Lighter than Air
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduct Ion You’ve probably seen a fire and noticed how smoke rises.
引入电离层 你可能见过一起火灾,
You’ve also probably had a balloon with a string to keep it from floating away.
你可能也有一个带绳子的气球,
You may have even seen a blimp flying over a stadium.
你可能甚至看到一个蓝宝石飞过体育场
Have you wondered why these things float?
你想知道为什么这些东西会漂浮吗?
It’s because they’re lighter than air.
因为他们比空气轻。
Introduction.
导言。
4 Early Days.
4"早期日报".
5 Kinds of Balloons.
5个气球
7 Steering.
7 指导。
10 A Brief History of Airships.
10"航空舰简史".
12 The Zeppelin.
12"齐柏林飞船".
12 The First Airline.
12 第一航空线.
14 The Great Graf.
14"伟大的格拉夫".
15 Flying Aircraft Carriers.
15架飞行器运载机。
18 The Hindenburg.
18 兴登堡报.
19 Modern Airships.
19 现代航空舰.
21 Conclusion.
21 结论。
24 How Can Something Be Lighter than Air?
24 什么东西比空气更轻?
25 Glossary.
25 词汇表。
26 Smoke, balloons, and blimps are all lighter than air.
26 烟,气球,和闪光灯都比空气轻.
More than two centuries ago, a man named Joseph Montgolfier (mon-GOLF-yay) was watching a fire in his fireplace.
两个多世纪前,一个叫约瑟夫·蒙高利(英语:Joseph Montgolfier (mon-GOLF-yay))的人正在他的壁炉中观看一场火灾.
He began to wonder what made the smoke and sparks rise up the chimney.
他开始怀疑是什么让烟雾和火花升起烟囱.
He decided the burning fire must create a gas of some kind.
他决定燃烧的火必须产生某种气体.
He called this gas “Montgolfier Gas.”
他称这种气体为“Montgolfier气体”。
Then he tried an experiment.
然后他试了个实验
He made a bag out of silk and held the open bottom over a fire.
他用丝绸做出一袋,把开阔的地底挡在了起火上.
Sure enough, when he let go, the bag began to rise into the air.
当然,当他放手时,袋子开始升起。
Later, Joseph and his brother made a bag of cloth and paper that was nearly 12 meters (40 ft) around.
后来,约瑟夫和他的兄弟做了一袋布和纸,周围有近12米(40英尺).
When they filled it with “Montgolfier Gas” from a large fire, it rose over 1,800 meters (6,000 ft) in the air and traveled more than 1.
当他们从大火中填充出"蒙特高尔菲耶气体"时,气温在空中上升了1800多米(6000英尺)并出行了超过一.
6 kilometers (1 mi).
6公里(1米).
In their next demonstration, they attached a basket to the bag and sent a duck, a rooster, and a sheep into the air.
在接下来的示威中,他们将一篮子放入包中,并派了一只鸭子,一只公鸡和一只羊入空.
These were the very first aircraft passengers in history.
他们是历史上最早的飞机乘客。
Soon after that, in 1783, two other Frenchmen became the first humans to fly in a balloon.
此后不久,1783年又有两个法国人成为了第一批在气球中飞行的人类.
Their flight lasted 25 minutes, and they landed more than eight kilometers (5 mi) from where they started.
他们的飞行持续了25分钟,从起航地降落了超过8公里(5米).
When some farmers saw the balloon come down in their field, they were so frightened that they attacked it with pitchforks and tore it to pieces.
当一些农民看到气球从他们的地上下来时,他们很害怕,用草叉来攻击并撕碎了气球.
KInds of b alloons The “silk balloons” mentioned previously were the first hot-air balloons.
圆柱形 前面提到的“烟雾气球”是第一个热气球。
Today, hot-air ballooning is a very popular sport all over the world.
今天,热气球是全世界非常受欢迎的运动.
Today’s balloons are much safer than the ones the Montgolfiers knew.
今天的气球比蒙高利夫人知道的要安全得多。
They use propane gas-powered burners to heat the air, and the pilot can adjust the size of the burner’s flame to make the balloon go up and down.
他们使用丙烷气动力燃烧器来加热空气,飞行员可以调整燃烧器火焰的大小来使气球升降.
Scientists also use gas-filled balloons to study the weather.
科学家还用充气气球来研究天气.
Small balloons filled with gases such as helium or hydrogen that are lighter than air carry instruments used to study and predict the weather.
装有氦或氢等气体的小气球比起空气携带用于研究和预测天气的仪器轻.
Other balloons are much larger and are able to reach altitudes of 37 kilometers (23 mi) or more, almost to the edge of space.
其他气球体积要大得多,能达到37公里(23米)或更远的高度,几乎可以到达太空边缘.
They carry equipment for studying the atmosphere and for observing objects in space.
它们携带研究大气层和观测空间物体的设备。
Balloons rise over New Mexico (left); A balloon pilot uses the propane burner to make the balloon rise (above).
气球在新墨西哥州上空起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起
A high-altitude research balloon being launched This diagram shows how big research balloons can be.
发射高空研究气球 这个图显示了研究气球的大小.
The balloon is only partially filled with helium.
气球只装有部分氦.
As it rises, it expands to an enormous size.
随着它的上升,它扩张到巨大的规模.
One of the last great challenges of ballooning has been to fly a balloon around the world.
气球的后一大挑战之一是飞出一个气球环绕世界.
Many attempts have been made at this very difficult feat.
在这个非常困难的事业中,已经作出了许多努力。
Bad weather, fuel shortages, and technical problems forced an early end to all of the flights.
恶劣的天气,燃料短缺和技术问题迫使所有航班提前结束.
Many distance and time records were set, but nobody had been able to circle the Earth.
许多距离和时间记录被设定下来,但没有人能够环绕地球.
Finally, in 1999, Bertrand Piccard of Switzerland and Brian Jones of Britain did it.
最后,在1999年,瑞士的伯特兰·皮克德(Bertrand Piccard)和英国的布赖恩·琼斯(Brian Jones)做到了.
One drawback of balloon travel is that balloons can’t be steered.
气球旅行的一个缺点是气球不能被引导。
They go wherever the wind takes them.
他们随风而去
Balloon pilots have control over altitude, and they can make the balloon go up and down to find winds blowing in different directions.
气球飞行员控制了高度,他们可以使气球上下移动,发现不同方向吹起的风.
But they are not able to steer the balloon in a particular direction.
但他们无法引导气球朝特定方向前进.
Almost as soon as balloons were invented, people started to think of ways to steer them, or make them dirigible.
几乎一发明出气球,人们就开始想出如何引导气球,或者使它们可以飞行.
Today any lighter-than-air vehicle that can be steered is called a dirigible.
如今,任何能被制导的比空气更轻的飞行器都称为"潜水器".
In 1852, a Frenchman named Henri Giffard made the first powered flight in history when he flew his dirigible 27.
1852年,一位名叫亨利·吉法德(Henri Giffard)的法国人出道了史上第一架有动力飞行,当时他驾驶了能飞27号机.
4 kilometers (17 mi) and landed safely.
4公里(17米)并安全着陆.
His dirigible was powered by a steam engine of his own design.
他的潜水器由他自己设计的蒸汽机提供动力.
His engine produced three horsepower, about as much as a modern-day lawnmower.
他的发动机生产出三匹马力,大约相当于现代的取草机.
But his engine was too weak to fly the dirigible against the wind.
但他的引擎太弱了,无法飞出能逆风而行.
Almost 40 years passed before the gasoline engine finally provided the power needed for a useful dirigible.
在汽油发动机最终提供有用的潜水器所需的动力之前,将近40年过去了.
The Zeppelin Perhaps the most important person in the history of lighter-than-air flight was Count Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin.
齐柏林飞船也许在轻于空中飞行的历史上最重要的人物是费迪南德·格拉夫·冯齐柏林伯爵.
He had long dreamed of a way to navigate the skies the way ships navigate the water.
他一直梦想着 一条通向天空的路 船通向水道
Von Zeppelin became convinced that an airship with a rigid framework could be made strong enough to be useful.
冯·齐柏林飞艇开始相信,有僵硬框架的飞船可以被强到足够有用.
The framework would be covered with fabric and would support the weight of the engines, fuel, passengers, and cargo.
该框架将覆盖布料,并支持发动机、燃料、乘客和货物的重量。
Inside the framework would be cells containing the lifting gas.
框架内部是含有起重气体的电池。
He chose hydrogen because it is the lightest gas.
他选择了氢气,因为它是最轻的气体。
It was also very explosive, so it had to be used very carefully.
也非常有爆炸性,所以必须非常小心地使用.
He named his invention the zeppelin.
他把发明命名为"齐柏林飞艇".
It was a huge dirigible, often known as a rigid airship.
它是一个巨大的潜水器,常被称作"刚性"的航空飞船.
Count von Zeppelin was a military officer who imagined using a fleet of military zeppelins as scouts and bombers.
冯·齐柏林伯爵是一名军官,他想象出用一队军用齐柏林飞船作为侦察和轰炸机.
But he failed to interest the military in his invention.
但他的发明未能引起军方的兴趣.
Instead he raised money from private donations and spent a large amount from his own fortune.
相反地,他从私人捐款中筹集了资金,并从自己的财富中花费了大笔资金.
In 1900, the count flew his first airship, the Lufftschiff Zeppelin 1, or LZ 1.
1900年,伯爵驾驶他的第一艘航空飞船"吕夫特希夫齐柏林1号"或"LZ 1".
The LZ 1 made only three flights before the count ran out of money and had to dismantle it.
LZ 1号机在倒计时前仅出动了三架飞机并不得不拆除.
Five years passed before he could raise money for another ship.
五年过去了,他才能为另一艘船筹到钱。
Despite its short career, the LZ 1 proved that the zeppelin could work.
尽管其职业生涯很短,LZ一号仍然证明了齐柏林飞船可以工作.
The First Airline Nine years after the LZ 1, Count von Zeppelin still had not convinced the military that airships could be useful in war.
第一航线 在"LZ 1"后九年,冯·齐柏林伯爵仍然没有说服军方,航空舰可能在战争中有用.
He realized he would need another source of money if he wanted to build more zeppelins.
他意识到,如果他想要建造更多的齐柏林飞船,他需要另一个资金来源.
So in 1909 he formed a company called DELAG to buy airships and carry passengers between German cities.
因此他于1909年组建了一家叫DELAG的公司来购买航空船并搭载德国城市之间的乘客.
The DELAG airships served delicious food and fine champagne while passengers sat in comfort, watching the countryside below.
DELAG航空舰只提供美味的食品和精美的香槟,而乘客则在舒适地坐着,看着下面的乡村.
By 1914, DELAG had carried more than 34,000 passengers and flown roughly 160,000 kilometers (100,000 mi) without any problems.
至1914年,DELAG已载客34000余人,并搭载了约16万公里(10万米)的飞机而没有任何问题.
Early zeppelins had hangars that floated on the surface of a lake.
早期的齐柏林飞船拥有浮在湖表面的机库.
This is the LZ 3.
这是LZ 3.
The LZ 10 Schwaben was the first successful commercial zeppelin.
LZ 10 Schwaben是首个成功的商用齐柏林飞艇.
In the summer of 1911, she made almost 100 flights.
1911年夏,她出道了近百个航班.
The Great Graf In September of 1928, an enormous new airship was pulled from her hangar for the first time.
伟大的格拉夫 1928年9月,从她的机库中首次拉出一艘巨大的新航空舰.
The ship was named Graf Zeppelin in honor of the count, who was still thought of as a national hero in Germany.
舰只被命名为格拉夫·齐柏林(Graf Zeppelin)以纪念伯爵,他仍然被认为是德国的民族英雄.
Nobody had ever seen anything like the Graf.
没有人见过像格拉夫那样的东西
She was 236 meters (775 ft) long, longer than three 747 jetliners and almost as long as the Titanic.
她有236米(775英尺)长,超过3个747个喷气式客机,并几乎和泰坦尼克号一样长.
In 1927, an airplane had struggled to fly across the Atlantic.
1927年,一架飞机为飞越大西洋而挣扎.
One year later, the Graf Zeppelin could carry 20 passengers across the ocean in luxury matched only by the finest ocean liners.
一年后,格拉夫·齐柏林飞艇可以搭载20名乘客出行于海洋上,只配有最优秀的出行者.
The Graf Zeppelin caused a huge sensation wherever she went.
格拉夫齐柏林飞艇在她去的地方引起了巨大的轰动.
In the 1920s, many people had never seen an airship or even an airplane.
在20世纪20年代,许多人从未见过一艘船甚至一架飞机.
People were awestruck when they saw a silver ship the size of a skyscraper sail over their heads.
当人们看到一艘银色的飞船 像摩天大楼那么大时,他们就是一个西行者。
They rushed out of their houses and gathered by the thousands wherever the Graf landed.
他们冲出家门,在格拉夫登陆的地方被数千人聚集.
The Graf Zeppelin made regular passenger flights to and from Germany.
格拉夫齐柏林飞艇定期进行往返德国的客运航班.
In 1929, the Graf made a twelve-day voyage around the world.
1929年,格拉夫号进行了为期12天的环球航行.
She also helped explore the Arctic and made The LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin The Graf Zeppelin attracted crowds wherever she went.
她还帮助探索了北极地区,并制作了"LZ 127格拉夫齐柏林飞船""格拉夫齐柏林飞船"(The Graf齐柏林飞艇)所到之处吸引了人群.
and South America.
还有南美
The Graf flew until 1937.
格拉夫号飞行至1937年.
After that, she was made into a museum.
之后她被制作成博物馆.
But when World War II began, the Nazi government of Germany had her melted down to use the metal to make fighter planes.
但二战开始后,德国纳粹政府将她熔化后用金属来制造战斗机.
Flying Aircraft Carriers People are used to the idea of airplanes taking off from and landing on ships called aircraft carriers.
人们习惯于飞机在称为航空母舰的船舶上起降。
But in the 1930s, the U.
但在1930年代,U.
S.
师曰.
Navy had two aircraft carriers that could fly.
海军有两艘航空母舰可以飞行.
The Akron and Macon were designed to carry several small airplanes that could be launched and recovered in mid-air.
Akron和Macon被设计为搭载多架小型飞机,可以在中空发射并回收.
A number of countries issued stamps featuring the Graf Zeppelin.
一些国家发行了以格拉夫齐柏林飞船为特色的邮票.
save weight.
节省重量。
Unfortunately, both the Akron and Macon were lost in accidents caused by bad weather and human error.
不幸的是,Akron号和Macon号都因恶劣天气和人为错误所引发的事故而丢失.
The Navy lost interest in big zeppelins but continued to fly smaller patrol blimps for many years.
海军对大型齐柏林飞艇失去了兴趣,但多年来继续驾驶更小的巡逻艇出行.
The Hindenburg The Graf’s success and popularity inspired the Zeppelin Company to build an even bigger ship.
兴登堡 格拉夫号的成功和受人欢迎,激励了齐柏林飞船公司建造了更大型的飞船.
This new ship was the Hindenburg.
这艘新舰就是兴登堡号.
The Hindenburg was the most luxurious airship ever built.
兴登堡号是有史以来建造最豪华的航空舰.
At 245 meters (803 ft) long, or nearly three football fields, she is still the largest flying machine ever.
在245米(803英尺)长,或近3个足球场上,她仍然是有史以来最大的飞行机.
The Hindenburg began service in 1936, delighting her passengers and thrilling everyone who saw her.
兴登堡号于1936年开始服役,令她的乘客欢欣鼓舞并激起所有看到她的人.
Although she was designed to use helium, the Hindenburg was filled with hydrogen.
虽然她被设计为使用氦气,但兴登堡号被充满了氢气.
At that time helium was very scarce, and the United States was the only country with enough to fill even one airship.
当时氦气非常稀少,而美国是唯一一个甚至能填满一艘船的国家.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Jersey, in 1937.
泽西岛 1937年
Of course, everyone blamed the hydrogen for the explosion.
当然,每个人都把爆炸归咎于氢气。
New evidence suggests that the cause was actually the fabric covering, which was also very flammable.
新的证据表明,原因实际上是被覆盖的织物,这种织物也非常可燃.
No matter what the cause, the fiery crash was the end of passenger-carrying zeppelins.
不管原因如何 火力相撞是客运齐柏林飞船的终结
The LZ 129 Hindenburg flies overhead.
LZ129平登堡号高空飞行.
Modern Airships After World War II, most people lost interest in big airships.
二战后的现代航空舰,大多数人对大型航空舰失去了兴趣.
Crossing the ocean on an ocean liner was less expensive, and airplanes were getting bigger and faster.
在一艘远洋班轮上穿越海洋的费用较低,飞机也变得越来越大和快.
The fiery crash of the Hindenburg made people afraid to fly on zeppelins even if they were filled with helium.
兴登堡号的起火相撞使人们害怕即使被氦气所充斥,也不敢乘坐齐柏林飞行.
But people have never lost interest in lighter-than-air flight.
但人们对轻而易举的飞行从未失去兴趣.
seen by millions of people every year.
每年有数百万人看到
Other companies, such as Fuji Film and Metropolitan Life, also use blimps to promote their products.
其他公司,如富士电影和都市生活公司,也使用blimps来宣传其产品.
In Germany, where the zeppelin was invented, interest in new airships is very strong.
在发明了齐柏林飞艇的德国,对新飞船的兴趣非常浓厚.
The Zeppelin Company is once again building airships.
齐柏林飞艇公司再次建造了航空船.
Their new ship is the Zeppelin NT (New Technology).
他们的新船是齐柏林NT (New Technology).
It is designed for many different uses, including patrol, exploration, advertising, and passenger travel.
它的设计用途多种多样,包括巡逻,勘探,广告,以及旅客出行等.
For the first time in almost 70 years, you can buy a ticket for an airship flight.
在近70年的时间里,你第一次可以购买飞机飞行的机票.
The company that once flew the Graf Zeppelin now offers sightseeing trips over Germany.
曾经飞过格拉夫齐柏林飞艇的公司 现在在德国上空提供观光旅行
Other companies have started to build airships, as well.
其他公司也开始建造航空船.
Lockheed Martin, for example, has the Hybrid Airship.
例如洛克希德·马丁拥有"混合"号航空舰.
This ship can be used to carry very heavy and bulky cargo.
这艘船可以用来运载非常重而大量的货物.
It will be able to pick up its load at the factory and drop it right where it’s needed, especially places that do not have decent roads.
它将可以在工厂里取出货量, 并把它扔到需要的地方,
Once people realized that air could be made lighter by heating it and that there were gases lighter than air, they looked for ways to float objects in the air.
一旦人们意识到通过加热空气可以使空气变得更轻而有气体比空气更轻而有气体,他们便想方设法将物体浮入空气.
First it was hot-air balloons.
先是热气球
Then came dirigibles that could be steered.
然后出现了可以被引导的潜水器。
These airships got bigger and better.
这些飞船越来越大了
They became dependable, safe means to travel through the air.
他们变得可靠,安全 途径空中。
Dirigibles still fascinate and excite people 150 years after they were invented.
被发明了150年后,飞船仍然令人着迷并兴奋.
The Zeppelin NT taking off P-791 Hybrid Airship The P-791 Hybrid Airship can lift more than 450 metric tons.
齐柏林NT起降P-791混合航空母舰 P-791混合航空母舰可起降450多公吨.
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