Groundwater
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents When the Water Runs Out.
水流出时目录 。
4 What and Where Is Groundwater?
4 地下水在哪里?
5 Too Many Straws.
5 太多的草丛。
7 Water Fights.
7水战.
9 Staying Out of Trouble.
9"远离麻烦".
11 Farming Smarter.
11"养殖智能".
12 Future Focus.
12"未来焦点".
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 When the Water Runs Out Picture getting up one morning, turning on the faucet, and getting nothing but a gurgle.
16,当"出水"的图片起来 一天早上,打开了水龙头, 得到的任何东西,只是一个gurgle。
This happened in a part of California that is famous for its fruits and vegetables.
这发生在加利福尼亚州以水果和蔬菜出名的一地.
Years of drought there meant little rain.
那里多年的干旱意味着小雨.
To irrigate their crops, farmers pumped huge amounts of groundwater from under the land.
为了灌溉农作物,农民从地底下抽取了大量的地下水.
The result was some two thousand dry wells in 2014.
其结果是,2014年约有2 000口干井。
Unfortunately, California isn’t the only place with a water crisis.
加州并非唯一有水危机的地方。
Groundwater fills the spaces and cracks between rocks, sand, and soil underground.
地下水填充了地上岩石,沙地和地上土壤之间的空间和裂缝.
What and Where Is Groundwater?
地下水在哪里?
Many of us look at a globe and think the planet holds plenty of water for all our needs.
我们许多人看着一个地球,认为这个星球拥有满足我们所有需要的大量水。
Most of Earth’s water is in our oceans, however, and full of salt.
然而,地球的大部分水都在我们的海洋中,充满了盐。
Freshwater keeps us alive, yet very little of Earth’s water is fresh.
淡水能让我们活下来,
Of that small amount, most is frozen.
在这小数额中,大多数被冻结。
Scientists say that 99 percent of Earth’s usable water is in the ground.
科学家说地球99%的可用水都在地上。
Most groundwater is stored beneath land in aquifers.
大多数地下水被储存在含水层的地底。
These are underground layers of rock, gravel, and sand that hold groundwater like huge sponges.
这些是地下地层的岩石,砾石和沙子,它们像巨大的海绵一样蕴藏着地下水.
Rain and melting snow flow very slowly into the surface soil and rock to feed the aquifers.
降雨和融雪会缓慢地流入地表土壤和岩石来给含水层提供食物。
All water on Earth Usable 1% Groundwater 99% Surface water 0.
地表水为0.
3% Ground ice and permafrost 0.
3%地冰和永久冻土0.
7% Unusable 99% Water We Can Use Source: U.
7% 无法使用 99% 水我们可以使用 资料来源:U.
S.
师曰.
Geological Survey Aquifers can reach down thousands of feet and extend for thousands of miles.
地质调查局的含水层可达数千英尺以下并延伸数千英里。
They feed our rivers, lakes, and wetlands.
它们养活我们的河流、湖泊和湿地。
Their freshwater also irrigates the best farming areas in the world.
它们的淡水还灌溉了世界上最好的农业地区。
For more than a century, people have been pumping billions of gallons of water from underground to drink, grow crops, and meet other needs.
一个多世纪以来,人们从地下抽取了数十亿加仑的水来饮用,种植农作物,并满足了其他需要.
Even during a drought, communities and farms above aquifers can draw groundwater.
即使在干旱期间,含水层以上的社区和农场也可以抽取地下水。
It keeps many of us from going hungry and thirsty.
它使我们许多人免于饥饿和口渴。
The trouble is that groundwater levels are falling fast.
问题在于地下水位正在迅速下降。
People near and far must conserve this life-giving resource.
附近和远处的人必须保护这种维持生命的资源。
Center-pivot irrigation makes farming possible in many dry regions.
中枢灌溉使许多干燥地区的农业成为可能。
Too Many Straws We are pumping groundwater faster than nature can replace it, experts say.
草条太多了 专家说,我们抽取地下水的速度快于大自然能够取而代之的速度。
Since 1995, water levels have dropped in almost two-thirds of the wells across the United States.
自1995年以来,全美近三分之二的井水位已经下降.
Ups and (Mostly) Downs: The Ogallala Aquifer The Ogallala Aquifer waters the wheat fields of America—but that water can’t last forever.
上下 (最多) 下: 奥加拉拉含水层 Ogallala含水层水淹没了美国的麦地,
This map shows water-level changes in the aquifer over a span of about sixty years.
本地图显示含水层在大约60年的时间里水位的变化。
In some places, water levels are largely unchanged today.
在有些地方,水位今天基本没有变化.
In others, they have crashed.
在另一些情况下,它们已经坠毁。
Ground level 0 Wyoming -0.
地上0级怀俄明-0.
4 ft.
4英尺长
Nebraska -0.
内布拉斯加州-0.
9 ft.
9英尺长。
27 m) S.
27米) S.
Dakota 0 ft.
达科他0英尺.
(0 m) New Mexico -15.
(0米) 新墨西哥 - 15.
1 ft.
1英尺长.
Colorado -13.
科罗拉多 -13。
2 ft.
2英尺长.
Kansas -22.
堪萨斯22分
8 ft.
8英尺长.
95 m) Texas -36.
95米)德克萨斯州-36.
7 ft.
7英尺长.
19 m) Oklahoma -12.
19米) (中文(简体) ). 俄克拉荷马州 - 12。
3 ft.
3英尺长
75 m) Water-level changes in the aquifer, 1950 to 2010 The water level in one Texas well has sunk more than 120 feet (36.
(单位:千美元) 1950至2010年含水层水位变化 德克萨斯州一口井的水位已下沉了120多英尺(36.
6 m).
(单位:千米)
Feet underground Source: U.
脚在地下 资料来源:U。
S.
师曰.
Geological Survey Competition for groundwater is causing conflict in some farming areas.
地质调查局对地下水的竞争正在一些农地造成冲突。
In Northern California, for example, winemakers grow fields of grapes, which need large amounts of water.
例如在北加州,酿酒者会种植需要大量水的葡萄田.
Many of these winemakers have drilled deep wells to make sure they can get the groundwater they need.
这些酿酒者中有许多已经钻取了深井,以确保能取到需要的地下水.
Without it, they might go out of business.
没有它,他们可能会 退出业务。
Many smaller farmers and homeowners nearby, though, blame winemakers for sucking up too much of the groundwater they all share.
但是,附近许多较小的农民和房屋所有者指责酿酒者吸取了他们分享的太多的地下水。
In many cases, these smaller property owners cannot afford to drill deeper wells for themselves.
在许多情况下,这些较小的财产所有者无法为自己钻取更深的水井。
As a result, their shallower wells go dry.
因此,更浅的井会干涸.
It’s as if everyone has their straws in the same drink, but some farms and businesses can pay for more and longer straws.
但有些农场和企业可以支付更多更长的吸管。
This problem raises big questions: Who owns groundwater?
这个问题提出了大问题: 谁拥有地下水?
What is fair?
公平吗?
Sonoma Valley in California is famous for its fields of grapes.
加利福尼亚的索诺马谷以葡萄田而出名.
Water Fights Halfway around the world, Pakistan’s water supply has dropped by almost 75 percent in the last sixty years.
巴基斯坦的自来水供应在过去60年中下降了近75%。
Many in Pakistan blame India, their neighbor to the south.
巴基斯坦的许多人都怪罪于印度,印度是他们的南方邻国.
They accuse India of building dams that block river water that would normally flow to them.
他们指责印度建造了拦河堤坝,挡住通常流向他们的河水。
They say this has forced farmers in Pakistan to pump more groundwater.
他们说这迫使巴基斯坦农民抽取更多的地下水.
India says Pakistan has only itself to blame.
印度说巴基斯坦只能怪自己.
It says Pakistan has managed its water poorly.
巴基斯坦的水源管理不佳,
Today, both countries—countries that have fought four wars against each other in the past—face water shortages and growing competition for freshwater.
今天,这两个国家过去曾进行过四次对彼此的战争,它们都面对缺水和对淡水的日益激烈的竞争。
India China United States Pakistan 112 km3 year 251 km3/year 112 km3 year 65 km3 year Compare China’s population to the United States’.
印度 中美 巴基斯坦 112 km3年 251 km3年 112 km3年 65 km3年 中国人口与美国人口比较.
Now compare their water use.
现在比较一下他们的用水情况。
Per person, which country is using more water?
每个人,哪个国家使用更多的水?
Top Four Global Water Users KEY Irrigation Domestic use Population Industry One cubic kilometer (km3) = 1,000,000,000,000 liters (264,172,052,358 gal.)
全球四大用水国 1立方千米(平方千米)=1,000,000,000升(264,172,052,358 gal.
That would fill about 400,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.
这将填补约40万个奥运大小游泳池。
Source: Margat, J.
资料来源:Margat, J.
, and J.
还有J.
van der Gun.
范德刚.
Groundwater around the World.
环绕世界的地下水.
CRC Press/Balkema Experts predict such battles over water will grow worse.
《儿童权利公约》(CRC) 媒体/Balkema专家预测,这种争夺水的战斗将变得更加严重。
If nothing changes, they estimate the world will fall 40 percent short of its water needs by the year 2030.
如果不发生任何变化,它们估计到2030年,世界将比水需求低40%。
Nearly two billion people worldwide could face severe water shortages, leading to food shortages and famine.
全世界近20亿人可能面临严重的缺水问题,导致粮食短缺和饥荒。
In time, shortages like these can even lead to war, experts warn.
专家警告说,这种短缺在时间上甚至会导致战争。
In some places, lack of water has already done just that.
在有些地方,缺水已经做到了这一点。
In Syria, for example, drought may have helped start a civil war in 2011.
例如在叙利亚,干旱可能有助于2011年发动内战。
As a result, many Syrians have died.
因此,许多叙利亚人已经死亡.
In many places, groundwater is that important—the difference between green farms or dusty fields, life or death.
在许多地方,地下水非常重要——绿色农场或有尘土的田地、生死之分。
A Syrian girl flees war in 2013.
2013年,一名叙利亚女孩逃离了战争。
Staying Out of Trouble There is an old saying: “It is easier to stay out of trouble than get out of trouble.”
远离麻烦 有一句老话说: “远离麻烦比摆脱麻烦容易。 “
This is true about groundwater.
地下水的情况就是这样。
Fixing this crisis now will be much easier than waiting until aquifers run dry.
现在解决这场危机要比等待含水层干涸容易得多。
We have to plan ahead, however.
然而,我们必须提前计划。
One growing threat to our groundwater supply is climate change.
我国地下水供应面临的一个日益严重的威胁是气候变化。
Almost all scientists who study the Earth now agree that it’s getting hotter.
几乎所有研究地球的科学家现在都认为地球越来越热了。
Climate change may also mean less rain for some areas, and freshwater may be harder to come by.
气候变化还可能减少一些地区的降雨量,而淡水可能更难获得。
Another huge challenge is Earth’s growing population.
另一个巨大的挑战是地球人口的增长。
More than seven billion people live on our planet now.
现在有70多亿人生活在我们的星球上。
That figure is expected to reach eleven billion by the year 2100.
预计到2100年这一数字将达到110亿。
All of us will need water to drink and grow our food.
我们大家需要水来饮用和种植食物。
We must manage our groundwater now, and we can.
我们现在必须管理地下水,而且我们可以。
Drought in California led to many wildfires in 2015.
2015年加利福尼亚州干旱导致多起野火.
Farming Smarter Our best hope is finding ways to use less water and keep more groundwater in the ground.
更聪明的农民 我们最大的希望是找到减少用水和使更多的地下水留在地上的方法。
Experts estimate that about 65 percent of the fresh groundwater Americans pump to the surface is used to irrigate crops.
专家估计,大约65%的美国淡水泵通到地表用于灌溉农作物.
Yet many forms of irrigation waste water.
然而,许多形式的灌溉废水。
They spray and sprinkle water on the surface, where much of it is lost to evaporation.
他们在地表喷出并喷出水,其中大部分被蒸发所损失.
More farmers are using new ways to make sure every drop counts.
更多的农民正在使用新的方法来确保每一滴计数。
New meters monitor moisture in the soil and turn the irrigation on and off to waste less water.
新的水表监测土壤中的水分,并打开和关闭灌溉,减少浪费取水量。
Many fruit and nut orchards now bury irrigation pipes to waste less water, too.
许多水果和坚果园现在也掩埋了灌溉管道来减少水的浪费。
Planting different crops can also help conserve groundwater.
种植不同的作物也有助于养护地下水。
In states such as Kansas and Iowa, some farms are switching from corn to other crops, since corn requires a lot of water.
在堪萨斯州和爱荷华州等州,一些农场正在从玉米转向其他作物,因为玉米需要大量的水.
Farmers need new ways to farm.
农民需要新的耕作方式。
If they do not choose to conserve water, empty aquifers will force them to.
如果它们不选择节水,空含水层将迫使它们这样做。
Wheat is one crop that uses less water than corn.
小麦是一种用水少于玉米的作物.
Future Focus Record drought forced California to conserve water.
未来焦点记录干旱迫使加利福尼亚州节水.
In just six months, people there went from using as much as 140 gallons (530 L) per person to just 67 gallons (254 L) a day, on average.
在短短的六个月里,那里的人们从每人使用多达140加仑(530升)到平均每天只使用67加仑(254升).
Across the United States, small changes in water use can save hundreds of gallons in the average American home each week.
在美国各地,用水的微小变化可以节省美国平均家庭每周数百加仑.
The Trouble with Toilets Source: De Oreo, W.
资料来源:De Oreo, W.。
B.
毕.
, P.
页:1
Mayer, B.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Mayer, B.
Dziegelewski, and J.
(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Dziegelewski, and J.
Kiefer.
基费尔.
Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2.
住宅用水, 第2版.
Project #4309A.
第4309A号工程。
Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation.
Denver, Colo:水研究基金会.
©2016 Water Research Foundation.
©2016水利研究基金会.
Reprinted with permission.
经许可再版.
Gallons per household per day toilet 33.
每个家庭每天有33个厕所。
3 L) 31.
3 L) 31. (中文(简体) ).
7 (120 L) 26.
7 (120升) 26.
6 L) 22.
页:1
7 (86 L) 23.
7 (86 L) 23. (英语).
5 L) shower, bath faucet clothes washer dishwasher, leaks, other Did you know that toilets use more water than anything else in your house?
5L) 淋浴,洗澡水龙头的衣服 洗碗机,漏水,其他 你知道厕所用水比别的东西多吗?
They do, according to a 2016 study of water use inside 23,749 homes spread throughout the United States—but not as much as they did in a similar 1999 study.
根据2016年对美国各地23 749所房屋用水情况的研究,
Newer, more efficient toilets help send less water into the sewer.
更新,更有效率的厕所有助于将更少的水送入下水道.
Some families also practice selective flushing.
有些家庭还实行选择性冲水。
That means they don’t flush the toilet each time they use it.
他们不会每次使用厕所,
By installing low-flush toilets and taking shorter showers, we can use less groundwater.
通过安装低浮马桶并取出更短的淋浴,我们可以使用更少的地下水.
Another small effort that can save gallons is running only full loads in washing machines and dishwashers.
另一种能够节省加仑的小型努力是只在洗衣机和洗碗机中运行满载.
Some people are also saving water by replacing thirsty grass in their yards with plants that need less water.
一些人也通过将院子里的渴草取而代之以需要较少水的植物来节水.
Saving our groundwater isn’t easy.
拯救地下水并不容易。
People need to drink.
人们需要喝酒。
Farmers need to irrigate crops to grow our food.
农民需要灌溉农作物来种植我们的粮食.
Still, we can be smarter about how we use this resource, both now and far into the future.
然而,我们可以更明智地看待我们如何使用这种资源,无论是现在还是将来。
Some Los Angeles homeowners swapped grass for other plants in the dry summer of 2014.
一些洛杉矶屋主在2014年干燥的夏天将草换成其他植物.