from the Earth
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 How Are Gems Formed?
4宝石如何形成?
6 Try This.
6 试试这个
8 How Do Gems Get into Jewelry?
8 宝石如何进入珠宝?
10 What Makes Gems Valuable?
10是什么使宝石变得宝贵?
13 Hardness and the Mohs Scale.
13"硬"和"摩斯规模".
15 What Are Some Types of Gems?
15 一些类型的宝石?
16 Conclusion.
16 结论。
23 Glossary.
23 词汇表。
24 Introduction Many people consider gems to be Earth’s most beautiful creations.
导言 许多人认为宝石是地球最美丽的创造.
They are willing to spend thousands of dollars for even a small bit of that beauty.
他们愿意花上千美元 哪怕是一点点的美丽。
Many gems decorate the most beautiful and valuable jewelry.
许多宝石装饰出最美最有价值珠宝.
How Are Gems Formed?
宝石组怎么样?
Crystals are special forms of minerals.
晶体是矿物的特殊形式.
Every mineral is made of millions of particles called atoms.
每个矿物都由被称作原子的数百万颗粒所制成.
In most rocks, the atoms are mixed together.
在大多数岩石中,原子被混合在一起.
But in crystals, the atoms are arranged in neat, orderly patterns.
但在晶体中,原子的排列方式是整齐有序的.
Crystals have flat sides, called faces, which form shapes.
晶体有平平的侧面,被叫作相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相
Examples of Crystal Shapes cubic trigonal tetragonal hexagonal monoclinic Garnet, a crystal (top); turquoise, a stone (center); natural pearl, an organic gem (bottom) There are three main types of gems.
晶体形状 三边形 三边形 六边形 单晶体 Garnet,一种晶体 (上; tur; 石; 天然珍珠,一种有机宝石 (下) 宝石主要有三种.
The first two, crystals and stones, are made of minerals, the natural, nonliving substances that make up most rocks.
前两作"晶体"和"石头"由矿物,天然的,非活性的物质组成,构成大部分岩石.
Crystals are minerals that form in tight shapes and neat patterns.
晶体是形成于紧凑形状和整洁图案的矿物.
Stones are mixed minerals that have beautiful colors and patterns but do not have strict shapes.
石头是混合矿物,有美丽的颜色和图案,但没有严格的形状.
The third group, organic gems, are made by living things.
第三组有机宝石由活物所出.
Most crystals form deep within the earth under very special conditions.
大部分晶体在非常特殊的条件下在地底深处形成.
Some, like diamonds, form when the mineral is squeezed under layers of rocks.
一些,如钻石,在矿物质被挤出地层后形成.
The squeezing forces the atoms to arrange themselves in the smallest shape possible.
挤压会迫使原子以最小的形状自行排列.
Others, such as sapphires, form when a mineral gets so hot inside the earth that it melts.
其他的,例如蓝宝石, 形成当一个矿物质 变得如此热 在地球内部,它融化。
As it slowly cools, the atoms form a regular crystal pattern.
随着它的缓慢冷却,原子会形成正态的晶体图案.
And still other gems, such as opals, form when minerals dissolve in water.
还有其它的宝石,如石窟等,在矿物溶于水后会形成.
As the water evaporates very slowly, the mineral left behind forms a crystal.
随着水的蒸发非常缓慢,留下的矿物形成晶体.
Diamonds are formed deep inside Earth’s mantle.
钻石在地幔深处形成。
Volcanic eruptions bring the diamonds to the surface.
火山爆发使钻石浮出水面.
Make your own crystals!
制作你自己的晶体！
Rock salt, also known as halite, forms when salty seas evaporate.
石盐又名卤地盐,为咸海蒸发后所形成.
You can watch a much smaller version of this same process using just water and ordinary salt.
你可以用水和普通盐来观察这个过程的更小的版本.
water.
water水.
Stir it until it dissolves.
把它拖到溶解为止
no more salt will dissolve.
没有盐会溶解。
3 Put a clean toothpick in the water.
3个 在水中放出干净的牙签.
4 Place the cup somewhere warm in the Sun.
4个 把杯子放入温暖的太阳里
As the water evaporates, crystals will form on the toothpick and the sides of the cup.
随着水分蒸发,水晶会形成于牙签和杯子的两侧.
5 Look at the crystals under a magnifying glass.
5 在放大玻璃下看晶体.
What do they look like?
他们长什么样?
The minerals in stones do not form orderly patterns, and they may have other minerals mixed in.
石块中的矿物并不形成有秩序的形态,它们也可能有其他被混入的矿物.
Stones often form in layers that make streaks and lines, called the grain.
石头往往形成层层,形成花纹和花纹,称为"谷物".
Organic gems, which include pearls, amber, and coral, come from living things.
有机宝石,包括珍珠,琥珀和珊瑚等出自活物.
Pearls begin when a grain of sand gets trapped inside an oyster’s shell.
珍珠开始于一粒沙子被困在牡蛎壳中后.
The oyster covers the grain with layers of the material it uses to build its shell.
牡蛎用用来制造外壳的材料层层覆盖了谷物.
Coral is made of skeletons left behind by millions of tiny sea creatures.
珊瑚由数百万小海生物留下的骨架所制.
Amber began millions of years ago as tree sap.
琥珀从几百万年前开始作为树苗.
Amber often contains the fossils of insects or spiders that got caught in the sap.
琥珀中常含有被吸食到的昆虫或蜘蛛的化石.
Oysters create pearls.
牡蛎会创造出珍珠.
How Do Gems Get into Jewelry?
如何做宝石 进入珠宝店?
Most mineral gems are found deep within the earth.
大部分矿物宝石都发现于地底深处.
Because gems are so small and rare, mining is often still done by hand.
由于宝石如此之小而稀有,采矿往往仍由手工进行.
Miners must chip and cut at the rock, looking for stones within it.
矿工们必须切开并切出岩石,寻找其中的石头.
Opal mines are simple holes in the ground.
花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Opals form when mineral-rich water evaporates from cracks underground.
当矿物质丰富的水从地底裂缝中蒸发出后, Op会形成 Op.
This leaves a streak of mineral crystal in the rock.
这留下一串矿物质结晶在岩石上。
Streaks of crystal are called veins.
结晶的结晶称为静脉.
The best opals in the world are found in veins under the ground in the Australian desert town of Coober Pedy.
世界上最出名的圆柱花在澳大利亚沙漠城镇克伯佩地地(Coober Pedy)地底的血管中.
In the Australian Aborigine language, “Coober Pedy” means “white man in a hole.”
在澳大利亚土著语言中,“Coober Pedy”是指“一个洞中的白人。 “
The popular brilliant-cut style is often used with diamonds.
受欢迎的辉煌剪接风格常被用在钻石上.
This style has many facets that reflect light off the gem.
这种风格有许多方面可以反映出出出宝石外的光.
Deep green emeralds are often cut into a style called the step cut.
深绿翡翠常被切入一种叫"阶地剪"的风格.
The rose cut was often found on older gems.
玫瑰切口经常被发现于更古老的宝石上.
The oldest style of cut, the cabochon (KAB-uh-shon), is simply rounded and polished.
最古老的切口风格是克布克通(英语:KAB-uh-shon),只是被圆形并被打磨.
It is most often used with opaque stones.
它最常被用在不透明的石头上.
Other gems, such as jade and coral, can be carved into small shapes.
其他宝石,如玉和珊瑚等可以被雕刻成小形状.
Cutting styles (top and side views) show gems’ best features.
剪接风格(上下视图)显示了宝石的最佳特征。
When a miner finds a gem, it is often very rough.
当矿工找到宝石时,往往非常粗糙.
Its surface looks dull.
表面看起来很枯燥
Its shape is bumpy.
其外形起伏不定.
Gems often have cracks, dark marks, bubbles, and other flaws.
宝石经常有裂缝,暗痕,泡沫等缺陷.
Gem cutters cut gems into regular shapes that show off their best parts and cover their flaws.
宝石切割器将宝石切成能显出自己最优秀部分并覆盖其缺陷的常规形状.
Most crystal gems are cut into flat surfaces called facets.
大部分的晶体宝石被切成平地表面,称为侧面.
Facets show off the gem’s color and pattern, and allow it to sparkle.
Facets展现出宝石的颜色和图案,
An uncut diamond looks uneven and flawed.
未切割的钻石看起来不均匀有缺陷。
A cut diamond reflects lots of sparkle.
一颗被切割的钻石 反映了大量的闪光。
The next of the four Cs, color, is one of the things that makes gems beautiful.
下一个C,颜色,是使宝石变得美丽的东西之一.
Unlike regular rocks, gems have bright, pure, strong colors.
与普通岩石不同,宝石有明亮,纯洁,强烈的颜色.
The stronger and purer the color, the more valuable the gem is.
颜色越强而纯正,宝石的价值就越高.
Often, the same mineral can form different-colored gems.
通常,同一种矿物可以形成不同颜色的宝石.
Red rubies and blue sapphires both contain the same mineral.
红宝石和蓝宝石都含有同一种矿物.
The different colors come from tiny bits of other chemicals mixed with the main mineral.
不同颜色来自与主要矿物相混合的其他化学物质的微小位.
Clarity refers to how flawless the gem is.
明亮是指宝石的无瑕疵程度.
Gems with dark marks, cracks, and bubbles are less valuable than gems without these flaws.
有暗痕的宝石,裂缝和泡沫比没有这些缺陷的宝石价值更低.
Gems that are cloudy are also less valuable than clearer gems.
有云的宝石也不如更清晰的宝石有价值.
But clarity is often not as important as the size and rarity of a gem.
但清晰度往往不如宝石的大小和稀有程度重要.
Emeralds often have many flaws, but because they are so rare, a flawed emerald is more valuable than a flawless diamond.
翡翠经常有许多缺陷,但由于它们如此罕见,有缺陷的翡翠比无缺陷的钻石更有价值.
This uncut emerald shows many cracks and other flaws.
这种未剪接的翡翠显示了许多裂缝和其他缺陷.
What Makes Gems Valuable?
是什么使得宝石的价值?
Gems are valuable because they are beautiful and they are rare.
宝石之所以有价值,是因为宝石美丽而罕见.
The value of a gem is determined by the gem’s hardness and a system called the “four Cs”: cut, carat weight, color, and clarity.
宝石的价值取决于宝石的硬度和一种称为 " 四C " 的系统:切割、克拉重量、颜色和清晰度。
Cut refers to how well the gem is cut and polished, or how beautiful the natural gem is.
剪接指宝石被切割和打磨的好,或者天然宝石有多美.
Carat weight is the size of the stone.
克拉重量是石块的大小.
One carat weighs about as much as a piece of unpopped popcorn.
一克拉的重量和未被扑灭的爆米花差不多.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The word carat comes from the seeds of the carob tree.
克拉一词出自克罗布树的种子.
For centuries, jewelers weighed gems according to carob seeds, which grow in pods.
几个世纪以来,珠宝商根据Caob的种子对宝石进行衡重,这些种子生长于树干上.
The seeds are incredibly similar in weight, no matter which tree or pod they come from.
种子的重量非常相近 无论它们来自哪棵树或树舱
The modern carat weighs about as much as one carob seed.
现代克拉的重量大约为一克罗布种子.
Gems Around the World Africa North America South America Europe Asia Australia South Pacific Diamond Emerald Jade Opal Pearl Quartz Ruby Sapphire Turquoise What Are Some Types of Gems?
环绕世界的宝石 亚洲 澳大利亚南太平洋钻石翡翠 玉花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花花
Diamonds are the hardest natural things in the world.
钻石是世界上最难的自然事物.
Because diamonds can cut anything, including metal and stone, flawed diamonds are often put on saws and drill tips.
由于钻石能切割出包括金属和石头在内的任何东西,有缺陷的钻石往往被放入锯子上并被钻出小费.
Very rare diamonds can be yellow, red, or blue.
非常稀有的钻石可以是黄色,红色,也可以是蓝色.
Diamonds are extremely popular for engagement rings.
钻石对订婚戒指极为受欢迎。
Hardness and the Mohs Scale Hardness indicates how pure and tightly structured the mineral is in a gemstone.
硬度和Mohs缩放硬度表明矿物在宝石中是多么纯洁和严密的结构.
A geologist named Friedrich Mohs developed a scale to test the hardness of gemstones.
一位叫弗里德里希·莫赫斯(Friedrich Mohs)的地质学家开发出一个尺度来测试宝石的硬度.
He simply scratched one gem with another.
他只是把一颗宝石和另一颗宝石抓了起来
A gem can only scratch other gems that are softer than it is.
宝石只能刮去其他比它更柔软的宝石.
Diamond, the hardest substance on Earth, can scratch anything but can only be scratched by another diamond.
钻石是地球上最难搞的物质,可以刮到任何东西,但只能被另一颗钻石刮到.
The Mohs scale measures the hardness of various gems.
Mohs比例尺衡量出各种宝石的硬度.
For comparison, a fingernail has a hardness of 2.
作为比较,指甲有2个硬度.
5, and a penknife measures 5.
5和一刀一刀措施 5 (韩语).
Apatite is a gemstone of medium hardness.
阿帕地是中坚硬度的宝石.
Rubies and sapphires are made of the same mineral.
鲁比和蓝宝石由同一种矿物制成.
Rubies are always blood-red or pink.
鲁比总是血红或粉红.
Any other form of the mineral, no matter the color, is considered a sapphire.
任何其他形式的矿物,无论颜色如何,都被认为是蓝宝石.
Red ruby (left) and two sapphires, one blue and one yellow Do You Know?
红红宝石(左)和两枚蓝宝石,一蓝色和一黄色,你知道吗?
Birthstones were first worn in the Middle Ages.
生石最早穿戴于中世纪.
Astrologers and fortune-tellers often associated birthdays with certain stars, planets, flowers, and gems.
占星家和算命家经常将生日与某些恒星,行星,花朵和宝石联系在一起.
Your gemstone supposedly brought you good luck, protection, and wealth.
你的宝石给你带来了好运 保护 和财富
There are different lists of birthstones in different places.
不同地有不同的生石列表.
The following is a current list of birthstones in the United States.
以下列出美国目前的生石.
January Garnet July Ruby February Amethyst August Peridot March Aquamarine September Sapphire April Diamond October Opal May Emerald November Topaz June Pearl December Turquoise One of the most famous diamonds, the Hope diamond, is not the largest, but it is an unusual sky-blue color.
1月 加内特 7月 鲁比 2月 阿梅西斯特 8月 佩里多特 3月 水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上水上 六月珍珠十二月绿松石 其中最出名的钻石"希望"钻石不是最大的,而是不寻常的天蓝色.
The largest diamond ever found is the Cullinan diamond, which was discovered in South Africa.
迄今发现的最大钻石是在南非发现的克利南钻石.
It weighed over 3,100 carats and was as large as a pineapple.
它有3100多克拉重 有菠萝这么大
The Hope diamond is one of the most famous diamonds in the world.
希望钻石是世界上最出名的钻石之一.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Graphite, or pencil lead, is exactly the same mineral as diamonds.
石墨或铅笔 和钻石完全一样
In graphite, the atoms are arranged in loose layers.
在石墨中,原子被排列为松散地层.
This makes graphite very soft—so soft that if you rub it on a piece of paper, the atoms break off, leaving a pencil mark.
这使得石墨变得非常柔软——如此地柔软,如果你将石墨涂入一张纸上,原子会破裂,留下铅笔标记.
In diamonds, those same atoms have been squeezed together so tightly that nothing except another diamond can scratch them off.
在钻石中,同样的原子被紧紧地挤压在一起,以至于除了另一颗钻石外,其他原子都无法将其刮去。
The quartz family is the most common of all crystals.
石英家族是所有晶体中最常见的.
Quartz is found all over the world, in all colors of the rainbow.
克特兹遍布世界各地,以彩虹的所有颜色出现.
The most valuable quartz is a stone called opal.
最有价值的石英是一块叫"opal"的石头.
Quartz crystals are common and can grow very large.
夸茨晶体很常见,可以生长出非常大.
Emeralds are another kind of crystal and are known for their strong green color.
翡翠是另一种晶体,以强烈的绿色而出名.
Gem- quality emeralds are rare and usually small, but people prize their color so much that emeralds are more valuable than diamonds.
宝石-质地翡翠是罕见的并通常很小的,但人们奖励它们的颜色是如此之多,使翡翠比钻石更有价值.
Jade is one of the most beautiful stones.
玉为最美之石之一.
Jade can be lavender, white, and almost every shade of green, which is the most valuable.
玉能为薰衣草,为白色,并几乎是每一道绿色的遮荫,这是最有价值.
Blue-green turquoise often has pretty spots and streaks running through it.
蓝绿色的绿宝石 经常有漂亮的斑点和花纹穿过它。
Much of the world’s turquoise is set in silver.
世界上许多绿宝石都用白银来装饰。
Turquoise is often specked and striped with black.
绿宝石常被打出外形并被条纹用黑色.
Natural pearls are not perfectly round and are very rare.
天然珍珠不是完全圆的,非常罕见.
It takes an oyster many years to create a pearl from a tiny bit of sand.
牡蛎要花很多年才能从一丁点沙地上生出一颗珍珠.
Almost all of the beautiful round pearls in jewelry stores come from pearl farms.
珠宝店中几乎所有美丽的圆珠都出自珍珠农场.
Pearl farmers place a round shell bead into an oyster’s shell.
珍珠农将圆形的贝壳放入牡蛎的贝壳中.
The oyster covers the bead with a special substance to create a perfectly round pearl.
牡蛎用一种特殊物质覆盖了珠子,以形成完美的圆珠.
Natural pearls (inset) are rare and oddly shaped; cultured pearls from pearl farms are round.
天然珍珠(被套入)是稀有和奇特的形状;从珍珠养殖场培养出来的珍珠是圆形.
Glossary atoms (n.)
词汇原子 (n.)
tiny particles that make up all substances (p.
构成所有物质的微粒(p.
6) crystals (n.)
6) 结晶 (n.
minerals formed in regular, tight patterns (p.
由常态,紧态(p.
5) facets (n.)
5) 方面(n.)
flat surfaces of a cut gemstone (p.
被切割出宝石的平地表面(p.
11) grain (n.)
11) 谷物(n.
lines and patterns made by layers of minerals in a stone (p.
由地层矿物在一块石头上所形成的线条和图案(p.
9) opaque (adj.)
9) 不透明(adj.
not see-through (p.
不透视 (p.
12) organic gems (n.)
12) 有机宝石 (n.
gems made from substances created by living things (p.
由活物所创造的物质所制取的宝石(p.
5) Conclusion Beautiful gems can be found around the world.
5) 在世界各地都可以找到美丽的宝石.
For centuries, people have killed and died for them.
几个世纪以来,人们为他们而杀人并死亡.
Mining gems with dynamite and strip mines is often dangerous, damaging both humans and the earth.
以炸药和地铁矿开采宝石往往很危险,对人类和地球都造成破坏。
Scientists can grow gems in the lab that are identical to the finest natural gems but cost a thousand times less.
科学家可以在实验室里种出与最优秀的天然宝石完全相同的宝石,但成本却会低一千倍.
One day, created gems might help fill our desire for gemstones’ beauty while protecting Earth and its people.
有一天,创造出宝石可能有助于满足我们对宝石的美感,同时保护地球及其人民。
This strip mine clears an immense area of land.
这条地皮地雷清除出一幅巨大的土地。