Camouflage
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Blending or Concealing Coloration.
4 混合或隐蔽颜色。
6 Seasonal Blending.
6个季节性混合。
9 Color Change.
9 颜色变化。
11 Camouflage in Young Animals.
11 Camouflage in Young Animals. (原始内容存档于2017-09-29).
13 Disguise.
13 虚相.
16 Trickery.
16 诡计.
17 Disruptive Coloration.
17 破坏色相.
20 Flash Coloration and Other Surprises.
20 Flash Corlation and Other Surprises. 20 Flash Corlation and Other Surprises. 20 (英语). 20 Flash Corlation and Other Surprise (英语).
21 Warning Coloration.
21 警告颜色。
22 How Did Camouflage Develop?
22 Camouflage如何发展?
24 Summary.
24 总结。
26 Glossary.
26 词汇表。
28 Introduction Most animals have enemies.
28 导言 大多数动物都有敌人.
In order to survive, they have to defend themselves.
为了活命,他们必须自卫.
Some animals use speed and strength to survive.
一些动物利用速度和强度来生存.
Others, like alligators, use their powerful jaws and sharp teeth.
其他人,如鳄鱼,则会使用其强大的下颚和尖牙.
Some, like rattlesnakes and black widow spiders, use venom.
有些,如响尾蛇和黑寡妇蜘蛛,使用毒液.
Others, such as turtles, have hard body coverings.
其他如龟等有坚硬的身体遮盖.
But other animals must rely on the color and pattern of their body covering for survival.
但其他动物必须依靠所覆盖的身体的颜色和图案来生存.
The use of coloring and patterns to disguise and conceal is called camouflage.
使用取色和图案来伪装和隐藏被称为伪装.
Many kinds of animals use camouflage in order to survive.
许多种类的动物为了生存而使用伪装.
Predators—animals that hunt—use it to sneak up on their prey without being seen.
捕食者——捕食的动物——利用它偷偷摸摸地猎取猎物,而不被发现。
Prey use it to hide from predators.
Prey利用它来躲避捕食者.
Camouflage comes in many forms.
Camouflage以多种形式出现.
Some animals have permanent color patterns that help them to hide.
有些动物有永久性的颜色图案来帮助它们隐藏.
Others have color patterns that change with the seasons.
另一些则有随季节而变化的颜色图案.
Still others have color patterns that change with the surface the animal is on.
还有的颜色图案随着动物表面的变化而变化.
And still others use patterns that change during different stages of life.
还有其他人使用在生命的不同阶段变化的规律.
Let’s take a look at different forms of camouflage.
让我们看看不同形式的伪装。
The snake’s patterns and color can help it hide.
蛇的图案和颜色可以帮助它隐藏.
Blending or Concealing Coloration Have you heard the joke about the student who turned in a blank sheet of white paper for his art project?
混合或隐藏颜色 你听过一个笑话吗? 那个为他的艺术项目 翻了一张白纸的学生?
His teacher asked him how he could call that art.
他的老师问他怎么称呼那幅画.
“It’s not a blank sheet of white paper,” he replied.
他回答说,
“It’s a polar bear in a snowstorm.”
在暴风雪中, “
The polar bear is an example of blending coloration—its white fur blends in well with its snowy surroundings.
北极熊是混合颜色的一例——它的白色毛皮混合了它的多雪的环境。
This gives the polar bear an advantage when hunting.
这使得北极熊在打猎时有优势.
It is less visible and can sneak up on seals, walruses, and other animals that it hunts.
它的能见度较低,可以偷偷地爬上海豹,海象等它所猎取的动物.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A polar bear can swim up to 60 miles without resting.
北极熊可以游至60英里而不休息.
Polar bears blend in with their surroundings.
北极熊与周围环境融为一体
Blending coloration is quite common in nature.
混合色调在性质上相当常见.
Many desert creatures, including snakes, lizards, and desert foxes, are the color of sand to match their surroundings.
许多沙漠生物,包括蛇,蜥蜴,和沙漠狐狸等,都是沙地相配的颜色.
Many insects are green to blend in with the plants they live and feed on.
许多昆虫是绿色的,可以与它们所生活和取食的植物相融合.
Lions match the color of the dry grasslands of the African plains where they live.
狮子与所住非洲平原干燥草地相匹配.
Other big cats with color patterns, such as leopards, cheetahs, and tigers, blend in with the light and dark of their woodland homes.
其他有花色图案的大猫,如豹子,豹子,和虎等,与林地家园的光和黑暗相融合.
This snake’s color blends with the rocks.
这只蛇的颜色与岩石相混合。
A special kind of blending can happen when one kind of animal is found living in many different places.
一种特殊的混合 当一种动物被发现 生活在许多不同的地方。
Let’s look at earless lizards as an example.
以无耳蜥蜴为例。
Earless lizards living on the white sands of New Mexico are white.
住在新墨西哥州白沙地上的厄尔斯蜥蜴是白色的.
Other earless lizards that live nearby on black volcanic rock are almost black.
其他生活在附近黑色火山岩上的无耳蜥蜴几乎都是黑色.
Still other earless lizards in nearby desert areas are light yellow to blend well with sand.
附近的沙漠地区还有其它没有耳朵的蜥蜴为浅黄色来与沙子混合.
Arctic birds such as ptarmigans (TAR-mi-gans) and snowy owls also change color with the seasons.
北极鸟类如ptarmigans(TAR-mi-gans)和雪地猫头鹰也随着季节而改变颜色.
Ptarmigans start to grow speckled brown summer coats in the spring.
普塔米干人开始在春季长出有斑点的棕色夏季外衣.
The males stay white longer so that they’re more visible to predators.
让捕食者更能看见它们。
While the predators are busy chasing the more visible male, the female hides in her nest and warms her newly laid eggs.
在捕食者忙于追逐更显眼的雄鸟的同时,雌鸟会躲入巢穴并给新产卵取暖.
Ptarmigans in summer and winter Seasonal Blending Many animals have fur or skin that blends in with their environment.
许多动物的皮毛或皮肤 与环境融为一体
But what do you do when the color of your environment changes?
但当你的环境颜色改变时,你会怎么做?
Some animals that live in colder climates change color with the seasons.
一些生活在更寒冷气候中的动物会随着季节变化颜色.
Arctic hares and Arctic foxes in the far north have brown fur in the summer and white fur in the winter.
北极野兔和北极狐在远北有夏季为棕毛,冬季为白毛.
This helps them to hide year round.
这有助于他们一年一度的躲藏.
If the land around them is white, they’re white.
如果周围的土地是白色的,
If it’s dark, they’re dark, too.
如果这是黑暗的,他们也是黑暗的。
Arctic foxes change color for winter and summer.
北极狐为冬夏而改变颜色.
Color Change Perhaps one of the best-known examples of color change is the chameleon.
颜色变化 颜色变化最出名的例子之一也许是变色龙.
Many people believe that chameleons change color to hide.
许多人认为变色龙会改变颜色来隐藏.
But most chameleons change color to display emotions to other chameleons.
但大多数变色龙会改变颜色来向其他变色龙展示情感.
However, because many chameleons happen to be green, brown, or gray, they are well hidden in nature.
然而,由于许多变色龙碰巧是绿色,棕色,或灰色的,因此它们被很好的隐藏在自然界中.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Chameleons have the widest range of color of all the color-changing animals.
变色龙拥有最宽的颜色范围 所有变色动物。
They change color based on their temperature and mood, or to communicate with other chameleons.
它们会根据其温度和心情来改变颜色,或者与其他变色龙交流.
Chameleons can change color.
变色龙可以改变颜色.
The octopus is also known for its ability to change color.
章鱼也以能改变颜色而出名.
It can change both the color and texture of its skin.
它既能改变皮肤的颜色和纹理.
When an octopus moves onto a rock, it changes color to match the rock.
章鱼向岩石上移动时会改变颜色来与岩石相匹配.
Its skin becomes bumpy to match the rock’s surface.
它的皮肤变得起伏起伏,与岩石表面相匹配.
Crab spiders change color, too.
螃蟹蜘蛛也变了颜色.
They are able to match the color of white, pink, or yellow flowers.
它们能与白色,粉红色或黄色花朵相匹配.
They sit on flowers and are almost invisible until an unsuspecting beetle, fly, or bee comes by for a sip of nectar.
它们坐在花上,几乎是隐形的,直到一个无所顾忌的甲虫,飞来,或蜂来取取花蜜.
The crab spider then attacks it.
后被螃蟹蜘蛛攻击.
The octopus blends in with its surroundings.
章鱼与它的周围相融合.
Camouflage in Young Animals Some animals have camouflage patterns when they are young, but lose these patterns when they grow big and strong enough to outrun their enemies.
幼畜养殖业 有些动物年轻时有迷彩图案,但长大后会失去这些图案,变得足够壮大能跑出敌人.
When young, their parents must leave them alone for periods of time to go find food.
年轻时,父母必须离开他们一段时间去寻找食物。
If the young are camouflaged, they are less likely to be eaten by a predator while their parents are away.
如果幼虫被伪装,他们不太可能在父母离开时被掠食者吃掉.
This white weasel blends in with the snow.
这只白黄鼠狼和雪融为一体
Camouflage patterns are well known in baby deer.
卡穆夫拉格图案在幼鹿中广为人知.
Similar light-colored spotting also occurs in the young of tapirs (a hoofed mammal) and wild boars.
类似光彩斑点的出现也发生在小 tap(一蹄哺乳动物)和野猪的幼年.
Topi antelopes of the African desert blend in with the sand while they are young.
非洲沙漠的托皮羚羊 幼年时就和沙子融为一体
When they grow strong enough to flee their enemies, they develop black markings.
当他们长大后足以逃离敌人时,会发展出黑色标记.
Even some young predatory animals use camouflage to hide.
即使是一些年轻的掠食动物也使用伪装来隐藏.
Lion cubs have spots that help them blend in.
狮子幼崽的斑点可以帮助它们融为一体.
Young deer have spots to help them blend in with the leaves.
小鹿有斑点可以帮助它们和叶子融合.
Some animals are even camouflaged before birth.
有些动物在出生前甚至被伪装.
Many animals are at risk of being eaten when they are in the egg stage.
许多动物在入卵阶段时面临被吃的风险.
Birds that nest on the ground are at great risk for having their eggs stolen when they leave the nest.
在地上筑巢的鸟在出巢时会因卵被偷而面临极大的风险.
Oystercatcher eggs are the color of pebbles along the beaches where they live.
牡蛎卵是它们所居住的海滩一带卵石的颜色.
The eggs of other ground-nesting birds have streaks and blotches to break up the egg-shaped outline to help them blend with their surroundings.
其它地灭鸟的卵有花纹和花纹来分解卵形的轮廓来帮助它们与周围环境相融合.
Speckled eggs blend in well with the rocks.
斑点蛋和岩石混合在一起
Disguise Disguise is another kind of camouflage.
伪装是另一种伪装
A disguised animal looks like another animal or object.
变相的动物看起来像另一个动物或物体.
Some of the best masters of disguise are leaf insects and stick insects.
伪装出的一些最优秀的大师是叶子昆虫和棍子昆虫.
A leaf insect has wings that look exactly like leaves.
有叶昆虫的翅膀长得和叶子一模一样
Stick insects look so much like sticks that it’s almost impossible to tell the insect from the stick that it rests on.
针刺昆虫看起来很像针刺,
Some insects are the shape and color of flowers.
一些昆虫是花的形状和颜色.
Tropical mantids, of which the praying mantis is one, have bodies that look just like orchids.
热带地幔是其中之一 有类似兰花的身体
They are always ready to gobble up an insect that thinks it’s about to get a taste of nectar.
他们总是准备挖出一只昆虫,
Many insects look like plant parts.
许多昆虫看起来像植物零件.
Trickery While disguise involves the visible features of an animal, trickery involves behavior.
虽然伪装涉及动物的明显特征,而诡计则涉及行为。
Some animals try to trick or fool other animals by pretending they are dead or by using some other trick.
有些动物试图通过假装自己已经死了或者使用其他的把戏来欺骗或愚弄其他动物.
When frightened, some chameleons lie on the ground without moving.
当被吓倒时,一些变色龙会躺在地上而无动于衷.
This behavior causes the chameleon to look like a piece of dead wood.
这种行为使变色龙看起来像一出枯木.
Many kinds of small beetles play dead when they are disturbed.
许多种类的小甲虫被扰动时会起死回生.
They fall to the ground and look like grains of soil, fooling birds who might otherwise eat them.
它们倒倒在地上,看起来像是地上的谷子, 愚弄那些可能吃掉它们的鸟。
Chameleon Many predator animals will not eat an animal that is already dead.
变色龙 许多掠食动物不会吃已经死去的动物.
They prefer to eat only fresh meat.
他们只喜欢吃新鲜的肉
So many prey animals play dead to avoid being eaten.
如此多的猎物动物玩死来避免被吃.
When threatened, a hognose snake turns upside-down and throws back its head, holding its mouth open.
当被威胁时,一头恶毒的蛇会倒倒地地地倒回头来,把嘴张开.
It pretends to be dead and tricks its predator into leaving it alone.
它假装死了 并欺骗它的掠食者离开它独自一人。
Fireflies are experts at a very clever kind of trickery.
萤火虫是一个非常聪明的诡计专家。
When a firefly wants to mate, it flashes its light.
萤火虫想交配时会闪出光芒.
Each species of firefly flashes its own kind of signal pattern.
每个种类的萤火虫会闪出自己的信号模式.
Sometimes the female of one species will imitate the signal of another species to trick the males of that species.
有时一个物种的雌性会模仿另一个物种的信号来欺骗该物种的雄性.
She flashes the signal of the other species, and when a male arrives, she eats him.
她闪出其他物种的信号,一雄性到来后会吃掉他.
Fireflies use light to attract mates.
萤火虫会用光来吸引伴侣.
Disruptive Coloration Another kind of camouflage is called disruptive coloration.
干扰色彩 另一种迷彩被称作"破坏性色彩".
This kind of camouflage helps to break up an animal’s outline and hide its true shape.
这种伪装有助于破坏动物的轮廓并掩盖其真实形状。
The stripes of tigers and zebras are two examples of this kind of camouflage.
老虎和斑马的条纹是这种伪装的两个例子.
Two African antelopes also have stripes that help break up their outlines.
非洲的两只羚羊也有条纹来帮助分解它们的轮廓.
The stripes of all these animals blend in with shadows and make the animals less visible.
所有这些动物的条纹会与阴影相融合,使动物的能见度更低.
Zebras have disruptive coloration.
斑马有破坏性的颜色.
Flash Coloration and Other Surprises Until now, we’ve been talking about how animals use color and behavior patterns to be less visible.
直到现在, 我们一直在谈论动物如何使用颜色和行为模式,
But some animals survive by being more visible.
但有些动物通过更显眼而活.
Some animals escape predators by startling them.
一些动物通过惊吓来躲避捕食者.
Some do it by making a sudden noise or by baring their teeth.
有些人通过突然出声或用牙咬牙来达到目的.
Others startle by flashing a bright color at the predator.
另一些则通过向捕食者闪出一束明亮的颜色来吓倒.
This is called flash coloration.
这叫做闪光色.
A related kind of camouflage involves eyespots.
一种相关的伪装 涉及眼球。
Some moths have spots on their wings that look like the eyes of large animals.
有些蛾子的翅膀上有斑点,看起来像是大型动物的眼睛.
When the moth flashes its eyespots, this can startle a predator and give the moth an extra second or two to fly away before being eaten.
当蛾子闪出眼球时,这可以使捕食者感到惊恐并给予蛾子额外的一两秒钟来飞走后被吃掉.
Io moth with eyespots Warning Coloration Other animals have bright coloring to warn other animals that they taste bad or are poisonous.
有眼球的木蛾 警告颜色 其他动物有明亮的取色来警告其他动物,它们味道不好或有毒.
The bright colors remind predators of the bad experience they had the last time they tried to eat one of these yucky animals.
明亮的颜色让捕食者想起了他们上次尝试吃这些恶心动物之一时的糟糕经历.
Fish, frogs, snakes, and many kinds of insects use warning coloration.
鱼,青蛙,蛇等多种昆虫使用警告色.
A few animals survive simply because they look like some other bad tasting or poisonous animal.
少数动物之所以能活下来,只是因为它们看起来像其他的恶味或有毒动物.
They disguise themselves using the same colors, just to keep predators away.
他们用同样的颜色伪装自己,只是为了让掠食者远离.
Some flies and moths survive because they have black and yellow body stripes like stinging wasps and bees.
有的苍蝇和蛾子活了下来,因为它们有被刺的黄蜂和蜜蜂等黑色和黄色的身体条纹.
Some also make a buzzing sound like a bee.
有些人还发出像蜜蜂的叫声.
A famous example of warning coloration is the monarch butterfly, which is bright orange and black.
警告颜色化的一个著名例子是君主蝴蝶,它有亮橙色和黑色.
Monarchs taste so bad that a bird will often vomit after eating one.
君主的口味太差了,鸟吃后会经常呕吐.
But the viceroy doesn’t taste bad.
但是,
However, it has developed similar markings to look like the monarch.
然而,它也发展出类似标记来看起来像君主.
It is more likely to be left alone by predators since it looks like the foul-tasting monarch.
更可能是被掠食者放任自流,因为它看起来像是臭名昭著的君主.
Viceroy Monarch How Did Camouflage Develop?
执政官卡穆弗莱克如何发展?
From one generation of living things to the next, little changes happen in physical traits such as colors and patterns.
从一代活物到后一代,颜色和图案等物理特征变化不大.
Sometimes when animals have babies, some of the babies are born with slightly different features.
有时动物生下婴儿时,有些婴儿的出生特征略有不同.
The difference may give this new animal an advantage toward survival.
区别可能使这种新动物对生存有利.
For example, it may be faster or have a color or pattern to better blend with its surroundings.
例如,它可能更快,或者具有一种颜色或模式来更好地与周围环境相融合.
With such an advantage, this animal is more likely to survive to produce its own babies.
有了这种优势,这种动物更有可能活下来,生出自己的婴儿.
These babies are likely to also have the same trait and will be more likely to survive.
这些婴儿也可能具有同样的特质并更有可能活下来。
An animal whose camouflage does not work well will be eaten by a predator.
伪装效果不佳的动物会被捕食者吃掉.
Only animals with the best traits survive to produce offspring.
只有具有最强特质的动物才能活下来产生后代.
Those offspring tend to have the same traits as their parents.
这些后代的特质往往与父母相同.
In this way, the successful camouflage is passed on from one generation to the next.
这样,成功的伪装就代代相传.
This process works for predators as well.
这个过程对捕食者也有作用.
Predators with the best traits will be the ones that have regular meals, stay strong, and are more likely to survive and reproduce.
具有最强特质的捕食者将是那些经常吃饭,保持强壮并更可能存活和繁殖的捕食者.
Their traits then get passed on to their offspring, who in turn are also more likely to survive and reproduce.
它们的特质随后被传给后代,而后代又更可能存活和繁殖.
Over thousands of years, weak and less protected animals failed to survive.
数以千计,弱而受保护较少的动物未能生存.
This has allowed animals with the best traits for survival to live on and reproduce.
这使得拥有最能生存的特质的动物得以活生生地繁殖.
Polar bear Conclusion Only a few animals have no need for camouflage.
北极熊结论 只有少数动物不需要伪装
These animals may have no natural enemies and eat plant food that cannot escape.
这些动物可能没有天敌,并吃出无法逃脱的植物食物.
The only threat to these animals comes from humans.
对这些动物的唯一威胁来自人类.
Land animals such as elephants, rhinoceroses, and hippopotamuses do not need to camouflage themselves from natural enemies.
大象,犀牛等陆生动物和河马,不需要从天敌中伪装出来.
In the ocean, only certain huge whales that eat plankton have no need of camouflage.
在海洋中,只有某些吃浮游生物的大鲸鱼不需要伪装.
For other animals, camouflage plays an important role in the struggle to stay alive.
对于其他动物来说,伪装在活命的斗争中扮演了重要角色.
The rhinoceros does not need camouflage.
犀牛不需要伪装
Glossary blending camouflage that helps an animal coloration (n.)
词汇混合迷彩能帮助动物取色 (n.
blend in with its background (p.
与其背景相融合(p.
6) blotches (n.)
6）斑点（名词）
dark patches or stains (p.
深色补丁或污点(p.
15) conceal (v.)
15) 隐瞒(五.
to hide (p.
隐藏(p.
5) disguise (v.)
5) 伪装(五.
to pretend to be something different by changing appearances (p.
通过改变外观(p.
5) disruptive chunky patterns such as blotches or coloration (n.)
5) 破坏性块状图案,如花纹或花纹(n.
spots that help break up the outline of an animal (p.
帮助分解动物轮廓的斑点(p.
20) eyespots (n.)
20) 眼壶 (n.
spots that look like the eyes of a much larger animal (p.
斑点看起来像一个大得多的动物的眼睛(p.
21) flash sudden, startling color that helps an coloration (n.)
21) 闪出出突然,令人惊恐的色彩能帮助一种颜色(n.
animal escape (p.
动物出逃(p.
21) offspring (n.)
21) 后代 (n.
descendants (p.
后人 (p.
25) predators (n.)
25) 食肉动物 (n.
animals that hunt and prey on (eat) other animals (p.
有猎取(吃)其他动物的动物(p.
5) prey (n.)
5) 猎物 (n.
an animal that is eaten by another animal (p.
被另一种动物吃掉的动物(p.
5) startle (v.)
5) 惊吓 (五.
to suddenly scare (p.
突然吓倒(p.
21) warning colors that tell other animals that an coloration (n.)
21)警告颜色会告诉其他动物一种颜色(n.
animal tastes bad or is poisonous (p.
动物口味不好或有毒(p.
22) TRY THIS!
试试这个!
Wear neutral-colored clothing for a day.
穿中性有色衣服一日.
Notice how many people pay attention to you as you do normal activities such as going to school or going to a store.
注意有多少人关注你 做正常的活动,比如上学或者去商店。
On another day, wear bright red clothing and do similar activities.
另一天,穿出明亮的红衣并从事类似活动.
Notice if you get more attention when you wear bright colors.
注意,你穿出明亮的颜色时,是否得到更多的注意.
TRY THIS!
试试这个!
Go out into nature with a family member.
和家人一起进入大自然
Wear clothing that is only shades of green or brown.
穿戴只有绿色或褐色的外衣.
Stand in the middle of a wooded area and see if your companion can see you from 20 paces away.
站在林地中间,看看同伴能否从20步外看见你.
Now put on a brightly colored T-shirt you’ve brought with you.
现在穿上一件彩色T恤,
Stand the same distance away and see if your companion sees you.
站在相同的距离 并看你的同伴是否看到你。