InFLUenza
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 What Is the Flu?
四是流感吗?
5 Changing Viruses.
5 变化中的病毒。
9 Preventing the Virus from Taking Over.
9 防止病毒蔓延。
12 Treating the Flu.
12"治疗流感".
17 History of the Flu.
17 流感史.
18 Conclusion.
18 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Introduction Have you ever had a sore throat and a headache with a fever?
23 导言 你有过喉咙痛和发烧头痛吗?
Did your body hurt so much that you just wanted to sleep?
你的身体有这么痛吗?
You may have had flu germs in your body.
你体内可能有流感细菌
By learning about the flu—what it is, what causes it, what its symptoms are, and how to treat it—you can fight back and stay healthy.
通过了解流感——它是什么,它是什么,它的症状是什么,如何治疗——你可以反击,保持健康.
A water bottle and a blanket can help when you have the flu.
水瓶和被子可以帮助 当你有流感。
What Is the Flu?
什么是流感吗?
The flu, or influenza (in-floo-EN-zah), is caused by a virus.
流感,或称流感(in-floo-EN-zah)由病毒所引起.
A virus is a tiny microorganism—a microbe, or germ—that is invisible to the naked eye.
病毒是一种肉眼看不见的微小微生物——微生物或细菌。
Scientists use strong microscopes to see viruses magnified to a thousand times their original size.
科学家使用强力显微镜来看到病毒被放大到原来的大小的上千倍.
Microbes are so small that hundreds of thousands of them can fit on the head of a pin.
微生物体型很小,有几十万种能被固定在针头上.
Although they’re small, viruses are dangerous and can spread from one person to another very quickly.
病毒虽然很小,但很危险,可以很快从一个人传播到另一个人。
Viruses are everywhere, but only certain types of viruses are harmful to humans.
病毒随处可见,但只有某些种类的病毒对人类有害.
These viruses, which include influenza, enter the cells of human beings and rapidly make copies of themselves.
这些包括流感在内的病毒会进入人的细胞并迅速复制自己.
The flu spreads as influenza viruses move from one person to another.
随着流感病毒从一个人转移到另一个人,流感会扩散.
Washing your hands and covering your mouth when you cough can help keep viruses from spreading.
在咳嗽时洗手并遮住口,有助于防止病毒传播.
Coughing sends germs into the air, and those germs can easily infect other people who breathe them in.
咳嗽会把细菌送入空气,这些细菌可以很容易地传染给呼吸它们的人.
Avian influenza virus A virus invades a cell in a human body.
禽流感病毒 病毒侵入人体的细胞.
The virus takes over the cell and makes copies of itself.
病毒占据了细胞,使自己复制.
Copies of the virus break out of the cell and start invading other cells.
病毒复制品从细胞中突出并开始入侵其他细胞.
Different viruses cause the many different kinds of flu.
不同的病毒引起多种不同的流感.
However, the symptoms are similar from one kind of flu to another.
然而,从一种流感到另一种流感的症状相似.
Flu is an infection of the respiratory tract, but it can affect your whole body.
流感是呼吸道感染,但会影响全身.
Influenza usually makes you feel achy, feverish, tired, and sick to your stomach.
发作通常会使你感到心痛,发烧,疲惫,并生病到胃部.
Influenza has three basic types: Influenza A, Influenza B, and Influenza C.
流感有三种基本类型:甲型流感,乙型流感和丙型流感.
Influenza A, which can cause serious illness in humans and other animals, is usually responsible for large outbreaks.
甲型流感可以给人和其他动物造成严重疾病,通常要对大规模爆发负责.
Influenza B is milder, causes smaller outbreaks, and affects only humans (mostly children).
流感 B比较温和,引起较小的爆发,只会影响人类(多为儿童).
Influenza C usually causes only mild illness in humans.
流感 C通常只给人类造成轻度疾病.
All types of influenza can be passed from a sick person to a healthy person through the air or on things like cups and forks.
各种流感都可以由病人通过空气或者在杯子和叉子等东西上传递给健康的人.
The flu virus is carried in an infected person’s saliva and mucus, so it can travel if it is sneezed or coughed into the air.
流感病毒在感染者的唾液和黏液中携带,因此如果被打喷嚏或咳嗽到空气中,它可以旅行.
Tiny drops of saliva and mucus fill the air when you sneeze.
小滴口水和黏液 在你打喷嚏时填充空气。
Flu viruses attack the respiratory tract.
流感病毒攻击呼吸道。
Changing Viruses Viruses can change, or mutate, and flu viruses can change more than most other viruses.
变化中的病毒 病毒可以改变,或变异,而流感病毒的改变会比大多数其他病毒多.
Each mutation creates a new strain of the virus.
每次突变都会产生病毒的新菌株.
Many influenza viruses start in wild animals, often in birds.
许多流感病毒起源于野生动物,常生于鸟类.
These viruses can mutate into strains that infect ducks and chickens on farms.
这些病毒可以突变成菌株,感染农场上的鸭和鸡.
Once viruses have infected birds on farms, they can mutate into strains that infect animals such as pigs and humans.
一旦病毒感染了农场上的鸟类,它们就可以被突变为会感染猪和人类等动物的菌株.
Viruses can spread between many different animals, even animals as different as dogs and whales.
病毒可以在许多不同的动物之间传播,甚至像狗和鲸一样不同的动物.
Since humans and other animals live close together on farms, the spreading and mixing of viruses can be deadly.
由于人类和其他动物在农场上生活密切,病毒的传播和混合可能是致命的.
Sometimes viruses take a shortcut, such as the avian virus of 1997, which jumped directly from birds to humans.
有时病毒会采取捷径,例如1997年的禽类病毒从鸟类直接跳到人类.
Wild birds (above) often pass viruses to farm chickens (right), which come into more contact with people.
野生鸟类(上方)常将病毒传入养鸡地(右方),与人接触较多.
The human body can fight flu viruses.
人体可以对抗流感病毒.
Our immune systems protect us from harmful microbes by making chemicals called antibodies.
我们的免疫系统通过制造被称作抗体的化学物质来保护我们免受有害微生物的伤害.
Antibodies travel in the blood, looking for microbes that don’t belong there.
抗体在血液中行走,
When they find one, they attack and destroy any cells that contain the virus.
当他们找到一个时,他们攻击并摧毁任何含有病毒的细胞.
However, if the body’s immune system is weak, viruses can reproduce faster than antibodies can destroy them.
然而,如果身体的免疫系统薄弱,病毒的再生速度会快于抗体能摧毁它们.
When this happens, the body comes down with flu symptoms.
发生这种情况时,身体会出现流感症状.
Infected people feel sicker and sicker, and may need to see a doctor.
被感染者感觉病情更重,病情更重,可能需要去看医生.
Preventing the Virus from Taking Over Common sense can help to prevent a flu virus from entering your body.
防止病毒超越常识 有助于防止流感病毒进入你的身体
Get plenty of rest and eat well.
好好休息 好好吃点东西
Don’t touch things that sick people have used to eat or drink.
不要碰病人常吃喝的东西。
Wash your hands often and keep your fingers out of your mouth.
经常洗手并放出手指.
Avoid people who have flu symptoms, such as sneezing and coughing.
避免有流感症状的人,如打喷嚏和咳嗽.
Washing your hands often will help keep you from getting the flu.
经常洗手有助于防止你染上流感。
But even the most cautious people can become infected.
但即使是最谨慎的人也会被感染.
Fortunately, scientists invented vaccines to keep the flu virus from taking over your body.
幸运的是,科学家发明了疫苗来防止流感病毒占据你的身体.
Vaccines are weak or dead flu viruses that are injected into a person’s body in a “flu shot.”
疫苗是被注射到人体内的 " flu shoot " 的弱型或死型流感病毒。 “
These weakened viruses cause the body to produce many more antibodies.
这些被削弱的病毒导致身体产生出更多的抗体.
When a person’s body has enough antibodies, it can successfully attack stronger viruses.
当一个人的身体有足够的抗体时,它可以成功攻击更强的病毒.
If you get a flu shot before you are sick, your body will likely be able to defend you if any flu viruses come along.
如果你在生病前被流感感染, 如果有流感病毒出现,你的身体就有可能保护你。
Each strain of a virus requires a different vaccine.
病毒的每个菌株都需要不同的疫苗.
Sometimes flu vaccines include several strains in a single shot.
有时流感疫苗在一针就包括了几种菌株.
Each strain causes the body to make a particular antibody.
每个菌株都会导致身体产生特定的抗体.
If you receive one of these vaccines, your body is ready to defend against many strains of viruses that doctors think might be present during flu season.
如果你得到其中一种疫苗, 你的身体准备抵御许多病毒的病毒 医生认为在流感季节可能存在。
Vaccines usually have an eighty-percent prevention rate, which means that eighty percent of the time, you won’t get sick from a strain you have been vaccinated against.
疫苗通常有百分之八十的预防率, 这意味着百分之八十的时间,
That’s pretty high, but it’s not perfect, so you might still get the flu.
可能还会感冒。
But if you’ve had the vaccine, your symptoms will be milder—you won’t ache so much, and your fever will be lower.
但是如果你已经接种了疫苗, 你的症状会比较温和,
Not everyone has the same risk of catching the flu.
不是每个人都有同样的感染流感的风险。
Some people get sicker than others.
有些人病得比别人多.
People who are very young, very old, or already sick are more likely to catch the flu.
年幼、年老或已经生病的人更可能感染流感。
Scientists study ways to help your body fight the flu.
科学家研究如何帮助身体抗流感.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
I bet you didn’t know that many vaccines are made in hundreds of millions of specially grown chicken eggs!
我敢打赌,你不知道许多疫苗是用几亿个特产的鸡蛋来制造的!
Can you imagine that many eggs?
你能想象到很多鸡蛋吗?
They would fill up about fifty football fields.
他们会填满大约50个足球场。
Scientists and doctors begin by separating viruses to isolate the selected virus.
科学家和医生首先分离出病毒来隔离选定的病毒.
Then, as you might expect, they kill or weaken the virus and combine it with two other dead virus strains that have been similarly grown in chicken eggs.
然后,如你所想,它们杀死或削弱病毒, 并将其与另外两个死病毒菌株结合, 它们同样生长在鸡蛋中。
Then they combine the dead and weakened viruses to make a vaccine to protect you from each strain.
然后它们结合了死亡和衰弱的病毒来制造疫苗来保护你免受每个菌株的感染.
Treating the Flu You can’t always stop the flu, but if viruses infect your body, there are still things you can do.
治疗流感 如果病毒感染你的身体, 你仍然可以做一些事情。
Certain medicines can take away the achy feelings or lower a fever.
某些药物可以消除疼痛或降低发烧。
Drinking lots of fluids (such as water or juice) when you have the flu can also help your body’s defenses.
患上流感后饮用大量液体(如水或果汁等)也会有助于身体的防御.
You should also get plenty of rest because your body has to work very hard to fight viruses.
你也该好好休息 因为身体必须努力抗病毒
History of the Flu Many outbreaks of influenza have taken place throughout history.
流感史 流感的多起爆发 发生在历史上
Some have been mild and have affected only small groups of people.
其中一些是温和的,只影响到一小部分人。
Others have been severe, killing millions of people around the world.
另一些情况很严重,全世界有数百万人丧生。
Once a flu virus infects a few people, it can spread rapidly and become an epidemic.
一旦流感病毒感染了几个人,就能够迅速传播并成为流行病.
A doctor gives a child a shot of flu vaccine in 1941.
1941年有医生给一个孩子注射了流感疫苗.
The history of any influenza outbreak begins with a single person.
任何流感爆发的历史都从一个人开始.
On March 11, 1918, a man in the U.
1918年3月11日,吴起出道.
S.
师曰.
Army woke up with a fever, a sore throat, and a headache.
军队被发烧,喉咙痛,头痛而醒.
Many other soldiers at his base soon developed the same symptoms.
在他的基地的许多其他士兵很快也出现了同样的症状.
In one week, the Army hospital treated more than five hundred sick soldiers.
在一周内,陆军医院治疗了500多名生病的士兵.
Within a few weeks, forty-eight of those people had died.
在几个星期内,其中48人已经死亡。
No one knew why until scientists learned that the illness was caused by a strain of the influenza virus.
没有人知道为什么,直到科学家得知疾病是由流感病毒菌株引起的.
In total, the strain of influenza known as the Spanish flu killed more than 600,000 Americans and 25 to 40 million people worldwide.
被称为"西班牙流感"的流感菌株总共造成超过60万美国人和2500至4000万人丧生.
An outbreak of this size is called a pandemic—a disease that spreads rapidly around the world.
这种规模的爆发被称为流行病,这种疾病在世界各地迅速蔓延。
The pandemic of 1918 was not the only major influenza outbreak in history.
1918年的大流行并非历史上唯一一次重大流感疫情.
The Asian flu, which appeared in 1957, caused about 70,000 deaths in the United States.
1957年出现的亚洲流感在美国造成约7万人死亡.
It got its name because it first appeared in China before coming to the United States in June 1957.
它之所以得名,是因为它在1957年6月来美国之前首次出现在了中国.
Another strain of flu, the Hong Kong flu, was first seen in Hong Kong, China.
另一种流感菌株"香港流感"最早出现在中国香港.
In 1968, this virus caused another pandemic, killing 34,000 people in the United States—as many people as live in a small city.
1968年,这种病毒又造成了又一大流行病,使美国有34,000人丧生——像生活在一个小城市的人一样多.
And in 2009, the H1N1 swine flu became the first pandemic in 41 years, infecting people in over 70 countries.
2009年,H1N1猪流感成为41年来首个流行疾病,感染了70多个国家的人.
This map shows an example of how pandemics, such as the Asian flu of 1957–1958, might spread from one area to many others.
这个地图显示了1957-1958年亚洲流感等流行病可能从一个地区蔓延到许多地区的例子。
China Japan PACIFIC OCEAN India Russia Mongolia Historic Influenza Pandemics The Spanish flu, the most deadly influenza pandemic ever, kills more than 20 million people.
中国 日本 太平洋 印度 俄罗斯 蒙古历史流感大流行 西班牙流感是有史以来最致命的流感大流行,造成2 000多万人死亡。
The Asian flu appears in southwest China in February 1957 and then spreads throughout the Pacific.
1957年2月,亚洲流感在中国西南部出现,后蔓延至太平洋各地.
It affects 10 to 35 percent of the population but kills many fewer people than the Spanish flu.
它影响到10%至35%的人口,但死亡人数比西班牙流感要少很多。
The Hong Kong flu claims 700,000 lives worldwide, with 34,000 in the United States.
香港流感夺去全球70万人生命,美国有3.4万人.
H1N1 swine flu becomes a pandemic.
H1N1猪流感成为大流行.
Other outbreaks, such as the Russian flu in 1977 and the avian flu in 1997 and 1999, caused worldwide concern but did not become pandemics.
其他疾病爆发,例如1977年的俄罗斯流感和1997年和1999年的禽流感,引起了全世界的关注,但没有成为流行病。
Both of these strains began in China and spread to other countries.
这两种菌株都起源于中国并扩散到其他国家.
Doctors are always looking for major outbreaks.
医生总是在寻找大爆发
If doctors can recognize outbreaks quickly enough, they can often keep them from becoming pandemics.
如果医生能够足够快地识别出爆发,他们往往可以防止它们成为流行病.
Conclusion Influenza has been around for thousands of years.
流感已经持续了几千年
Because flu viruses can change and develop into new strains, influenza may never be wiped out.
由于流感病毒可以改变并发展为新的菌株,所以流感可能永远不会被消灭.
When you have the flu, the most important thing you can do is take care of yourself and keep others from getting sick.
患上流感后,能做的最重要的事情是照顾好自己,并让别人不生病.
Wash your hands often and be careful not to cough or sneeze on other people.
经常洗手并注意不要咳嗽或打喷嚏给其他人.
Drink water like a camel and sleep like a bear.
喝出水来如骆驼入睡去如熊.
Get vaccinated if you can.
注射疫苗,如果可以的话。
Most importantly, remember to attack back!
最重要的是,记住要反击!
Good food and rest will help the healthy cells in your body win the battle.
良好的食物和休息会帮助身体健康细胞赢得战斗.
Masks that fit around the nose and mouth are sometimes worn to help prevent the spread of viruses.
鼻口周围相合的面具有时被穿戴来帮助防止病毒的传播.
However, the masks do not work all the time.
然而,这些口罩并非始终有效。