Labor Day
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Back to School.
回校目录.
4 Machines and Workers.
4机器与工人.
5 Tough Jobs.
5个艰苦的工作。
6 Child Labor.
6 童工。
7 Workers Join Together.
7名工人联合起来。
8 Help from Congress.
8 来自国会的帮助.
10 A New Holiday.
10个新假期
13 A Better Future.
13 “更美好的未来”。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Back to School Many students in the United States go back to school right after Labor Day, the first Monday in September.
16回学校 美国许多学生在9月第一个星期一的"劳动节"(Labour Day)后立即返回学校.
For those students, this federal holiday marks the end of summer.
对于这些学生来说,这个联邦假期标志着夏天的结束.
It’s a time to enjoy one last blast of fun before the school year starts.
在学年开始之前,
Many businesses and all government offices close, and communities often hold parades and picnics.
许多企业和所有政府部门都关闭,社区经常举行游行和野餐.
People may go to the beach or just enjoy the extra day off at home.
人们可以去海滩 或只是享受 额外一天在家休息。
Labor Day isn’t just a day to take it easy, though.
劳工日不仅仅是放轻松的日子。
It’s also a day the U.
今天也是U的一天。
S.
师曰.
government set aside to honor the achievements of American workers, past and present.
政府为了纪念美国工人的成就 无论是过去还是现在
To understand what Labor Day honors, it’s important to learn about the labor movement.
了解劳动节的意义,
This movement involves workers joining together to improve the way they work and live.
这一运动涉及工人联合起来改善其工作和生活方式。
Cheer squad members march during a Labor Day parade in Newtown, Connecticut.
啦啦队成员在康涅狄格州新城的劳动节游行中游行.
Machines and Workers During the Industrial Revolution (late 1700s to early 1800s), many new kinds of technology were invented.
工业革命期间的机器和工人(从1700年代后期到1800年代初期),发明了许多新技术.
The inventions allowed many jobs once done by hand to be done much faster and more easily by machines.
这些发明使得许多曾经手工完成的工作能够更快,更容易地被机器完成.
Farmers began using machines to plant and harvest crops.
农民开始使用机器来种植和收割农作物.
Many small farmers who could not afford to buy the machines lost their jobs.
许多无力购买机器的小农失去了工作。
Also, factories could produce items at a much lower cost than small home businesses.
此外,工厂生产物品的成本比小型家庭企业低得多。
Because of these changes, many people in farming communities moved to cities and went to work in factories.
由于这些变化,许多农业社区的人搬到了城市去工厂工作.
Many employers wanted to pay workers as little as possible so the businesses could keep more money.
许多雇主希望尽可能少地向工人支付工资,以便企业能够保存更多的资金。
Though some employers treated their workers well, many did not.
虽然有些雇主对待工人很好,但许多雇主没有这样做。
During the 1800s, low wages, long workdays, and terrible working conditions were common in the United States.
1800年代期间,低工资,长工作日,恶劣的工作条件在美国很常见.
The labor movement began as a result of workers wanting more of a voice in how they were treated.
劳工运动的开始是因为工人们希望更多地表达他们受到的待遇。
A farmer uses a tractor to plow a field in 1925.
1925年农民用拖拉机耕田.
Tough Jobs Many workers in the 1800s didn’t get much time off.
艰苦的工作 许多工人在1800年代没有多少休息时间。
At that time, the United States had no rules about how many hours people worked each day or week.
当时,美国对人们每天或每周工作多少小时没有规定.
The average factory worker worked one hundred hours a week!
工厂工人平均每周工作100小时!
(That’s about fourteen hours each day, every day.)
每天大约14小时。
People worked as much as they were told to because they didn’t want to lose their jobs.
因为不想丢掉工作,
Women work in a factory in 1870.
1870年,妇女在一个工厂工作.
Long hours and overcrowding were common in factories at that time.
当时工厂里工作时间长,人满为患.
Child Labor The Industrial Revolution also led to an increase in child labor.
童工 工业革命还导致童工增加.
In many factories, the machines could be run by children.
在许多工厂,机器可能由儿童经营.
Children were also cheaper to hire and easier to control than adults.
与成年人相比,雇用儿童也更便宜,也更容易控制。
By the early 1800s, about two million school-aged children were working in mills or factories in the United States.
到1800年代初,约有200万学龄儿童在美国的磨坊或工厂打工.
Many were from families too poor to support them.
许多家庭太穷,无法养活他们。
Children often held jobs before the age of seven.
儿童通常在7岁之前从事工作。
Many worked six days a week for up to eighteen hours each day.
许多人每周工作六天,每天最多18小时。
They had little time for rest and no time for school or play.
他们几乎没有时间休息,也没有时间上学或玩耍。
They often faced dangerous working conditions.
他们往往面临危险的工作条件。
Many became ill from the long hours at work.
许多人因长时间工作而生病。
At the end of the 1800s, only twenty-eight states had laws against child labor.
1800年代末,只有28个州制定了禁止童工的法律.
Here, three boys aged ten to twelve work in a fish cannery in Eastport, Maine.
三个十到十二岁的男孩 在缅因州东港的鱼罐头厂工作
Workers Join Together Over time, workers began to join together to change things.
工人联合起来 随着时间的推移,工人开始联合起来改变事物.
They formed labor unions— groups set up to protect workers’ rights.
他们成立了工会 -- -- 为保护工人权利而成立的团体。
Labor unions bargain with employers for better hours, wages, working conditions, and benefits.
工会与雇主就更好的工作时间、工资、工作条件和福利进行谈判。
Unions can call a strike to gain a stronger hand in talks with employers.
工会可以要求罢工,以获得与雇主会谈的更有力支持。
During a strike, workers refuse to do any more work until changes are made.
在罢工期间,工人拒绝再做任何工作,直到做出改变。
In 1869, President Ulysses S.
1869年,总统尤利西斯·斯.
Grant announced that government workers only had to work eight hours each day.
Grant宣布,政府工作人员每天只需工作8小时.
Soon after, an effort began to get a similar law passed for people working for private organizations.
不久之后,开始努力使为私人组织工作的人通过类似的法律。
Many unions have their own seal that they put on things they work on or make.
许多工会有自己的印章,它们把工作或制作的东西贴上.
Union seals are a mark of pride and also let shoppers know what goods were made by union workers.
工会印章是骄傲的标志,也让店主知道工会工人制造了什么商品.
Many employers didn’t want to switch to the eight-hour workday, but over time that began to change.
但随着时间推移,
In 1906, two large printing companies switched to an eight-hour workday.
1906年,两所大型印刷公司改用8小时工作日.
In 1926, the Ford Motor Company began a five-day, forty-hour workweek.
1926年,福特汽车公司开始每周工作5天40小时.
The company stated that well-rested workers did their jobs better.
该公司说,反应良好的工人的工作做得更好。
Even before then, Henry Ford had more than doubled autoworkers’ wages.
即使在此之前,亨利·福特的汽车工人工资也翻了一番以上.
He said that well-paid workers had a better attitude, did better work, and were less likely to quit.
他说,工资高的工人的态度较好,工作做得更好,也不太可能辞职.
Labor Unions Today Union membership in many businesses has dropped since the 1970s.
自1970年代以来,许多企业的今天工会会员人数已经减少。
However, unions for government workers are growing.
然而,政府工作人员工会正在增加。
Teachers, postal workers, firefighters, and police officers all have powerful unions.
教师、邮政工人、消防员和警官都拥有强大的工会。
Today, more than fourteen million people in the United States are union members.
今天,美国有1400多万人是工会会员.
Workers march while on strike for an eight-hour workday in New York City in 1872.
工人在罢工期间游行,1872年在纽约市工作了8小时.
Help from Congress The year 1938 was a turning point in the labor movement.
国会的帮助 1938年是劳动运动的转折点.
At the urging of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).
在富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福总统的敦促下,国会通过了"公平劳动标准法"(FLSA).
Its purpose was to protect workers from poor working conditions.
其目的是保护工人免受恶劣工作条件的影响。
The act limited the workweek to forty-four hours (changed to forty hours in 1940).
该法将每周工作时间限制为44小时(1940年改为40小时)。
It also set the minimum wage— the lowest wage employers were allowed to pay their workers.
它还规定了最低工资——允许最低工资雇主向工人支付工资。
Minimum Wage When the Fair Labor Standards Act passed in 1938, the minimum wage was $0.
公平劳动标准时的最低工资 1938年通过的法案,最低工资为0.
25 per hour.
每小时25分
(That would be $4.
(即4美元。)
11 in 2016.)
2016年11个. )
In 2016, the U.
2016年,获U.
S.
师曰.
minimum wage was $7.
最低工资为7美元。
25 per hour.
每小时25分
States are free to set it higher, and many have.
各国可以自由地提高这一水平,许多国家已经这样做了。
President Franklin D.
富兰克林·德总统.
Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act in 1935.
1935年罗斯福签署了"社会保障法".
The Act was one of several measures taken to help American workers have better lives.
该法是为帮助美国工人过上更好的生活而采取的若干措施之一。
The act also said that workers had to be paid extra when they work longer hours than usual, or overtime.
该法还规定,如果工人工作时间比平常长,或者加班,必须支付额外报酬。
Workers earn one-and-a-half times their usual hourly rate for each hour of overtime they work.
工人每加班一小时的小时工资是通常每小时工资的1.5倍。
(Overtime is each hour over forty worked in a workweek.)
(加班每星期工作时间超过40小时。 )
Overtime pay was meant to keep employers from forcing people to work too many hours.
加班费是为了防止雇主强迫人们工作过多。
It was also meant to encourage employers to hire more workers.
它还旨在鼓励雇主雇用更多的工人。
The act also set safety rules in the workplace and banned many kinds of child labor.
该法还规定了工作场所的安全规则并禁止许多种类的童工。
It set the minimum age for workers at sixteen during school hours.
它规定工人在校期间的最低年龄为16岁。
Fourteen-year-olds could work at certain after-school jobs, but workers had to be eighteen for dangerous jobs.
14岁的人可以从事某些课后工作,但工人必须年满18岁才能从事危险工作。
During the 1894 Pullman Strike, railroad workers struck for over two months because of wage cuts that hurt their families.
在1894年的"普尔曼罢工"中,铁路工人因为削减工资伤害了家人而罢工了两个多月.
Math Minute A worker’s rate of pay is $15.
数学分钟 劳动者的工资标准为15美元。
00 per hour.
每小时00分
How much does that worker earn in a forty-hour workweek?
这个工人每周工作40小时挣多少钱?
How much does he or she earn in a week with ten hours of overtime?
用十小时加班一周能赚多少钱?
Answers: $600; $825 Key People in the Labor Movement Mother Jones (Mary Harris Jones, 1837–1930) helped coal miners in the early 1900s.
回答:600;825 劳工运动的关键人物 母亲琼斯(Mary Harris Jones,1837–1930)在1900年代早期帮助了煤矿工人.
Union members called her “Mother” because of her hard work on behalf of the miners.
工会成员称她为“母亲”,因为她为矿工做了辛勤工作。
She traveled across the United States to help striking miners and to end child labor.
她横行美国各地帮助打击矿工并结束童工.
Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) was president of the American Federation of Labor for almost forty years.
塞缪尔·贡珀斯(1850–1924)曾出任美国劳工联合会主席近40年.
He believed in the power of collective bargaining—talks between union leaders and employers to reach agreements that helped both sides.
他相信集体谈判的力量——工会领导人和雇主之间的对话能够达成对双方都有帮助的协议。
Through his leadership, collective bargaining became the model for how most unions work today.
通过他的领导,集体谈判成为了当今大多数工会如何运作的模式.
Eugene Debs (1855–1926) helped found major labor unions for railroad workers and industrial workers.
尤金·德布斯(1855–1926)帮助找到了铁路工人和工业工人的主要工会.
He ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920.
他在1900年至1920年间五次竞选总统.
Debs traveled the country helping workers bargain with their employers.
德布斯出国帮助工人与雇主讨价还价。
César Chávez (1927–1993) was forced by hardship to become a migrant farm worker when he was eleven.
César Chávez(1927-1993)在11岁时因艰苦而被迫成为农民农场工人.
In 1962, Chávez helped found what later became the United Farm Workers.
1962年,查韦斯帮助找到了后来成为"联合农场工人"的东西.
This labor union works for the rights, safety, and fair treatment of migrant farm workers.
这个工会致力于农民农场工人的权利、安全和公平待遇。
A New Holiday Labor Day was first celebrated in New York City in 1882.
1882年纽约市首次庆祝了"新假日"劳动节.
In 1887, Oregon became the first state to pass a law making Labor Day an official holiday.
1887年,俄勒冈州成为第一个通过法律使"劳动日"成为法定假日的州.
Thirty more states passed similar laws before the U.
还有30个州在U之前通过了类似的法律.
S.
师曰.
government made Labor Day a federal holiday in 1894.
1894年政府将"劳动日"定为联邦假日.
Workers march as part of a Labor Day celebration in 1882 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
工人游行是1882年在宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡举行的劳动节庆祝活动的一部分.
Canada also celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday in September.
加拿大还庆祝了9月第一个星期一的劳动节.
More than sixty other countries around the world instead celebrate International Workers’ Day on May 1.
5月1日是国际工人日,
Famous people, including the president, give speeches on Labor Day.
包括总统在内的著名人士在劳动日发表演讲.
Parades have been common since the holiday began.
游行自假期开始以来就很常见.
Many communities also have festivals featuring music, crafts, fall foods, or special events.
许多社区还举办音乐节、手工艺会、倒食会或特别活动。
Canadian ironworkers march together during a Labor Day parade in Toronto, Ontario.
加拿大铁工人在安大略省多伦多的劳动节游行中一起游行.
A Better Future The labor movement improved the way workers are treated and paid.
更美好的未来 劳工运动改善了工人的待遇和报酬。
It set limits for workdays and workweeks, introduced safety regulations, brought an end to child labor, and more.
它规定了工作日和工作周的限制,引入了安全条例,终止了童工,以及更多的童工。
Labor Day honors these accomplishments as well as the efforts of all American workers to build and help their country.
劳动节纪念这些成就以及所有美国工人为建设和帮助国家而作的努力。
So enjoy a day off on Labor Day and be sure to have some fun.
所以请在劳动节放一天假 一定有乐趣
Just remember to also honor the people who labored to improve the lives of every American worker.
记住也要向那些努力改善每一个美国工人生活的人致敬.
Workers wear safety gear while working in a modern bolt factory.
工人在现代螺栓工厂工作时会穿安全用具.
Today’s factories are much safer than many were in the past.
今天的工厂比过去许多工厂安全得多。
Glossary federal (adj.)
联邦词汇表(adj.)
Industrial Revolution (n.)
工业革命 (n.
(n.)
(无)
wage (n.)
工资(不详)
(n.)
(无)