这就是我们所谓的气压。
We know that cold air is heavier than warm air, and because of this, it pushes down with more pressure.
我们知道冷空气比暖空气更重,因此以更高的压力推倒.
This air is called high-pressure air.
这种空气被称为高压空气.
Scientists have learned that high-pressure air always moves toward warmer, low-pressure air.
科学家们了解到高压空气总是朝更温暖的低气压空气移动.
The colder air being pulled toward the Earth pushes the warmer air up.
更冷的空气被拉向地球 将更温暖的空气推向上方
WARM AIRCOLD AIR Cold air is heavier, while warm air is lighter.
暖气 冷空气更重,而暖空气更轻.
Wind Wind is caused by the unequal heating of the Earth.
风能由地球不均匀取暖而来.
The unequal heating causes some air to be warmer than other air, which leads to a difference in air pressure.
不平等取暖导致一些空气比其他空气更温暖,这导致了气压的差异.
The unequal heating and the differences in air pressure set air in motion, creating wind.
不平等的取暖和气压的差异使空气起动,产生出风.
The greater the difference in temperature and pressure between two large masses of air, the stronger the wind along the borders of these air masses.
两个大质量的空气在温度和压力上的差异越大,沿着这些空气质量边界的风力就越强.
Wind can be gentle or violent.
风能温和或暴力.
Moisture The Sun also heats water in lakes, rivers, and, most importantly, oceans.
湿度 太阳也会在湖泊,河流中加热出水,最重要的是海洋.
The Sun’s energy causes water to evaporate and form water vapor, which is an invisible gas.
太阳的能量导致水蒸发并形成水蒸气,而水蒸气是一种隐形气体。
Water vapor in the air has a lot to do with the weather we experience.
空气中的水蒸发与我们经历的天气有很大关系。
TRY THIS: Make Your Own Cloud When you are outside on a cold winter day, you can usually see your breath.
试试这个,让自己的云 寒冬日出外时,一般能看见呼吸.
This happens in the same way that clouds are formed.
此相出相出同云所出相出相出相出相.
The air of your breath is warm and moist.
口出口出气出而温湿.
When you breathe out, the warm, moist air rises and meets the cold outside air.
出气后,取出暖湿之气而起取出,与外出之寒气相会.
The water vapor in your breath changes to tiny drops of water and turns into a little cloud.
你呼吸中的水蒸气会变成一滴水 然后变成一团云
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
It takes about a million cloud droplets to form an average raindrop.
形成平均雨滴需要约一百万个云滴.
Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, and cold air constantly pushes this warm, moist air upward.
温暖的空气比冷空气能承受更多的水分,而冷空气会不断将这种温暖而湿润的空气推向上.
As this warm air rises, it cools down, and the water vapor begins to get squeezed out.
随着暖气的升起 水蒸发开始被挤出
When this happens, the water vapor changes to tiny water droplets that form clouds.
当这种情况发生时,水蒸发会变成形成云层的小水滴.
The water droplets continue to cool and join together in clouds.
水滴继续冷却并合入云中.
In time, they get so big that they are pulled to the earth by gravity.
在时间,它们变得如此之大,以至于被引力拉入地.
Precipitation is the name we give to this water falling to the earth.
降水是我们给这个倒入地里的水取的名字.
Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, or ice.
降水的形式可以是雨,雪,或冰.
The kind of precipitation that falls depends on the temperature in the clouds and the temperature between the clouds and the ground.
降水的种类取决于云层中的温度和云层与地层之间的温度.
This table shows the conditions needed for different kinds of precipitation.
本表列出各类降水所需条件.
Now that we’ve learned about the building blocks of weather, let’s learn what happens when conditions are extreme.
现在,我们了解了天气的构成要素,让我们了解当条件极端时会发生什么。
Remember, violent storms happen when temperature, air pressure, wind, and moisture are extreme.
记住,当温度、气压、风和水分极端时,就会有暴风雨。
Conditions Needed for Different Kinds of Precipitation Temperature in the clouds Temperature between the clouds and ground Above or below freezing Below freezing Above freezing Above freezing in the lower cloud and below freezing in the upper part of the cloud.
云层与地表之间温度不同 温度不同 温度不同
Also, high winds blowing upward in the cloud.
还有 在云中吹起高风
Above freezing Below freezing Below freezing.
上面是冰冻,下面是冰冻。
May start as ice, then melts, then freezes again as it passes through freezing air near the ground.
可能开始为冰,然后融化,然后在地上经过冷空气后再次被冻结.
Above freezing Rain Snow Sleet and freezing rain Hail Thunderstorms Thunderstorms are the most common type of storm.
冰冻上方的"雨雪出血"和"冰冻下雨""冰雹""雷暴""雷暴"是最常见的风暴类型.
They usually occur during hot, humid weather, and they form when warm, moist air rises quickly.
它们通常发生在炎热潮湿的天气下,在温暖湿润的空气迅速升起时会形成.
T all clouds form, and large amounts of water vapor in these clouds form water drops very quickly.
整个云层形成, 这些云层中大量的水蒸发 迅速形成水滴。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
There are approximately 40,000 thunderstorms in the world every day.
世界上每天约有4万起雷暴.
Every day someone is struck by lightning.
每天有人被闪电击中
Strong wind in a thunderstorm can blow large water drops far up in the cloud, where they freeze.
雷暴中的强风能吹出大水 在云层中远处落下,在那里被冻死.
Then they begin to fall and collect more moisture.
然后它们开始下降 收集更多的水分。
The wind can blow the ice pellets back up into the cloud, where another layer of ice forms on the pellets.
风能将冰粒回放入云中,再有一层冰层在花粒上形成.
Sometimes this happens many times to the same ice pellets.
有时,这种情况在许多时候发生在同一个冰块上.
Each time, they get bigger until they become too heavy for the wind to blow them back up.
每一次,它们会变大,直到它们变得过重到被风吹倒倒.
Then they fall as hail.
然后他们跌倒为冰雹。
Hailstones the size of baseballs and grapefruits have been reported.
棒球和柚子大小的冰雹被报道.
The ruler (bottom left) shows the size of this hailstone.
尺(从下而左)出此冰雹石之大小.
Thunderstorms get their name from the lightning and thunder they produce.
雷暴从他们产生的闪电和雷电中获得他们的名字.
Lightning can go from one cloud to another cloud, or it can go from cloud to ground or from ground to cloud.
闪电可以从一云去到一云去,也可以从一云去到一地去或从一地去到一地去.
Lightning, which is very hot, heats the air to cause thunder.
闪电非常热,会给空气加热以引起雷霆.
The hot air expands very quickly, which creates a shockwave.
热空气迅速膨胀,产生出一股冲击波.
When the wave reaches your ear, you hear it as thunder.
浪来入耳后所闻为雷.
Lightning usually strikes the tallest object around.
闪电一般会击中周围最高的物体.
You can tell how far away lightning is by counting the number of seconds between the time you see lightning and the time you hear thunder.
你可以通过计算从看到闪电到听到雷电之间的秒数来判断闪电有多远.
If you count five seconds, the lightning is 1.
如果你数到5秒,闪电是1。
6 kilometers (1 mi) away from you.
离你6公里(1英里)远
If you count ten seconds, it is 3.
如果你数10秒,就是3秒。
2 kilometers (2 mi) away.
2公里(2米)外.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A bolt of lightning is hotter than the surface of the sun.
闪电闪电比太阳表面更热.
Tornadoes Tornadoes, which have the strongest winds on Earth, have wind speeds that may reach 322 to 480 kilometers per hour (200–300 mph).
龙卷风是地球上风力最强的,其风速可达每小时322至480公里(200–300 mph).
Tornadoes rarely last more than thirty minutes, but they can do great damage.
龙卷风很少能持续超过30分钟,但能造成巨大的破坏.
They can flatten buildings, pick up cars and trucks, and tear out trees by the roots.
他们可以平地建筑,取出汽车和卡车,并用树根撕出树木.
Tornadoes form when warm air rises very quickly.
当温暖的空气迅速升起时,龙卷风就会形成.
Cold air rushes in to replace the rising warm air.
冷空气冲入以取代上升的暖空气.
It moves in so fast that it begins to rotate or spin, and this spinning causes a funnel cloud to form.
它移动得如此快,以至于它开始旋转或自旋,而这种旋转会导致漏斗云形成.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
On average, the United States experiences 100,000 thunderstorms each year, causing about 1,000 tornadoes.
美国平均每年会经历10万起雷暴,造成约1000起龙卷风.
When a tornado occurs over water, it is called a waterspout.
当龙卷风在水面上出现时,它被称为"水喷".
Whirlwinds, sometimes called dust devils, form when hot air spins up from the ground over bare soil and deserts.
旋风(英語:Whirlwinds),有时被称作"尘地恶魔",在热空气从地上从裸露的土壤和沙漠上旋转起而形成.
These are different from tornadoes and waterspouts, which spin down from clouds.
这些与龙卷风和从云中旋转而来的水分不同.
Waterspouts are often beautiful.
水相喷出常为相.
Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tropical Cyclones During the warm months of the year, great masses of warm, moist air form over warmer parts of the ocean.
飓风、台风和热带气旋 在一年中温暖的几个月里 温暖而湿润的空气在温暖的海洋中形成
They begin to swirl around when cooler air moves in to replace the rising warm air.
当冷气进入时,它们开始旋转 以取代上升的温暖空气
When this happens, huge storms form.
当这种情况发生时,会形成巨大的风暴.
These storms have different names, depending on where in the world they occur.
这些风暴有不同的名称,取决于它们在哪里发生.
Look at the world map to see what these storms are called in different parts of the world.
看看世界地图,看看这些风暴在世界不同地区被称作什么.
Tropical ocean storms have different names in different parts of the world.
热带海洋风暴在世界不同地区都有不同名称.
These huge storms can be hundreds of miles across.
这些巨大的暴风雨可能横跨数百英里.
They have three parts.
他们有三个部分。
In the center is the eye of the storm, where the air is calm.
中心是风暴之眼,其中空气平静.
The eye is surrounded by a wall of swirling clouds containing strong, violent winds.
眼睛被一堵卷起的云墙所包围,里面有强烈而猛烈的风.
These winds whirling around the center can reach over 322 kilometers per hour (200 mph).
这些环绕中心旋转的风能能达到每小时322多公里(200 mph).
The third part is the rain bands, which are bands of thunderclouds that reach out from the wall and produce heavy rain.
第三部分是雨带,是雷克云从墙上伸出来并产生暴雨的乐队.
The damage from these storms is done by wind and flooding.
这些风暴所造成的损害由风和洪水所造成.
When these large storms reach land, they push large mounds of water ahead of them.
当这些大风暴到达陆地时,它们会把大块的水推到它们前面.
When these mounds of water hit land, boats and buildings may be swept away and destroyed.
当这些多地被水击中后,船只和建筑物可能被冲走并被摧毁。
The heavy amount of rain can also cause serious flooding.
暴雨还会导致严重的洪灾.
Hurricanes can cause a lot of damage.
飓风可造成多起破坏.
Blizzards The most fierce winter storm is called a blizzard.
闪光灯 最猛烈的冬季风暴被称为暴风雪.
This is a storm that has heavy snowfall and high winds of over 56 kilometers per hour (35 mph).
这场风暴降下大雪,阵风时速超过56公里(35 mph).
Sometimes visibility is so limited that the blizzard is called a whiteout.
有时能见度也很有限,以至于暴风雪被叫作"白出".
Blizzards can dump several feet of snow quickly.
布莱扎德可以迅速倾出多英尺的雪.
This snow blows around and piles up into huge drifts of up to 15.
这起雪在周围吹起,并堆积成高达15个的巨大漂流.
2 meters (50 ft).
2米(50英尺).
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A single snowflake can be made of 50 or more individual ice crystals clustered together.
单个雪花可以由50个或更多的单个冰晶组合而成.
Blizzards make driving very dangerous.
布莱扎德驾驶非常危险
These fierce storms can collapse buildings, bury cars and trucks, and knock out electrical power.
这些猛烈的风暴可以摧毁建筑物,掩埋汽车和卡车,并击倒电力.
In the mountains, heavy snowfall can lead to avalanches.
在山地上,大雪可以导致雪崩.
Avalanches are huge walls of snow that break loose and tumble down a mountainside.
雪崩是一堵巨大的雪墙 松开并倒下山坡
They have been known to bury entire villages.
众所周知,他们埋葬了整个村庄。
An avalanche buried this car.
这辆车被雪崩埋了
Storm Safety It pays to know what to do when a storm is coming.
风暴安全 当暴风雨来临时,知道该怎么做是值得的。
It can save your life.
它可以救你的命。
Here are some safety tips.
这里有一些安全提示。
Thunderstorm Safety • Look for shelter, such as a building or car.
• 寻找避难所,例如建筑物或汽车。
No matter what, do not take shelter under trees because trees attract lightning.
无论如何,不要躲在树下 因为树吸引了闪电。
strikes, it usually spreads out on the ground.
打击,通常在地上扩散出.
The safest position is to put your feet close together and crouch down with your head as low as possible, curled up in a tight squat.
最安全的姿势是把你的脚紧紧地放在一起,并用最低的头蹲下,被紧紧地蹲下.
• Do not stand on a hilltop or open field.
• 支助 不要站在山顶或露出地上。
• If you are in or on the water, get out or get off.
• 支助 如果你在水里或水上, 下车或下车。
• Do not carry anything made of metal.
• 支助 不要携带任何由金属制成的东西。
a cordless phone or a cell phone.
无绳电话或手机。
follow the wire.
跟着电线走
in the metal pipes.
在金属管。
Tornado Safety • The key word in tornado safety is DOWN.
• 旋风安全 龙卷风安全的关键词是"下".
Go to a basement if you can.
如果你能去地下室的话
If you are in a building without a basement, go to a closet or bathroom.
如果你在没有地下室的大楼里, 去衣柜或浴室。
In either case, get under a heavy piece of furniture or inside the bathtub and protect your head and neck with your arms.
无论是哪种情况,都躲入一个沉重的家具下或浴缸内,用手臂来保护你的头和脖子.
and protect your head and neck with your arms.
用手臂保护你的头和颈部
been blown over a mile away by tornadoes.
被龙卷风吹到一英里外
• Stay away from doors and windows.
• 支助 远离门窗.
Hurricane Safety • Before a hurricane comes, board up windows.
• 在飓风来袭之前,登上窗户。
Pick up loose things in the yard.
在院子里捡起松散的东西。
Get a battery- powered radio and store some water.
拿个电池供电的收音机 储存一些水
ground far inland.
地处内陆
building on the highest ground available.
建在最高可用地上。
• Stay away from doors and windows.
• 支助 远离门窗.
• Do not go outside.
• 支助 别出去