Volcanoes
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Eruption of Vesuvius.
T能包含V Esuvius的 Eruption.
4 Where and Why Volcanoes Form.
4 何地和为什么是火山 Form.
7 Composite Volcanoes.
7 复合V醇.
11 Shield Volcanoes.
11 盾火山 (英语).
15 Cinder Cones and Lava Domes.
15 Cinder Cones and Lava Domes. (原始内容存档于2018-09-29).
17 Conclusion.
17 结论。
19 Glossary.
19 词汇表。
20 The Eruption of Vesuvius Few people in the Roman city of Pompeii cared about the earthquakes in ad 79.
20 V Eruption of V Esuvius 罗马城市蓬佩伊很少有人关心ad79的地震.
No one connected them with the smoke coming from nearby Mount Vesuvius.
没有人把他们和来自附近V Esuvius山的烟雾联系起来。
The volcanic mountain was covered with trees, flowers, and grass.
火山山被树,花,草所覆盖.
It had been a thousand years since the volcano had last erupted.
距上次火山爆发已有一千年了
Most people thought Mount Vesuvius was dormant or extinct.
大多数人认为 挂载 V Esuvius是休眠或灭绝的。
But everything changed on August 24 around one o’clock in the afternoon.
但8月24日下午1点左右一切都变了。
A huge explosion shook the ground.
一场巨大的爆炸震撼了地面.
Dust, ash, and melted rock blew out of the top of the volcano, darkening the sky.
灰尘,灰烬和被熔化的岩石从火山顶上吹出,使天空变暗.
Stones began to rain down on the city.
石头从城上下起.
Rocks and ash covered the ground as far away as 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the mountain.
岩石和灰已覆盖地上,距离山上有16公里(10米).
By three o’clock, lava (melted rock) began pouring from the volcano, destroying everything in its path.
到三点钟,熔岩(熔岩)开始从火山中倒出,摧毁了所走道上的一切.
By six o’clock, the cloud of dust and ash was 32 kilometers (20 mi) high.
到六点钟,尘埃和灰尘的云层已达32公里(20米)高.
The ash kept falling, covering the ground to a depth of 1 meter (3.
火山灰不断倒塌,覆盖地上深度为一米(3.
3 ft).
(原始内容存档于2013-10-12). 3 ftt.
Buildings collapsed under the weight of the stones and ash.
在石头和灰烬的重量下,建筑物倒塌了。
People tried to flee as the volcano destroyed their homes and farms.
人们试图逃离,因为火山摧毁了他们的家园和农场。
But the ash was so deep and hot that many people died as they tried to walk through it.
但灰烬深而炎热,以至于许多人试图从中走过而死亡.
Stones falling from the dark sky killed others.
石头从黑暗的天空倒下,杀死了其他人.
And many people choked to death on the ash- and dust-clogged air.
许多人在灰尘堵塞的空气中窒息而死。
Around midnight, the situation became even worse.
大约午夜,情况变得更糟。
The massive cloud of ash, poisonous gas, glowing-hot dust, and smoke had become too heavy to stay in the air.
大量的灰云、有毒气体、发光热尘和烟雾已经过重,无法停留在空气中。
The cloud collapsed, falling down the mountain at speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour (310 mph).
云已倒塌,以每小时500公里(310 mph)的速度下山.
Within moments, people in the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were burned and buried by Mount Vesuvius’s first surge cloud.
V Esuvius山首次涌出云层后,
As more dust and ash poured from the volcano, more surge clouds followed.
随着火山喷出更多的灰尘和灰烬,随之而来的是更多的涌出云.
When the eruption ended, two cities were completely buried and wiped off the face of the Earth.
喷发结束后,两座城市被完全掩埋并被从地上抹去.
They would not be uncovered again for more than one thousand years.
一千多年以来不会再被发现。
Mount Vesuvius overlooks the ruins of Pompeii.
维苏威火山忽略了庞贝的废墟.
A plaster cast of the body of an inhabitant of Pompeii killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius Do You Know?
被维苏威火山喷发所杀死的蓬佩伊居民尸体的石膏?
Pompeii, a city not far from Mount Vesuvius, was completely buried by a surge cloud.
庞贝(Pompeii)是一座距离维苏威火山不远的城市,被一股涌出地云所完全掩埋.
As the bodies of victims decayed over time, they left pockets of air in the hardened ash and mud that surrounded them.
随着被害者的尸体逐渐腐烂,他们留下了被坚硬的灰烬和泥地所包围的空隙.
These air pockets preserved the exact shapes of the bodies they once contained.
这些空气口袋保留了它们曾经所封存的尸体的确切形状.
Archaeologists filled the holes with plaster to make casts showing how the people looked when they died.
考古学家用石膏填满了洞口,以做出显示人们死后的样子的铸造.
What you just read is a true story.
你刚刚读的是一个真实的故事。
But how did it happen?
怎么会这样?
What could cause such a violent explosion?
何以能引发如此激烈的爆炸?
The answer lies in how different kinds of volcanoes form.
答案在于不同种类的火山是如何形成的.
Where and Why Volcanoes Form Earth’s hard surface, or crust, is made of huge sheets of rock called plates.
Where and why 火山 Form Earth的硬地表,或地壳,是由被称作板块的巨大地表所成.
Some plates make up the continents.
一些板块组成了大陆.
Others make up the ocean floors.
其他人则构成洋底.
Just under the plates, Earth is extremely hot—so hot that rock melts into a liquid called magma.
就在板块下,地球非常炎热——如此炎热地将岩石融为一种叫"岩浆"的液体.
Sometimes the magma flows to the surface and pours out through cracks in Earth’s crust.
有时岩浆会流向地表,并会从地壳的裂缝中倒出.
Volcanoes usually form at the edges of the plates.
火山通常在板块边缘形成.
The plates float on top of the thick liquid magma, but the different plates move in different directions.
板块浮起于厚的液体岩浆上方,但不同的板块会向不同的方向移动.
Plates can crash into, pull away from, or grind past each other.
平板电脑可以撞入、拉出或磨过对方。
The pressure released by the moving plates causes earthquakes, which create large cracks in the crust.
移动板块所释放出的压力会引发地震,从而在地壳中产生大裂缝.
Magma sometimes breaks through these cracks to form volcanoes.
玛格玛有时会突破这些裂口来形成火山.
The dotted lines show the edges of the plates.
被点缀的线条显示了板块的边缘.
Most of the world’s volcanoes are found where the plates meet.
世界上大多数火山都是板块相接的地方。
There are at least five hundred active volcanoes in the world.
世界上至少有500座活火山.
Most are near the edges of the plates.
大部分靠近板块边缘.
The edge of the Pacific Ocean plate is an active volcanic region called the Ring of Fire.
太平洋板块边缘是一个活火山区,被称作"火环".
Another active volcanic region is along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, an undersea mountain chain in the Atlantic Ocean.
另一个活火山区位于大西洋中大西洋脊一带,是大西洋的海底山脉链.
Two plates are pulling apart there, allowing magma to push up through the ocean floor and pile up as it cools into solid rock.
两个板块在那里拉开,让岩浆从洋底上推起,并堆积而成固体岩石.
Over time, the magma forms mountains that stick up out of the water as islands.
随着时间的推移,岩浆会形成山地,把出水的山地作为岛屿.
The country of Iceland is located on the tops of large volcanoes in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
冰岛国地处中大西洋海脊大火山顶.
Other volcanoes form far away from the edges of the plates.
其它火山形成于远离板块边缘.
The islands of Hawaii are in the center of the Pacific Ocean plate.
夏威夷群岛位于太平洋板块的中心.
They are above a “hot spot,” a place where hot magma sits unusually close to Earth’s crust.
它们位于一个 " 热点 " 之上,一个热岩浆异常靠近地壳的地方。
Beneath Yellowstone National Park, in the middle of the North American plate, another hot spot borders underground lakes.
地底黄石国家公园,地处北美板块中部,又一热地接壤了地下湖泊.
The magma heats the surrounding ground and the water, creating geysers and hot springs.
岩浆会加热周围地上和取出水来,产生出胶水和温泉.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A “hot spot” created the volcanoes of Hawaii.
一个"热点"创造了夏威夷火山.
As the Pacific Plate moves over the top of the hot spot, old volcanoes go extinct and new ones form.
随着太平洋板块在热点上方移动 旧火山将灭绝,形成新火山
It is almost like moving a piece of paper over a burning candle— the candle makes a row of holes, much as the hot spot makes a row of volcanoes.
它几乎就像把一纸纸放在一盏燃烧的蜡烛上——蜡烛制造出一排洞来,就像热地制造出一排火山来一样。
Hawaii Kauai hot spot plate movement Hawaii Kauai plate movement Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire More than half the active volcanoes in the world occur along the Ring of Fire.
夏威夷克瓦伊热点板块运动 夏威夷克瓦伊活地板块运动 太平洋火环运动 世界上活地活地活地有一半以上的火山 发生在火环一带.
Different volcanoes erupt in different ways, depending on where and how the volcanoes formed.
不同的火山以不同的方式喷发,取决于火山的形成地点和方式.
Some volcanoes erupt gently and slowly, while others suddenly explode with the force of many atomic bombs.
有些火山会轻而轻而缓慢地喷发,而另一些火山则会突然以许多原子弹的力量爆炸.
Let’s take a look at different kinds of volcanoes and learn how they erupt.
让我们看看不同的火山,
Composite Volcanoes Mount Vesuvius, which you read about earlier, is a composite volcano.
复合V 醇 挂载 你之前读到的V Esuvius是一个复合火山。
Composite volcanoes are explosive volcanoes.
复合火山为爆炸火山.
Their eruptions can be violent and destructive.
它们的喷发可能具有暴力性和破坏性.
They are usually large mountains with steep sides and evenly shaped peaks, often with a bowl- shaped crater at the top.
它们通常是有陡峭的侧面和均匀形状的山峰的大山地,最上部经常有碗状的陨坑.
The crater is the place where the magma, hot gas, and ash come out.
该陨坑是岩浆,热气,灰出的地方.
Most composite volcanoes form from thick, slow-moving magma.
大多数复合火山由厚而缓慢移动的岩浆所形成.
Magma moves in underground tubes called vents.
马格玛在地下管子中移动,称为通气管.
When the magma is very thick, it can cool and harden before it reaches the surface, plugging a vent.
当岩浆非常厚时,可以冷却并硬化后再到达地表,插入出气口.
The magma below the plug suddenly has nowhere to go, so the pressure builds.
插口下方的岩浆突然无处可去,因此压力逐渐增大.
When the pressure becomes great enough, the volcano explodes.
当压力足够大时,火山会爆炸.
Sometimes the entire mountain is destroyed.
有时整个山被摧毁.
When Washington State’s Mount St.
当华盛顿州圣山.
Helens erupted in 1980, the entire northern side of the mountain was destroyed.
1980年海伦斯爆发,整个北侧的山被摧毁.
Mount St.
圣多伦山
Helens before 1980 eruption Mount St.
1980年喷发前的海伦斯 圣多伦山
Helens after 1980 eruption A volcano blasts a shower of red-hot cinders high into the air.
1980年喷发后的海伦斯 火山将一阵高高高的红热煤渣冲入空中。
When composite volcanoes erupt, they send huge clouds of ash, dust, smoke, hot gas, and rock into the air.
当复合火山爆发时,它们会把巨大的灰云,灰尘,烟雾,热气,和岩石送入空气.
These clouds turn the sky black and rain ash onto the ground.
这些云将天空黑而成雨灰倒地.
When the cloud becomes too heavy to stay in the air, it collapses in a violent surge cloud.
当云层变得过重而不能停留在空中时会倒塌在猛烈的涌出云层中.
Many composite volcanoes are tall enough to have ice and snow on their tops.
许多复合火山都高得可以顶起冰雪.
A hot explosion can instantly melt all of the ice and snow.
热爆能立即融化出所有的冰雪
A flood of water, mud, and rock then runs down the mountain at up to 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph).
一场洪水,泥地,和岩石相继以每小时100公里(62 mph)的速度下山.
The biggest volcanic ash clouds can travel around the world.
最大的火山灰云可以环游世界.
These clouds can block out sunlight over large areas and cool the planet.
这些云能挡住大片地区的阳光 冷却地球
After the 1815 eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Indonesia, North America had an unusually cold, snowy summer.
1815年印度尼西亚的一座火山坦博拉爆发后,北美的夏季异常寒冷多雪.
Sometimes, an underground lake of magma pours out of a composite volcano, leaving a huge empty space below.
有时会有一个地下的岩浆湖从复合火山中倒出,下面留下了巨大的空地.
The surface collapses into the empty chamber, leaving a large bowl-shaped caldera.
地表倒塌入空腔中,留下了一大碗状的钙.
Calderas can be as large as 100 kilometers (62 mi) across.
Calderas可以高达100公里(62米)跨度.
They often fill with water, creating large lakes.
它们常被水所填满,形成出大湖.
Melting ice and snow sent a massive mudslide racing down the side of this volcano.
融化的冰雪 使大面积的泥石流 冲向火山的一侧
Crater Lake is a well-known caldera in Oregon.
克吕特湖是俄勒冈州有名的出产地.
This huge caldera was formed when the volcano collapsed in on itself.
火山崩塌时形成了巨大的火山口
Composite volcanoes can destroy forests, bury cities, and kill people, but these volcanoes often stay quiet for hundreds of years between eruptions.
复合火山可以摧毁森林,埋葬城市并杀死人,但这些火山在喷发之间常常保持数百年的安静.
People living nearby forget that the volcano can explode.
住在附近的人们忘记了火山会爆炸.
Shield Volcanoes You may have seen a video of lava flowing or spraying from a volcano.
盾牌V 醇类 你可能看到火山喷出熔岩的视频
The lava is runny and flows quickly.
熔岩迅速流出
It flows far and fast before slowly hardening and building up.
它在缓慢地硬化和建立之前 流动得非常快
This kind of lava comes from a shield volcano.
这种熔岩来自盾牌火山.
Shield volcanoes usually have gentle mountain slopes shaped like shields.
盾形火山通常有形状为盾形的温和的山坡.
Eruptions of shield volcanoes are usually non-explosive, although the lava can still damage roads, homes, and forests.
盾形火山的损毁通常为非爆炸性,尽管熔岩仍然能破坏道路,家园和森林.
Sometimes the lava sprays dramatically from the crater, creating a lava fountain.
有时熔岩会从陨石坑中猛烈喷出,形成熔岩喷泉.
Shield volcanoes can remain quietly active for a long time and can grow very large.
盾形火山可以在很长一段时间内保持静态活性,并会长出非常大.
Mauna Loa on Hawaii is the tallest volcano in the world, rising 9,170 meters (30,080 ft) from its base on the seafloor.
夏威夷岛的毛纳洛亚火山是世界上最高的火山,从海底的基座上升了9,170米(30,080英尺).
That’s taller than Mount Everest!
这比珠穆朗玛峰还高!
The largest known volcano in the solar system is Olympus Mons on Mars.
太阳系中已知最大的火山是火星上的奥林匹斯·蒙斯.
This Martian shield volcano rises an amazing 27 kilometers (17 mi) in height.
这座火星盾牌火山在高地上上升了惊人的27公里(17米).
Olympus Mons, on the surface of Mars, is the largest volcano in the solar system.
火星表面的奥林匹斯蒙斯是太阳系中最大的火山.
It would cover the entire state of Arizona.
它会覆盖整个亚利桑那州
Cinder Cones and Lava Domes Some volcanoes don’t form large mountains.
圆锥岩和岩浆地 有些火山不会形成大山。
Instead, they just spray small amounts of lava into the air.
相反,它们只是向空气中喷出少量的熔岩.
The small lava chunks and bits of ash harden into light rocks called cinders.
小熔岩块和灰块被硬化成光亮的岩石,称为灰缸.
The cinders pile up around the vent into a hill with a bowl-shaped crater at the top.
灰缸环绕喷口堆积成一山,顶部有碗状的陨坑.
These hills are called cinder cones.
这些丘陵被称作"灰缸锥".
New volcanoes often produce cinder cones.
新火山常出产灰缸锥.
Other cinder cones form inside the craters or calderas of larger, older volcanoes.
其他圆锥形的火山坑或熔岩坑内部 形成了更大的更古老的火山
Most cinder cones erupt only once.
大部分灰缸锥只发了一次.
Because cinder cones are made of loose rocks, they are quickly worn away by wind and rain.
由于灰缸锥由松散的岩石所制成,被风和雨迅速磨损.
Small, quick eruptions sometimes form lava domes.
小而快的喷发有时会形成熔岩穹顶.
Lava domes are created when thick lava oozes from a vent and quickly hardens.
熔岩穹顶是在喷口产生浓厚熔岩并迅速硬化时产生的.
Sometimes more lava pushes through the dome, causing its sides to crack.
有时会有更多的熔岩推入穹顶,导致其侧面裂开.
Lava domes often form in areas with other volcanic activity.
熔岩穹顶经常会形成于有其他火山活动的地区.
They can often be found in the craters of large volcanoes.
它们常被发现于大型火山的陨石坑中.
Like composite volcanoes, lava domes often explode violently.
和复合火山一样,熔岩穹顶经常会剧烈地爆炸.
Conclusion Volcanoes are impressive examples of how our planet is always changing.
结论 火山是我们星球如何改变的令人印象深刻的例子。
Many good things come from volcanoes.
许多好东西来自火山。
Lava creates new rock and new land.
熔岩创造了新的岩石和新地.
V olcanic ash makes rich soil for farming.
V olcanic 灰使丰富的土壤用于耕作.
And volcanic mountains, including Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Rainier in Washington, and Mauna Loa in Hawaii, are some of the most beautiful mountains in the world.
而火山山脉,包括日本的富士山,华盛顿的兰尼埃山和夏威夷的毛纳洛亚等,是世界上一些最美丽的山脉.
It is no wonder that people often choose to live near volcanoes.
难怪人们往往选择住在火山附近。
But everyone should always remember that volcanoes are dangerous.
但每个人都应该记住火山是危险的。
Volcanoes set free some of Earth’s most powerful forces.
火山释放出地球一些最强大的力量.