Boys Found
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Discovery in the Woods.
《森林中的发现》目录。
4 Exploring the Cave.
4 探索地洞.
8 More Questions, More Exploration.
8"多问""多探索".
12 Who Painted the Caves?
谁画了洞穴?
And How?
怎么样?
16 Understanding Cave Art.
16 理解洞艺术。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
24 Discovery in the Woods Have you ever been out for a walk and stumbled over a mysterious hole?
森林中的发现 你出去走走过吗?
Did you hesitate, look down into the darkness, and wonder what was under there?
你犹豫了吗? 俯视黑暗, 并想知道下面是什么?
Well, that’s just what happened to four teenage boys near Lascaux (la-SKO) manor in southern France on a warm September day in 1940.
在法国南部Lascoux(la-SKO)庄园附近的四个少年男孩,
Map of the Lascaux cave The area near the Dordogne and Vezere rivers contains more than 100 prehistoric sites.
拉斯科洞穴地图 多尔多涅河和韦泽尔河附近地区有100多处史前遗址.
Marcel Ravidat (RAH-vee-dah), three friends, and a dog were exploring the woods around the town of Montignac (MON-tee- nyack), when they discovered the hole.
马塞尔·拉维达特(英语:Marcel Ravidat (RAH-vee-dah)),三个朋友,一头狗正在探索蒙蒂尼亚克镇(MON-tee-nyack)周围的树林,当时他们发现了这个洞.
Several years before, a large pine tree had been struck by lightning and tumbled over, exposing a gaping entrance to what turned out to be one of history’s most interesting treasures.
数年前,一棵大松树被闪电击中并被倒塌了, 暴露出一个空白的入口,
As the dog barked excitedly, Marcel and his friends dropped to their knees and peered into the hole.
当这只狗兴奋地吠叫时,马塞尔和他的朋友倒地跪下,同平入洞.
Without a light, it was impossible to make out what lay below, but they could tell that something hollow and thrilling was hidden there.
没有灯光,就不可能知道下面有什么, 但是他们可以知道,有些空洞而令人惊奇的东西藏在那里。
They had a feeling that the opening was something other than a burrow or a tunnel created by a mole or a groundhog.
他们有种感觉,开口的不是地窖,也不是由地鼠或土拨鼠所创造的地道.
The boys could barely contain their excitement.
孩子们几乎控制不了他们的兴奋
What had they found?
他们发现了什么?
Was this a cave, or perhaps a long-buried tomb?
这是个洞穴 还是一个被埋了很久的坟墓?
They felt they had to follow their instincts and continue their exploration.
他们觉得自己必须遵循本能,继续探索.
They made plans to return with a light and some shovels.
他们计划带着灯和一些铲子返回。
Do you see what Marcel and his friends are about to discover?
你知道Marcel和他的朋友会发现什么吗?
Exploring the Cave A few days later, Marcel and his friends returned to the hole with a lantern.
探索洞穴 几天后,马塞尔和朋友带着灯笼回到了洞口.
Digging quickly, they enlarged the hole, and one by one they slipped into it, fell onto a pile of rocks, and looked around.
他们迅速挖出洞来,一个接一个地挖出洞来, 掉到一堆石头上,然后四处看看。
Their light was very dim, and it took several minutes to become accustomed to the darkness in this underground space.
他们的光线非常暗淡,花了几分钟才习惯了这个地下空间的黑暗.
They saw that another entrance, almost a doorway into a shadowy space beyond, was behind some rocks.
他们看到另一个入口,几乎进入了外有阴影的空间, 在一些岩石后面。
They looked at each other, nodded and shrugged, then held the lantern higher and moved into a large, dark space.
他们互相取景相望,点头和灌木,然后把灯笼高高地抱住并搬入了巨大的黑暗空间.
The boys continued to explore the cave together, going deeper and deeper into the ground until they encountered a deep, narrow passage too small for all of them to fit through.
男孩们继续一起探索洞穴,走入更深的地道,直到他们遇到一个深而狭窄的通道,太小了,他们都无法穿透.
After talking it over, they decided that Marcel should go forward alone.
讨论完后,他们决定让马塞尔独自前进.
He would take the lantern and enlarge the passageway, then return for the others.
他拿起灯笼并拓宽了通道 然后回来找其他人
Carrying the lantern, a shovel, and some rope, Marcel squeezed through the space, digging as he went.
带着灯笼,铲子,和一些绳子,马塞尔从空间挤出,去挖.
After a while he lowered the rope and dropped down a shaft into a cavernous room below.
过了一段时间,他放下了绳子 掉入了下面一个洞穴的房间
Holding the lantern higher, he peered through the darkness at the walls surrounding him.
高高地拿着灯笼 他穿过周围的黑暗
The walls were covered with bas-relief (images that are carved out of a surface making the image raised from the surface) paintings of animals.
墙上布满了玄武岩(从地表雕刻出来的图象,使图象从地表升起)动物画作.
Marcel moved closer.
马塞尔走近了
Images of horses, cows, stags, and bison seemed to dance and gallop and swim across the walls of the cave.
马,牛,鹿和野牛的形象似乎会起舞出行并游过洞壁.
Marcel could barely contain himself.
马塞尔几乎无法控制自己。
He hurried out of the room and climbed up.
他匆忙走出房间爬上来.
As he made his way back to his friends, he noticed other pictures on the walls of the passageway.
当他回到朋友身边时,他注意到了通道墙上的其他相片.
The Great Hall of the Bulls is the largest room in Lascaux’s caves, and Stone Age paintings cover its walls.
公牛大会堂是拉斯考洞穴中最大的房间,石器时代的绘画也覆盖了它的城墙.
More Questions, More Exploration By the next morning, the news of the boys’ discovery had spread throughout the village.
更多问题,更多探索 到了第二天早上,男孩们被发现的消息已经传遍了整个村庄。
Villagers descended upon the cave and found other rooms filled with new and exciting carvings.
村民们倒入了洞穴,发现其他房间里充满了新的和激动人心的雕刻.
Clearly, these works of art were very, very old, and before long archaeologists came to the cave to study them.
显然,这些艺术品非常,非常古老,在很长一段时间之前,考古学家来到洞穴去研究.
Archaeologists are scientists who study ancient cultures using the objects that people leave behind.
考古学家是利用人们留下的物体来研究古代文化的科学家.
The archaeologists looked at the pictures very carefully, and the longer they looked, the more questions they asked.
考古学家非常仔细地观察了这些相片,越看越久,问的问题就越多.
The Lascaux cave entrance 1 The Great Hall of the Bulls is named for the paintings of bulls, but horses and stags are more common in the cave.
拉斯考洞口 1 公牛大堂以"公牛"的画作取名,但马和鹿在洞口更常见.
Who painted these mysterious paintings, and how old were they?
是谁画了这些神秘的画作,几岁了?
Why were they painted in underground caves?
为什么他们画在地下洞穴里?
Why did the artists paint only large birds and animals, such as horses and bulls, and ignore small creatures such as snakes and fish?
为什么艺术家只画出马和牛等大型鸟和动物,而忽略了蛇和鱼等小生物?
How could such perfect art be created in such a dark space?
这么完美的艺术怎么会在这么黑暗的空间里创造出来呢?
There were tiny holes in the wall halfway up to the high ceiling.
墙上有个小洞 一直到天花板上
Why?
为什么?
What purpose did they serve?
他们有什么目的?
These paintings were clearly very old.
这些画显然非常古老.
But how old?
但是几岁?
The archaeologists began by trying to figure out when the paintings were created.
考古学家们首先试图找出绘画创作的时间.
To do so, they tried several different methods.
为此,他们尝试了几种不同的方法。
Many scientists started by looking at the paintings themselves.
许多科学家从自己看待画作开始.
They analyzed the dyes, paints, or other materials used to create colors.
他们分析了用来创造颜色的染料,油漆等材料.
If the artists used charcoal, scientists might be able to date them using the radiocarbon method (things that contain carbon can be dated by measuring how much the carbon has changed).
如果艺术家们使用木炭,科学家们也许可以使用放射性碳方法来定出它们的日期(那些含有碳的东西可以通过测量碳的改变程度来定出日期)。
But they found that these pictures could not be dated in this way.
但他们发现这些相片无法以这种方式被日期.
A scientist cleans a mammoth’s tooth before dating it using the radiocarbon method.
科学家在用放射性碳方法约会前,
Mammoths appear in Lascaux’s artwork.
Lascaux的作品中出现了哺乳动物。
The Scene of the Dead Man shows a man, bison, bird, and spear with a rhinoceros fleeing to the left.
死人的场景显示一个男人,野牛,鸟,和长矛有犀牛向左跑去.
The scientists had to lower their eyes to find the answers to their questions.
科学家们不得不低下视线,找到问题答案.
On the ground, below the pictures, they found flint and bone fragments used to carve the pictures and pigments used to create colors.
在地上,照片下方,他们发现了用来雕刻相片和颜料来创造颜色的花纹和骨头碎片.
Like fossils, the materials were sealed in the layers of the ground.
与化石一样,材料被封入地层.
After a great deal of study, the scientists finally understood what the boys had found.
经过大量研究,科学家们终于明白男孩们发现了什么.
The pictures on the wall had been created by Stone Age people who lived about 17,000 years earlier.
墙上的照片是石器时代的人创造的,他们生活在约一万七千年前.
Who Painted the Caves?
谁画了洞穴?
Still, like other caves in the area, the Lascaux cave held many more secrets.
然而,同该地区其他洞穴一样,拉斯科克洞穴还有许多秘密.
Scientists wondered who these artists were.
科学家想知道这些艺术家是谁。
Why had they carved and painted pictures so far underground?
他们为什么在地下刻画和绘画?
Scientists in 1940 already knew a great deal about Stone Age people.
1940年的科学家们已经对"石器时代"的人了解甚多.
Stone Age men were hunters who killed and ate large animals such as bison.
石头 年龄男性是猎人,杀死并吃掉了野牛等大型动物.
They were also people who believed in the magical powers of their leader, the Shaman.
他们也是相信其领袖巫师的神奇力量的人.
The Back-to-Back Bison in the Main Gallery show how Lascaux’s artists tried to make their artwork three-dimensional.
主美术馆的Bison背对背(Back-Bison)展示了拉斯考的艺术家们如何尝试制作他们的三维艺术.
Tools like these might have been used by the artists of Lascaux.
这些工具可能已被拉斯考的艺术家们所使用.
Scientists wondered if the pictures on the walls of the Lascaux cave could possibly have been carved and painted by a Shaman.
科学家们想知道,拉斯科克洞穴墙上的照片是否可能由一位沙曼雕刻并作画.
Could this mystical leader have gone underground to try to communicate with spirits of people who had lived before?
这个神秘的领袖会不会潜入地下 试图与那些曾经生活过的人的灵魂沟通?
Could he have painted the pictures to ensure a successful hunt?
他能画出照片来确保狩猎成功吗?
Or could the hunters themselves have created the pictures as a way to bring them luck on their hunt?
或者猎人自己能创造出照片来 给他们带来猎取的好运吗?
In other nearby caves, scientists found small and large footprints.
在附近的其他地洞中,科学家发现了大小脚印.
Did this mean that children helped the artists or came to visit the Shaman with their parents?
这是否意味着孩子们帮助了艺术家或者和父母一起来拜访沙曼?
One question really befuddled the scientists: How were the artists able to see?
有一个问题让科学家感到困惑: 艺人怎么看得到的?
It was very dark deep inside the cave, and no one believed that Stone Age people used lighting that could be carried into the cave.
洞穴深处非常黑暗,没有人相信石器时代的人使用可以被携带入洞的照明.
So, did the Stone Age people come first and the people who did the paintings follow much later, after fire had been discovered?
那么,石器时代的人是先来的吗? 那些画作的人是后来的, 在发现火后?
As with many questions that seem to have no answers, this one was solved by accident.
如同许多似乎没有答案的问题一样,这个问题是偶然解决的.
Someone found a piece of sandstone that was hollowed out on one side.
有人发现了一块被空心挖出一边的砂岩
Inside the hollowed out circle was some left-over carbon.
在空心的外圈里 有一些残存的碳
When the carbon was analyzed and dated, scientists found traces of animal fat.
在分析出碳并约会时,科学家发现了动物脂肪的痕迹.
People in the Stone Age burned animal fat in the scoop of this early lamp to light the cave.
石头里的人 年龄烧了动物脂肪 在这个早期的灯口 点亮洞穴。
These stags appear to be swimming across the wall in the cave’s Main Gallery.
这些鹿似乎在洞穴主画廊的墙上游过.
The lighting mystery was solved.
照明之谜被解开.
Stone Age artists lit their workspace by burning lamps filled with animal fat.
石头 时代艺术家用燃烧充满了动物脂肪的灯光来点燃自己的工作空间.
But other questions remained.
但还有其他问题。
How did the artists manage to carve and paint the glorious pictures at the top of the Painted Gallery?
艺术家们是如何在画廊上方雕刻并绘出辉煌相片的?.
The ceiling in the gallery is very, very high and really impossible to reach.
画廊的天花板非常,非常高,实际上无法到达.
Could those holes halfway up the wall hold the answer?
墙上半个洞能挡住答案吗?
Scientists estimated the size of the artists.
科学家估计了这些艺术家的规模.
They guessed how far the artists were from those high paintings.
他们猜到艺术家们离这些高绘画有多远.
When they were finished guessing, they deduced the answer.
当他们被猜断后,他们推断出答案.
The holes were used for a temporary scaffold that the artists climbed or stood on as they painted.
洞被用在一个临时脚手架上,艺术家们攀登或站立在被画上.
What were Stone Age artists like?
石头是什么 时代艺术家喜欢吗?
How did they create color?
他们是如何创造出颜色的?
What tools did they use?
他们用什么工具?
What were they thinking?
他们在想什么?
Luckily the artists left all kinds of clues behind on the ground below their masterpieces.
幸运的是,艺术家们在他们的杰作下方的地上留下了各种线索.
Can you guess what tools they used to carve the stone walls inside the cave?
你能猜到他们用什么工具来雕刻洞穴内的石墙吗?
The answer is.
答曰. 师曰.
they used more than one kind of tool, depending on the kind of rock they were carving.
他们使用一种以上的工具, 取决于他们雕刻的岩石种类。
If the rock was very soft, they used a stick or their finger.
如果岩石非常柔软,他们会用一根棍子或手指.
If the rock was very hard, they carved a pointed or rounded stone tool to cut into the rock face.
如果岩石非常坚硬,他们雕刻出指向或圆形的石头工具来切入岩石面.
These shapes appear in the Main Gallery in shades of red, yellow, and violet.
这些外形出现在主画廊以红色,黄色,和紫色相间的荫影.
This painting shows how artists would have used scaffolding to reach high places.
这幅画展示了艺术家如何使用脚手架到达高地.
Other rock faces were impossible to carve at all and had to be painted.
其他的岩石相貌根本无法雕刻,必须被画出.
Most of the pictures are painted with red and black pigments made from minerals and metals found in the earth.
大部分相片由出土的矿物和金属所制成的红色和黑色颜料作画.
Understanding the Cave Art What else do the caves tell us?
理解洞穴艺术 洞穴还告诉我们什么?
Do we know what the carvings and paintings mean?
我们知道雕刻和绘画是什么意思吗?
One thing that the caves tell us is that men, women, and children have always drawn pictures and always will.
洞穴告诉我们的一件事是,男人、女人和孩子总是画相,而且永远会画相。
Stone Age people did not live in these caves.
石头 年龄的人没有生活在这些洞穴里。
They went down into the earth and created pictures that represented something in their lives.
他们潜入了地球,并创作了代表他们生活中某些事物的相片.
Whether they went there just to draw or to be near their ancestors who lived before or to seek help from their Shaman, we may never know.
不管他们去那是为了画画 还是为了接近他们祖先 曾经住过 或寻求他们的巫师的帮助 我们可能永远不知道
But they were still creating art.
但他们仍在创作艺术。
This is the only rhinoceros to appear in the Lascaux artwork, even though rhinos lived all over France during the Stone Age.
这是拉斯考艺术作品中唯一出场的犀牛,尽管犀牛在石器时代曾居住于法国各地.
Scientists understood why the colors of Lascaux’s paintings remained on the rock walls for 17,000 years.
科学家们明白为什么拉斯考所绘画的花色在岩石墙上会保留了17000年.
Q: Can you guess why the colors didn’t fade?
问:你能否猜到为什么颜色没有消退?
Other caves The Cussac cave (top left) in France’s Dordogne region contains engravings that might be older than those at Lascaux.
法国多尔多涅地区的Cussac洞穴(左上方)有可能比拉斯科的洞穴更古老的雕刻.
A cave near Vallon-Pont d’Arc in France (bottom left) shows animals that no longer live in the area.
法国瓦隆-蓬特德阿尔克附近的一个洞穴(左下方)显示动物已经不再生活在该地区.
What animals do you see in each image?
你从每个图像中看到什么动物?
See answer on page 23.
见第23页的答复。
When we look at paintings created fifty years ago or even today, can we understand what the artist was thinking?
当我们看着五十年前甚至今天所创作的画作, 我们能否理解艺术家在想什么?
And do we really need to know, or is it enough to look at a picture and say, “Wow!
我们是否真的需要知道,或者看一张照片说“哇!
That’s beautiful”?
这是美丽的吗?
Glossary accustomed (v.)
词汇习惯(五.)
became familiar through use or practice (p.
通过使用或实践(p.
8) analyzed (v.)
8) 分析(五.
examined closely (p.
仔细审查(第6页)
14) bas-relief (n.)
14) 玄武关救济 (n.
sculpture in which the design is raised slightly from the surface but is still attached to the surface (p.
雕塑,其设计从表面略微提升,但仍被附着于表面(p.
10) befuddled (v.)
10)被蒙蔽(五.
confused (p.
混淆(p.
18) cavernous (adj.)
18) 洞口 (adj.
like a large empty space in the ground that is dark, deep, and hollow (p.
像是地上一个巨大的空地,是黑暗,深而空的(p.
9) discovery (n.)
9) 发现 (n.
the finding or uncovering of something for the first time (p.
首次发现或发现某事(p.
12) exploration (n.)
12) 勘探 (n.
a journey through unfamiliar territory to learn more about it (p.
穿越陌生领土了解更多情况(p.
6) instincts (n.)
6)本能 (n.
powerful feelings that are natural and not reasoned (p.
强烈的感情是自然而无理性的(p.
6) masterpieces (n.)
6)杰作 (n.
exceptional works of art (p.
特殊艺术作品(p.
20) methods (n.)
20)方法 (n.
planned or orderly ways of doing something (p.
有计划或有秩序地采取行动的方式(p.
14) mysterious (adj.)
14) 神秘 (adj.
not easy to understand (p.
不容易理解(p.
4) mystical (adj.)
4) 神秘(adj.
with spiritual or supernatural power beyond human understanding (p.
具有超越人类理解的精神或超自然力量(p.
17) passage (n.)
17)通过 (n.
a route or channel along which a person or vehicle may pass (p.
人员或车辆可沿途通行的路线或通道(p.
9) radiocarbon (n.)
9) 放射性碳(n.)
a form of carbon that is radioactive (p.
一种具有放射性的碳(p.
14) scaffold (n.)
14) 脚手架 (n.
a temporary platform, to support workers during building, repairing, or decorating a structure (p.
临时平台,用于支持工人在建筑,修理,或装饰一个结构(p.
19) treasures (n.)
19) 有宝 (n.
things that are valuable (p.
有价值的东西(p.
5) A: The colors on the rock walls didn’t fade because the pigments were created from minerals and were protected in the cave from rain, wind, snow, and sun.
5)A:岩壁上的颜色并没有淡出,