and Tsunamis
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Deep Within the Earth.
4"地心深处".
5 Earthquakes: Terrible Trembling.
页:1 地震:可怕的惊恐.
7 The Richter Scale.
7 里希特规模。
10 Volcanoes: Enormous Explosions.
10 火山:激起的爆炸.
11 Tsunamis: Wild Waves.
11"海啸:狂浪".
16 Conclusion.
16 结论。
21 Glossary.
21 词汇表。
22 Introduction We usually think of the ground and the ocean as peaceful things.
22 导言 我们通常把地和海洋视为和平事物.
The ground lies quietly beneath our feet, and the ocean laps gently against the shore.
地面静静地位于我们的脚下,而海洋轻轻地对岸行走.
But forces deep within the Earth can suddenly destroy that peacefulness.
但是,地球深处的势力会突然摧毁和平
These forces cause violent shakings called earthquakes; explosions of ash, gases, and hot rocks called volcanoes; and huge waves called tsunamis (tsoo-NOM- ees).
这些力量造成被称作地震的剧烈摇晃;被称作火山的灰烬,气体和热石所爆炸;被称作海啸(tsoo-NOM-ees)的巨大波浪.
In this book, you will read about these amazing events and the forces that cause them to happen.
在这本书中,你会读到这些令人惊叹的事件以及导致这些事件发生的力量.
Smoke rises from what seems to be a peaceful volcano.
烟从看起来和平的火山升起。
Pacific Plate Underneath the plates, the Earth is very hot.
太平洋板块 在板块下面,地球非常热.
It is so hot that rock melts into a liquid called magma.
它是如此地热到 岩石融化成一种叫做岩浆的液体
The plates float on top of this liquid magma.
板块漂浮在液态岩浆上方
The magma is always moving, dragging the plates around with it.
岩浆总是在移动, 拖来拖去盘子。
At the edges of the moving plates, three different things can happen.
在移动板块的边缘,可以发生三种不同的事.
If the plates are moving against each other, one plate slides over or under the other plate (Fig.
如果板块相向相向,一个板块会滑过或倒入另一个板块下(图.
If the plates are moving past each other, the edges of the plates grind together (Fig.
如果板块相向而行,板块的边缘会一起磨磨(Fig.
And if the plates are moving apart, they make a gap where magma seeps out (Fig.
如果板块相去甚远,它们就会在岩浆渗出的地方形成缺口(Fig.
Mountains Magma Magma Magma Fig.
马格玛山脉 马格玛 玛格玛·菲格
1 Fig.
1图.
2 Fig.
2 图。
3 Mountains Deep Within the Earth Beneath the soil, rock, and water on the surface of our planet, the Earth is constantly changing.
地球深处有3个山脉 地球表面的土壤、岩石和水 地球在不断变化
The top layer of Earth is made of giant pieces of rock, like the pieces of a puzzle.
地上地层由巨大的岩石块所组成,就像一个谜题的碎片.
The pieces of rock, called plates, make up continents and ocean floors.
岩块被称作板块,由大陆和洋底组成.
Where the edges of the plates come together, there are often cracks and gaps, called faults.
板块边缘相接的地方,往往有裂缝和缺口,称为断层.
The dotted lines show the edges of the plates.
被点缀的线条显示了板块的边缘.
Earthquakes: Terrible Trembling The plates usually move very slowly.
地震: 可怕的颤抖 车牌通常移动得非常慢.
But sometimes large pieces of the plates get caught.
但有时大块的盘子会被抓住.
The plates keep trying to move, but these large blocks of rock hold them back.
板块一直试图移动,但这些大块的岩石挡住它们.
The pressure and energy build up.
压力和能量逐渐增强
Then, suddenly, the rocks give way, releasing all that pressure and energy.
然后,岩石突然让位,释放出所有的压力和能量。
The plates jerk forward, and the ground shakes.
板子往前推 地上摇动
Far above, on the surface, people feel an earthquake.
远地上,地表上,人们会感受到地震.
Earthquakes can damage or even destroy buildings.
地震会破坏甚至摧毁建筑物.
In a small earthquake, the ground shakes a little, causing some hanging objects to swing.
在一次小地震中,地表稍有起伏,使一些被吊起的物体摇摆.
Tree branches sway, as if there were a gentle breeze.
树枝相摇,似有温柔之微风.
Some earthquakes are so small that we do not notice them.
有些地震是如此之小,以至于我们没有注意到它们。
But sometimes the shaking is so strong that buildings crumble, bridges collapse, and large cracks open in the ground over large areas.
但有时震动非常强烈,以至于建筑物倒塌,桥梁倒塌,大面积地上会开出巨大的裂缝.
The ground here was ripped open by an earthquake.
这里的地被地震撕开
The Richter Scale 1 People cannot feel the earthquake—only sensitive instruments can detect it.
里氏缩放 1 人们无法感受到地震,只有敏感仪器才能探测到地震。
in tall buildings may sense a slight swaying.
在高高的建筑物里 可能会有轻微的摇晃
occurs.
发生。
be damaged.
损坏。
to weak buildings at and around center.
中心周围的薄弱建筑。
Some damage to strong buildings.
强力建筑受损.
spread over 160 kilometers (100 mi).
分布于160公里(100米)以上.
landslides can occur.
山体滑坡可能发生.
appear in the ground.
出现在地上。
Large landslides.
大规模山体滑坡.
9 The ground appears to move in “waves.”
页:1 地面似乎在“波浪中移动。 “
Entire rivers may move.
整个河流可能移动。
Objects can be thrown into the air.
物体可以被抛入空中.
Total destruction of buildings and other structures.
建筑物和其他结构被彻底摧毁。
There is no top to the Richter scale, but the strongest earthquake ever recorded was a 9.
里克特的规模没有最高,但有史以来记录到的最强地震是9起.
We measure the strength of earthquakes on an instrument called a seismograph (SIZE-moh-graf).
我们用一个叫做地震仪的仪器来测量地震的强度。
Each earthquake is given a number from the Richter (RICK-ter) scale depending on its strength.
每次地震都根据强度从里克特(RICK-ter)规模给出了数字.
You can look at the chart on the next page to learn what the different strengths of earthquakes feel like.
你可以在下页查看图表,了解地震的不同长处。
For each number on the Richter scale, an earthquake is ten times as strong as the previous number.
对于里氏规模的每个数字,一次地震的强度是上个数字的十倍.
A 6.
6个
0 earthquake is ten times as strong as a 5.
0地震强度为5级的10倍.
0 earthquake.
0级地震.
It is one hundred times as strong as a 4.
它比4强一百倍
0 earthquake!
0个地震!
The largest earthquake ever recorded measured 9.
有记录以来最大的地震 9. 国家
5 on the Richter scale.
5个里氏度
It occurred on the coast of the South American country of Chile.
它发生在南美洲国家智利的海岸.
Scientists are still learning about these dangerous events.
科学家仍在了解这些危险事件.
One day, they may be able to warn people before earthquakes occur.
有一天,他们可能能够在地震发生前警告人们.
Volcanoes: Enormous Explosions A volcano occurs wherever magma from deep inside the Earth comes out through a crack in the surface.
火山:极地爆炸 火山从地底深处的岩浆 从地表的裂缝中涌出
Volcanoes usually happen near the edges of the plates, where there are many cracks and thin spots where the magma can leak out.
火山通常会发生在板块边缘附近,这里有许多裂缝和薄斑,岩浆可以外出.
When the magma pours onto the surface, it hardens, often piling up into a mountain.
岩浆倒入地表时会硬化,常被堆入山中.
Sometimes, the liquid rock flows peacefully out across the land.
有时,液态岩石会和平地流出陆地.
This is how many of the active volcanoes on the Hawaiian Islands behave.
夏威夷群岛上许多活火山都这样
Runny liquid rock on this Hawaiian volcano flows smoothly, like a peaceful river.
夏威夷火山上流淌的液体岩石流畅而平稳,就像平和的河流.
But sometimes, the hot magma cools before it gets to the surface.
但有时,热的岩浆会先冷却再到达地表.
It hardens into a solid piece of rock, plugging up the crack or hole where it had been seeping out.
它坚硬地扎入一块坚固的岩石 堵上裂缝或被挖出洞口
It acts like a plug in a bottle.
它就像瓶子里的插头
The magma continues to push upward.
岩浆继续向上推进.
Hot gases in the magma press against the plug.
岩浆中的热气体压住塞口
The pressure gets greater and greater.
压力越来越大
Suddenly, the volcano explodes.
火山突然爆发
Huge chunks of rock burst from the volcano.
火山喷出一大笔石头
Entire mountainsides can be ripped away.
整个山地可以被撕开
Hot, poisonous gas, ash, and melted rock shoot into the sky.
热,有毒气体,灰烬,并被熔化的岩石射入天空.
The volcano erupts with unbelievable power.
火山以不可思议的力量爆发
Some volcanoes become plugged (left), and then they explode violently (right).
有的火山被插上(左),然后剧烈地爆炸(右).
A volcano can cause an explosion of extremely hot, poisonous gases.
火山可以引起极热有毒气体的爆炸.
The explosion can be so powerful that it knocks over entire forests, and so hot that it starts destructive fires.
爆炸的威力非常大 足以击倒整个森林 并且非常热 足以引发毁灭性的火灾
Some large volcanoes have snow and ice on top.
一些大火山上方有雪和冰.
The hot gases melt all the snow and ice at once, and the water rushes down the mountain.
热气一时融出一切雪冰相出相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相
This large, dirt-filled flood is called a mudslide.
这种被泥土填充的大洪水被称为"泥地".
A mudslide is like a liquid landslide.
泥石流就如同液态地崩.
These trees were blown over by the explosion of Mount St.
这些树木被圣山爆炸所吹倒.
Helens.
海伦丝
Many dangerous and destructive things happen during volcanic eruptions.
火山喷发期间发生许多危险和破坏性事件.
When mountains explode, they send tons of rock rolling down their sides.
当山体爆炸时,它们会把数以吨计的岩石滚来滚去。
These falling rocks are called landslides.
这些倒塌的岩石被称为"塌方".
Landslides can bury whole cities.
山体滑坡可以将整个城市掩埋.
They can block rivers, causing floods.
它们能阻挡河流,引发洪水.
Clouds of ash and dust rise into the air during volcanic eruptions.
火山喷发时,灰尘云层会升入空气.
The ash falls to the ground like snow.
出灰倒地如雪.
The ash is so heavy that the roofs of houses can collapse under its weight.
灰起起起重来,房屋的屋顶会倒塌而下重.
An ash cloud can spread all around the world.
出一灰云能遍行相.
Large ash clouds can even block out sunlight.
大灰云甚至能挡住阳光
The temperature of the entire Earth can cool down after a large volcanic eruption.
整个地球的温度在大火山爆发后可以降温.
Scientists are not yet able to predict when earthquakes will happen.
科学家尚无法预测地震何时会发生.
But fortunately they have gotten very good at predicting when a large volcano is about to erupt.
但幸运的是,它们已经非常擅长预测 大火山何时会爆发。
In 1991, scientists warned the people living around a volcano in the country of the Philippines that the volcano was about to erupt.
1991年,科学家警告菲律宾国内一火山周围的居民,火山即将喷发.
Many people left the area and found safety before the huge volcano erupted.
许多人离开该地区,在大火山爆发前找到了安全.
Scientists gather information from a volcanic fissure.
科学家从火山裂缝中收集信息.
Tsunamis: Wild Waves Tsunamis are huge waves caused by earthquakes or volcanoes.
海啸:狂浪海啸是地震或火山所引发的巨浪.
They used to be called “tidal waves.”
它们曾被称作“潮汐波”。 “
But the word “tidal” means something to do with the ocean’s normal tides, and tsunamis have nothing to do with the tides.
但"潮"字的意思与海洋的正常潮汐有关,而海啸与潮汐无关.
Tsunamis can be as high as a football field is long.
海啸可以和足球场一样高.
They are the largest waves in the world.
他们是世界上最大的一波。
Tsunamis are the largest waves in the world.
海啸是世界上最大的海啸。
The edges of the plates, where earthquakes and volcanoes often occur, usually lie near the edges of the oceans.
板块的边缘经常会发生地震和火山,通常位于海洋边缘附近.
The shaking of an earthquake or the explosion of a volcano can cause large landslides.
地震的震动或火山的爆炸可造成大面积地崩.
Entire hills can collapse, and sometimes they fall into the sea and make huge waves.
整个山丘会倒塌,有时会倒入大海并产生出巨大的波浪.
Earthquakes and volcanoes can also be found under the sea.
地震和火山也可以在海底发现.
Underwater earthquakes cause the sea floor to move violently.
水下地震使海底发生剧烈移动.
Undersea volcanoes cause explosions under the water.
海底火山在水下引起爆炸.
Both of these events create huge waves that spread across the surface of the ocean.
这两起事件都产生出横行于海洋表面的巨大波浪.
Steam rises from a volcano near the sea.
蒸汽从靠近海洋的火山中升起.
Tsunamis speed outward away from their source in all directions.
海啸从源头向外蔓延
A tsunami can cross an entire ocean.
海啸可以穿越整个海洋
Tsunamis travel extremely fast— up to 320 kilometers per hour (200 mph).
海啸的行走非常快——高达每小时320公里(200 mph).
In the open ocean, tsunamis may not be very high above the surface of the water, but they are very deep.
在开阔的海洋中,海啸在水面上可能并不高,但它们非常深.
As tsunamis approach land and move into shallow water, the elevated ocean floor pushes the wave upward.
随着海啸接近陆地并进入浅水中,上升的洋底将波浪推向上.
The wave slows to about 70 kilometers per hour (45 mph), but the ocean floor lifts it higher and higher.
海浪缓慢到每小时约70公里(45 mph),但洋底抬高了.
By the time a tsunami reaches land, it is tall enough to destroy almost anything in its path.
当海啸到达陆地时,它已经足够高了,几乎摧毁了它道路上的一切。
When tsunamis approach the shore, they break as giant waves.
海啸逼近岸边时,会像巨浪一样破碎.
The largest tsunami ever recorded happened when an earthquake caused a landslide along the coast of Alaska.
有记录以来最大的海啸发生在阿拉斯加海岸一带的地震引发了山体滑坡.
But this wave was in a very small bay, only a short distance from the landslide that caused it.
但是,这道波浪位于一个非常小的海湾中,仅与所引发的山体滑坡相距很短.
Most tsunamis are between one and ten stories high when they reach the shore.
大多数海啸到达岸边时 高度在一到十层之间
That might not sound very high, but it is hard to imagine the power of this much moving water.
这听起来可能不太高, 但很难想象这些移动多的水的力量。
Most coastal towns and villages are much less than 30 meters (100 ft) above the sea.
大多数沿海城镇和村庄都远低于海拔30米(100英尺).
Even a small tsunami can destroy houses, streets, and entire towns.
甚至小型海啸也能摧毁房屋、街道和整个城镇。
A tsunami caused by a volcano in Indonesia killed 36,000 people in 1883.
1883年印度尼西亚一火山引发的海啸使36000人丧生.
Damage from a tsunami Like volcanoes, tsunamis are becoming easier to predict.
海啸造成的损失 同火山一样,海啸也越来越容易预测。
They usually do not hit the shore until a few minutes to a few hours after the earthquake or volcano that causes them.
它们通常在引起它们的地震或火山发生后几分钟至几小时后才会撞上岸.
Scientists have instruments that detect volcanoes and earthquakes.
科学家有探测火山和地震的仪器.
When a large one happens, scientists have time to warn people that a tsunami may be coming.
当一个大事件发生时,科学家们有时间警告人们,海啸可能会来袭.
Unfortunately, the system cannot warn people in time to save their homes or belongings.
不幸的是,该系统不能及时警告人们拯救家园或财物。
But they do have time to save their lives, which is the most important thing.
但是,他们确实有时间去拯救自己的生命,这是最重要的事情。
Many people describe tsunamis as “walls of water.”
许多人将海啸称为“水墙”。 “
Glossary earthquake (n.)
词汇地震(n.)
the shaking of Earth’s crust caused by underground vibrations (p.
地壳由地表震动引起的震动(p.
4) faults (n.)
4)断层 (n.
cracks in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs (p.
地球地壳的裂口随运动而发生(p.
5) landslides (n.)
5) 山体滑坡 (n.
moving masses of soil and rock that flow down slopes (p.
向下坡流出的大量土壤和岩石(p.
13) magma (n.)
13) 岩浆 (n.
melted, liquid rock beneath the Earth’s surface (p.
地表下被熔化的液态岩石(p.
6) mudslide (n.)
6) 泥石流 (n.
a dirt- and debris-filled flood of water (p.
由泥土和碎屑填充的水(p.
14) plates (n.)
14) 车牌 (n.
large sheets of rock that make up the Earth’s crust (p.
构成地壳的大片岩石(p.
5) Richter scale (n.)
5) 里氏度(n.
the scale that measures the strength of earthquakes (p.
测量地震强度的尺度(p.
9) tsunamis (n.)
9) 海啸(n.
enormous ocean waves caused by underwater, earthquakes, landslides, or volcanoes (p.
由水下,地震,山体滑坡,或火山(p.
4) volcanoes (n.)
4) 火山 (n.
places on the Earth’s surface where gases, ash, and lava spew onto the surface (p.
将气体、灰烬和熔岩喷入地表(p.
4) Conclusion Our quiet planet occasionally turns violent.
4) 结论 我们安静的星球偶尔会变成暴力
During a large earthquake, the ground shakes, destroying homes and property.
在一次大地震中,地势摇摇欲坠,摧毁了房屋和财产.
In an explosive volcanic eruption, liquid rock, poisonous gases, ash, and landslides can bury cities.
在爆炸性的火山喷发中,液体岩石,有毒气体,灰烬和地崩可以掩埋城市.
And tsunamis can cause billions of dollars in damage along coastlines.
海啸会给海岸线带来数十亿美元的损失。
Scientists are trying to learn as much as they can about these violent events.
科学家们正在尽力了解这些暴力事件。
As they learn more, scientists can predict volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis in order to save thousands of lives.
当他们学到更多知识时,科学家可以预测出火山,地震和海啸,以便拯救上千人的生命.
An earthquake destroyed this building.
地震摧毁了这座建筑。